A poluição atmosférica é hoje uma questão que afeta as megacidades por todo o mundo. As partículas de aerossol participam do balanço radiativo, da formação de nuvens, da química atmosférica, e são prejudiciais à saúde da população exposta. A extensão e o rápido crescimento das megacidades têm levado à necessidade do desenvolvimento de ferramentas para o monitoramento da poluição do ar, urbana e regional, por sensoriamento remoto via satélites. Foram analisadas as propriedades ópticas dos aerossóis da região metropolitana de São Paulo com medidas obtidas por fotômetros da rede mundial AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) operada pela NASA. Foi desenvolvida uma nova metodologia para a determinação da espessura óptica das partículas de aerossol com alta resolução espacial de 1x1 km, sobre a região metropolitana de São Paulo, por satélite. Cinco modelos ópticos de aerossol, representativos da região, foram definidos como função do albedo simples. No comprimento de onda de 550 nm, os modelos possuem valores de albedo simples que variam de 0,83 a 0,93. Foram utilizadas medidas de radiâncias obtidas com o sensor MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer), a bordo dos satélites Terra e Aqua da NASA. Extensos testes de sensibilidade foram realizados, analisando o papel do albedo simples, parâmetro de assimetria, refletância de superfície, vapor de água e outras propriedades na espessura óptica derivada. O algoritmo desenvolvido utiliza a propriedade de refletância crítica, que pode ser obtida pelo próprio sensor, para determinar o modelo de aerossol a ser empregado. Este procedimento permitiu a identificação mais precisa do modelo de aerossol, de forma dinâmica e interativa, reduzindo a incerteza na determinação da espessura óptica em alta resolução com o sensor MODIS. Os resultados de validação mostraram uma melhora significativa na comparação entre os produtos de espessura óptica obtidos com o sensor MODIS, quando comparado com as medidas de referência obtidas com radiômetros em superfície. Foram obtidos com esta metodologia mapas com a distribuição espacial de aerossóis com resolução de 1x1 km. Os estudos de casos também apresentaram a potencialidade do método em identificar o modelo de aerossol mais adequado, seja em eventos de poluição local, seja de transporte de poluentes de longa distância. Os modelos e procedimentos desenvolvidos podem ser aplicados a outras regiões urbanas, após as devidas validações. Como ferramenta complementar ao monitoramento ambiental de estações de superfície o produto apresentado pode-se tornar operacional e ser utilizado em rotina por órgãos de controle ambiental em megacidades, como, por exemplo, pela CETESB em São Paulo / Urban air pollution is a public concern in all megacities around the world. Aerosol particles are active participants in the atmospheric energy budget, cloud properties, atmospheric chemistry and have adverse effects on human health. The spatial extension and the high growth rate of the megacities show the need of the use of remote sensing technologies on urban air pollution monitoring. Optical properties of São Paulo aerosol particles were analyzed using global sun photometer measurements from the AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) operated by NASA. A new methodology was developed to retrieve aerosol optical thickness in 1x1 km resolution over São Paulo metropolitan area from satelites measurements. Five aerosol optical models representative of the region were defined as a function of the single scattering albedo. The single scattering albedo in 550 nm varied from 0,83 to 0,93 in the models. Radiances were used from MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) sensor on Terra and Aqua NASA platforms. Sensitivities studies have shown the importance of the single scattering albedo, assymmetry parameter, surface reflectance, water vapor and other properties in the aerosol optical thickness retrieval from space. The developed algorithm uses the critical reflectance aerosol property, that is obtainable from the sensor measurements, to identify the aerosol model to be used. This procedure allow a more precise and dynamic definition of the aerosol model, reducing the uncertainties in the aerosol optical thickness retrieved from the MODIS sensor. Validation results have shown a significant improvement in a comparison between aerosol optical thickness obtained from MODIS and from surface radiometers measurements. Aerosol optical thickness images with 1x1 km resolution were obtained with this methodology and shows that the increase in the resolution of the aerosol optical thickness provides a more effective monitoring of the aerosol distribution in São Paulo. The case studies have shown the potentiality of this methodology to identify an adequate aerosol model, for both local aerosol pollution and in the long distance transport of pollutants. The models and procedures developed in this work can be applied in other urban regions with the appropriate validation. The presented product can be operational and used as routine measurement by environmental agencies in megacities, as an example, for CETESB in São Paulo, as a complementary tool to the regular ground based particulate matter monitoring.

Foi avaliado quantitativamente o impacto que as atividades antropogênicas da cidade de Manaus causam na composição elementar dos aerossóis na Amazônia central. Para isso, foram amostrados aerossóis em três sítios experimentais entre 2014 e 2015: 1) ZF2, sítio com floresta preservada, 2) Hotel TIWA com impacto direto de emissões de Manaus e 3) Manacapuru sítio vento abaixo da cidade de Manaus. Dos filtros coletados obteve-se a concentração de diferentes componentes do material particulado (MP): Black Carbon Equivalente (BCe), elementos traço (Na até Pb), concentração de MP e carbono elementar e orgânico (EC e OC) separados em MP Fino (MPF, diâmetro menor que 2,5µm) e MP grosso (MPG, diâmetro entre 2,5µm e 10µm). A concentração média de MPF apresentou forte sazonalidade em todos os sítios com concentrações variando de 2,3±2,7µg/m³ para 5,5±2,7µg/m³ na ZF2 e 3,7±2,0µg/m³ para 11,0±7,6µg/m³ no TIWA na estação chuvosa e seca, respectivamente. Elementos traços associados a processos industriais e/ou veiculares apresentaram concentração média de aproximadamente 2 a 6 vezes maior no sítio TIWA que na ZF2. O balanço de massa indicou que entre 50% e 80% do MPF foi de matéria orgânica (MO), 15% a 20% foi de sulfato e de 8 a 20% de BCe. Comparações entre as concentrações de MO, indicaram aerossol mais envelhecido em Manacapuru. A aplicação da Análise de Componentes Principais Absoluta (ACPA) no MPF extraiu fatores regionais em todos os sítios: queima de biomassa, poeira mineral e aerossol marinho, além de fatores como poluição industrial e veicular nos sítios afetados pela pluma de Manaus. Além desses fatores encontrados pela ACPA, o método Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) extraiu um fator biogênico no MPF e mais de um fator marinho para o MPG relacionados com o processamento do aerossol marinho. A concentração de MP extraído no TIWA para fatores diretamente relacionados com atividade antropogênica é em média de 905ng/m³ (MPF) e 1285ng/m³ (MPG). / This work quantitatively investigated the impact of anthropogenic emissions from Manaus City on the elemental composition of aerosol at Central Amazonia collecting particulate matter (PM) from 2014 to 2015 at ZF2, upwind of Manaus and TIWA and Manacapuru, downwind of Manaus. From the filters collected, different components of the PM were measured: equivalent Black Carbon (eBC), trace elements (Na to Pb), PM concentration and Elemental and Organic Carbon (EC and OC) with fine (FPM, diameter < 2.5um) and coarse (CPM, 2.5um < diameter < 10um) mode separated. At the dry season, FPM concentration was 5,5ug/m³ at ZF2 and 11,0ug/m³ at TIWA and for the CPM it was of 5,5ug/m³, 7,1ug/m³, respectively. During the wet season, reduction on the concentration of all sites at both modes was observed. Mass Balance Analysis showed that Organic Matter (OM) varied approximately from 50% to 80%, sulfate from 15% to 20% and eBC from 8% to 20% for the FPM. Comparisons between OM, obtained through spectrometry, and OC showed a more aged aerosol at Manacapuru than at TIWA. Absolute Principal Components Analysis (APCA) extracted three main factors at all sites for the FPM: biomass burning, marine aerosol and soil dust whilst PMF could also extract a biogenic factor. For the sites downwind of Manaus, factors related with anthropogenic emission were extracted. For the CPM three factors were identified at all sites: biogenic emission, soil dust and marine aerosol. PMF also found a second factor related with Cl depletion on marine aerosol. At the site TIWA both methods extracted a factor identified as pollution and PMF also found a factor related with vehicular emissions whilst at Manacapuru on APCA extracted a pollution factor. Direct anthropogenic emissions vehicular and pollution factors - at TIWA varies from 880ng/m³ (ACPA) to 930ng/m³ (PMF) in fine mode. In the coarse mode 790ng/m³ (APCA) to 1780ng/m³ (PMF).

The Arctic region appears as a pristine remote environment, yet there is increasing evidence that it is greatly impacted by pollution such as lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg). In this environment deposition of Hg has increased threefold since the last industrial revolution. In this study five cryosolic soil profiles within non-sorted circles (NSC) in the Abisko region, northwest of Sweden, has been analyzed to improve our understanding regarding how pollutants are distributed within such type of soil. The soil samples have been analyzed with the use of X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), for the measurements of the total concentrations of e.g. lead (Pb) and zirconium (Zr). The soil samples were also analyzed for Hg and LOI. In each sample Zr was used to determine whether metal concentrations were naturally derived from soil silicate minerals or from non-silicate (anthropogenic) sources. From the inner domains of the circles towards the outer domains where the latter contained the highest amounts of organic matter that bind these metals the Pb and Hg concentrations increased. The highest concentrations of Pb (47 mg/kg) and Hg (359 µg/kg) are found in the surface layer (about7 cmdeep) at the edges of the circles. In a buried layer (O-horizon) found in the inner domain, the concentration of Hg was 60µg/kg. Within the studied NSC the concentrations anthropogenic derived Pb and Hg in the surface layer of the circles outer domain was estimated to constitute 95 - 100 % of the total metal burden. In the buried organic layer 95 % of Hg was estimated to be anthropogenic. Clearly, the soil was strongly affected by anthropogenic Pb and Hg concentration.

Η μελέτη της παρουσίας των αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων στην ατμόσφαιρα είναι μεγάλης σημασίας, καθώς η εκτίμηση των επιπτώσεών τους στον άνθρωπο και στο περιβάλλον είναι ένα εξαιρετικά πολύπλοκο ζήτημα για την παγκόσμια επιστημονική κοινότητα. Η μελέτη των αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων αποτέλεσε ερευνητικό αντικείμενο μόλις τις τελευταίες πέντε δεκαετίες και με βάση μελέτες που έγιναν, διαπιστώθηκε η επίπτωσή τους στην υγεία του ανθρώπου και την κλιματική αλλαγή. Επίσης, αποδεικνύεται ο ρόλος τους στις διεργασίες σχηματισμού των νεφών και της ομίχλης και στη διαμόρφωση του ενεργειακού ισοζυγίου του πλανήτη. Ωστόσο, τα αιωρούμενα σωματίδια δεν μπορούν να μελετηθούν εύκολα εξαιτίας του μικρού μεγέθους και της σύνθετης χημικής τους σύνθεσης. Σκοπός αυτής της διπλωματικής - ερευνητικής εργασίας είναι η εκτίμηση της ατμοσφαιρικής κατάστασης στο κέντρο της Πάτρας. Η εκτίμηση αυτή θα προκύψει από τη μέτρηση των συγκεντρώσεων των αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων, στο κέντρο της πόλης. Οι μετρήσεις έγιναν σε κεντρικές αρτηρίες της πόλης, ενώ συλλέχθηκαν και στοιχεία μετεωρολογικών παραμέτρων, ώστε να μελετηθεί η επίδρασή τους στις συγκεντρώσεις των αιωρουμένων σωματιδίων. Το καινοτόμο στοιχείο της διπλωματικής αυτής εργασίας είναι το γεγονός ότι έγιναν καταγραφές και για τις συγκεντρώσεις των αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων PM 1, για τα οποία δεν έχει θεσμοθετηθεί όριο επικινδυνότητας. Παρόλα αυτά, οι επιστήμονες θεωρούν ότι λόγω της μικρής διαμέτρου τους είναι πιθανό να εισχωρούν έως και το κυκλοφορικό σύστημα των ανθρώπων, με αποτέλεσμα οι επιπτώσεις τους στην υγεία του ανθρώπου να θέλει περαιτέρω διερεύνηση. Επιπρόσθετα, σε αυτήν την εργασία έγιναν μετρήσεις για την συγκέντρωση του μονοξειδίου του άνθρακα (CO) στις ίδιες τοποθεσίες και την ίδια χρονική στιγμή που έγιναν οι μετρήσεις για τα αιωρούμενα σωματίδια. Αυτό μας δίνει τη δυνατότητα να γίνει συσχετισμός των στοιχείων αυτών που καταγράφηκαν και να βγάλουμε συμπεράσματα για την ποιότητα της ατμόσφαιρας. Τέλος δε, θα γίνει σύγκριση της κατάστασης που επικρατεί στη Πάτρα με τη κατάσταση που επικρατεί σε άλλες πόλεις της Ελλάδας, καθώς και με τα όρια εκπομπής αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων, όπως αναφέρονται στη σχετική κατευθυντήρια οδηγία της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης περί εκπομπής ρύπων. / The study of the presence of particulate matter in the atmosphere is of essential importance, as the estimation of particulate matter 's consequences on human and the environment is an exceptionally complex matter for the world scientific community. The study of particulate matter has been object of investigation just for the latest five decades and according several studies it has been notified the implications on human health and climate changes. It also has been proved their role in formation processes of clouds and fog and the formation of energy balance of the planet. However, particulate matters cannot be easily studied because of their very small size and their complex chemical composition. The main purpose of this diploma thesis is the evaluation of the atmospheric situation in the city of Patras. This evaluation will be resulted out of the measurement of the concentration of particulate matter at city center. The measurements have been taken from central drive arteries of the city, while have been collected also features of meteorological parameters, in order to study their effect on the concentrations of particulate matter. The innovation of this diploma thesis is the fact that there have been recorded also the concentrations of particulate matter PM1, for which there has not yet been any establishment of danger limits. Nevertheless, scientists consider that because of their very small diameter it is possible to penetrate into the human circulatory system, resulting consequences in human health, for which is needed further investigation. In addition in this diploma thesis have been reordered measurements of the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) at the same locations and simultaneously with the particulate matter. This enables us to correlate these elements and make conclusions about the quality of the atmosphere. Finally, there will be a comparison of the situation of the air quality between Patras and other Greek cities, as well as the limits of particulate matter emission, as they refer in the relevant guidance instructions of European Community about pollutant emissions. In addition in this diploma thesis have been reordered measurements of the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) at the same locations and simultaneously with the particulate matter. This enables us to correlate these elements and make conclusions about the quality of the atmosphere. Finally, there will be a comparison of the situation of the air quality between Patras and other Greek cities, as well as the limits of particulate matter emission, as they refer in the relevant guidance instructions of European Community about pollutant emissions.

Air quality monitoring is one of several important tasks carried out in the area of environmental science and engineering. Accordingly, the development of air quality predictive models can be very useful as such models can provide early warnings of pollution levels increasing to unsatisfactory levels. The literature review conducted within the research context of this thesis revealed that only a limited number of widely used machine learning algorithms have been employed for the modelling of the concentrations of atmospheric gases such as ozone, nitrogen oxides etc. Despite this observation the research and technology area of machine learning has recently advanced significantly with the introduction of ensemble learning techniques, convolutional and deep neural networks etc. Given these observations the research presented in this thesis aims to investigate the effective use of ensemble learning algorithms with optimised algorithmic settings and the appropriate choice of base layer algorithms to create effective and efficient models for the prediction and forecasting of specifically, ground level ozone (O3). Three main research contributions have been made by this thesis in the application area of modelling O3 concentrations. As the first contribution, the performance of several ensemble learning (Homogeneous and Heterogonous) algorithms were investigated and compared with all popular and widely used single base learning algorithms. The results have showed impressive prediction performance improvement obtainable by using meta learning (Bagging, Stacking, and Voting) algorithms. The performances of the three investigated meta learning algorithms were similar in nature giving an average 0.91 correlation coefficient, in prediction accuracy. Thus as a second contribution, the effective use of feature selection and parameter based optimisation was carried out in conjunction with the application of Multilayer Perceptron, Support Vector Machines, Random Forest and Bagging based learning techniques providing significant improvements in prediction accuracy. The third contribution of research presented in this thesis includes the univariate and multivariate forecasting of ozone concentrations based of optimised Ensemble Learning algorithms. The results reported supersedes the accuracy levels reported in forecasting Ozone concentration variations based on widely used, single base learning algorithms. In summary the research conducted within this thesis bridges an existing research gap in big data analytics related to environment pollution modelling, prediction and forecasting where present research is largely limited to using standard learning algorithms such as Artificial Neural Networks and Support Vector Machines often available within popular commercial software packages.

Ainda que a invenção do automóvel tenha gerado diversos benefícios para a sociedade, atualmente, podem ser identificadas várias externalidades negativas associadas ao seu consumo, como congestionamentos, poluição sonora, visual e atmosférica, e, geração de resíduos sólidos. No que se refere às emissões de gases poluentes, foco deste estudo, as repercussões são visivelmente imediatas na saúde da população, principalmente no aumento de problemas respiratórios. Assim, dado o crescente aumento da frota de veículos e o fato de, em 2014, 33,40% da frota nacional de autoveículos (automóveis, comerciais leves, caminhões e ônibus) e 21,44% das motocicletas estarem concentradas no estado de São Paulo, a presente pesquisa objetiva mensurar as emissões de gases poluentes de escapamento, por veículos automotores rodoviários nos 645 municípios paulistas, para o período de 2006 a 2015. A metodologia adotada neste estudo é a mesma utilizada pela CETESB e consiste numa abordagem do tipo bottom-up. Nessa abordagem, além da quantidade consumida de combustíveis, também no cálculo das estimativas empregam-se o fator de emissão segundo o tipo de veículo, de poluente e de combustível utilizado, a intensidade de uso ou quilometragem média percorrida anualmente por tipo de veículo e a quantidade da frota circulante, segundo sua idade e categoria de veículo. Os gases poluentes estimados foram os seguintes: monóxido de carbono (CO), hidrocarbonetos (HC), hidrocarbonetos não-metano (NMHC), metano (CH4), óxidos de nitrogênio (NOX), aldeídos totais - acetaldeído + formaldeído (RCHO), dióxido de carbono (CO2) e material particulado (MP). A análise destas estimativas foi do tipo descritiva, incluindo também a construção de mapas para melhor identificação das cidades mais emissoras. Na sequência, busca-se relacionar estas emissões com a saúde da população, via análise do número de internações hospitalares devido a problemas respiratórios. Ainda que as emissões estejam concentradas na região conhecida como macrometrópole paulista, três municípios não pertencentes a ela apresentaram altas emissões, dependendo do tipo de gás considerado, a saber, São José do Rio Preto, Bauru e Franca. Tanto na cidade de São Paulo, maior emissora de gases poluentes do estado, como nas demais, ainda se observa uma contribuição expressiva dos veículos com mais de 20 anos para as emissões veiculares totais de monóxido de carbono. Assim, pode-se concluir que uma política de renovação da frota pode reduzir substancialmente tais emissões. Na cidade de São Paulo, em 2015, estes veículos foram responsáveis por 41,5% das emissões de CO, mesmo representando tão somente 6,96% do total da frota de veículos. A partir da vasta e detalhada fonte de dados gerada nesta pesquisa outros estudos podem ser realizados ensejando a implementação de políticas referentes à mobilidade urbana. No que se refere à relação destas emissões com a saúde da população, observando os dados de internações hospitalares por problemas respiratórios nos municípios paulistas, não foi possível estabelecer uma relação direta. O uso de outros métodos para aprofundar o exame dessa questão é particularmente recomendável tendo em vista que diversos outros fatores podem influenciar essas internações, tais como emissões de outras fontes que não as veiculares, clima, assistência médica preventiva, entre outros. / Although the invention of the automobile has generated several benefits for society, several negative externalities associated with its consumption, such as congestion, noise, visual and atmospheric pollution, and solid waste generation can be identified. Regarding the emission of pollutant gases, which consists on the focus of this study, its consequences are immediately noticeable in the health of the population, mainly the increase of respiratory problems. Thus, given the growing fleet of vehicles, and that 33.40% of the national fleet of motor vehicles (automobiles, light commercial vehicles, trucks and buses) and 21.44% of the motorcycles were concentrated in São Paulo state, in 2014, this research aims to measure emissions of pollutant gases by road vehicles, for the 645 municipalities of this state, between 2006 and 2015. The methodology applied is the same used by CETESB and consists of a bottom-up approach. In addition to the volume of fuel consumed, we also consider the emission factor according to the vehicle category, the pollutant emitted and the type of fuel consumed, the intensity of use or average mileage traveled by each vehicle category and the total active fleet, categorized by its age and type of vehicle. The gaseous pollutants estimated were carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), methane (CH4), nitrogen oxides (NOX), total aldehydes - acetaldehyde + formaldehyde (RCHO), Carbon dioxide (CO2) and particulate matter (PM). We conducted a descriptive analysis of these estimates, also including the construction of maps for better identification of the major emitting cities. The aim is to relate these emissions to the population´s health, by analyzing the number of hospital admissions due to respiratory problems. Although emissions are concentrated in the region known as São Paulo metropolitan area, three outside municipalities also presented high emissions for some of the examined gases, namely São José do Rio Preto, Bauru and Franca. In São Paulo city, the largest emitter in the state, as in those cities just listed, an expressive contribution of vehicles older than 20 years was found in the total vehicular emissions of carbon monoxide. Therefore we conclude that a policy of fleet´s renewal can substantially reduce such emissions. In the city of São Paulo, in 2015, these vehicles accounted for 41.5% of CO emissions, although they represent only 6.96% of the total fleet of vehicles. In addition, the vast and detailed data source generated by this research allows carrying out other studies focusing on the implementation of policies related to urban mobility. Regarding the relation between emissions and the population health, we could not establish a direct causality only by examining the data of hospitalizations due to respiratory problems in the São Paulo´s municipalities. The use of other methods to deepen the analysis is particularly advisable for this issue in view of the fact that several other factors can influence hospitalizations for respiratory problems, such as emissions from other sources than vehicles, weather, and preventive medical care, among others.

Foi avaliado quantitativamente o impacto que as atividades antropogênicas da cidade de Manaus causam na composição elementar dos aerossóis na Amazônia central. Para isso, foram amostrados aerossóis em três sítios experimentais entre 2014 e 2015: 1) ZF2, sítio com floresta preservada, 2) Hotel TIWA com impacto direto de emissões de Manaus e 3) Manacapuru sítio vento abaixo da cidade de Manaus. Dos filtros coletados obteve-se a concentração de diferentes componentes do material particulado (MP): Black Carbon Equivalente (BCe), elementos traço (Na até Pb), concentração de MP e carbono elementar e orgânico (EC e OC) separados em MP Fino (MPF, diâmetro menor que 2,5µm) e MP grosso (MPG, diâmetro entre 2,5µm e 10µm). A concentração média de MPF apresentou forte sazonalidade em todos os sítios com concentrações variando de 2,3±2,7µg/m³ para 5,5±2,7µg/m³ na ZF2 e 3,7±2,0µg/m³ para 11,0±7,6µg/m³ no TIWA na estação chuvosa e seca, respectivamente. Elementos traços associados a processos industriais e/ou veiculares apresentaram concentração média de aproximadamente 2 a 6 vezes maior no sítio TIWA que na ZF2. O balanço de massa indicou que entre 50% e 80% do MPF foi de matéria orgânica (MO), 15% a 20% foi de sulfato e de 8 a 20% de BCe. Comparações entre as concentrações de MO, indicaram aerossol mais envelhecido em Manacapuru. A aplicação da Análise de Componentes Principais Absoluta (ACPA) no MPF extraiu fatores regionais em todos os sítios: queima de biomassa, poeira mineral e aerossol marinho, além de fatores como poluição industrial e veicular nos sítios afetados pela pluma de Manaus. Além desses fatores encontrados pela ACPA, o método Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) extraiu um fator biogênico no MPF e mais de um fator marinho para o MPG relacionados com o processamento do aerossol marinho. A concentração de MP extraído no TIWA para fatores diretamente relacionados com atividade antropogênica é em média de 905ng/m³ (MPF) e 1285ng/m³ (MPG). / This work quantitatively investigated the impact of anthropogenic emissions from Manaus City on the elemental composition of aerosol at Central Amazonia collecting particulate matter (PM) from 2014 to 2015 at ZF2, upwind of Manaus and TIWA and Manacapuru, downwind of Manaus. From the filters collected, different components of the PM were measured: equivalent Black Carbon (eBC), trace elements (Na to Pb), PM concentration and Elemental and Organic Carbon (EC and OC) with fine (FPM, diameter < 2.5um) and coarse (CPM, 2.5um < diameter < 10um) mode separated. At the dry season, FPM concentration was 5,5ug/m³ at ZF2 and 11,0ug/m³ at TIWA and for the CPM it was of 5,5ug/m³, 7,1ug/m³, respectively. During the wet season, reduction on the concentration of all sites at both modes was observed. Mass Balance Analysis showed that Organic Matter (OM) varied approximately from 50% to 80%, sulfate from 15% to 20% and eBC from 8% to 20% for the FPM. Comparisons between OM, obtained through spectrometry, and OC showed a more aged aerosol at Manacapuru than at TIWA. Absolute Principal Components Analysis (APCA) extracted three main factors at all sites for the FPM: biomass burning, marine aerosol and soil dust whilst PMF could also extract a biogenic factor. For the sites downwind of Manaus, factors related with anthropogenic emission were extracted. For the CPM three factors were identified at all sites: biogenic emission, soil dust and marine aerosol. PMF also found a second factor related with Cl depletion on marine aerosol. At the site TIWA both methods extracted a factor identified as pollution and PMF also found a factor related with vehicular emissions whilst at Manacapuru on APCA extracted a pollution factor. Direct anthropogenic emissions vehicular and pollution factors - at TIWA varies from 880ng/m³ (ACPA) to 930ng/m³ (PMF) in fine mode. In the coarse mode 790ng/m³ (APCA) to 1780ng/m³ (PMF).

Orientadores: Edson Tomaz, Melissa Gurgel Adeodato Vieira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T00:17:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RuedaMartin_DianaCarolina_M.pdf: 3295429 bytes, checksum: a11ed6a42de1d5bf4bee6daf90a706e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O crescimento industrial aliado ao uso de derivados do petróleo geram inúmeros compostos orgânicos voláteis (COV) que são continuamente emitidos para a atmosfera, degradando a qualidade do ar e acarretando sérios problemas à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente. Dentre os COVs, os chamados BTEX (Benzeno, Tolueno, Etil-benzeno e Xileno), são os mais importantes em termos de toxicidade e contribuição para a poluição secundária com ozônio troposférico. Os compostos BTEX estão presentes como matérias-primas ou insumos em diversos processos industriais. Dentre as técnicas comumente empregadas para remoção de gases poluentes, destaca-se a adsorção por sua simplicidade e alta eficiência. A escolha do adsorvente é fundamental para a aplicabilidade deste processo em larga escala. Este trabalho utilizou uma argila bentonita sódica comercial nacional denominada "Fluidgel" para a remoção de o-xileno de efluente gasoso a qual foi caracterizada a partir de um estudo físico-mineralógico in natura-organofílico, avaliando suas propriedades adsortivas e qualitativas do processo de organofilização, morfologia e composição química, a fim de aumentar sua afinidade por compostos orgânicos voláteis. A organofilização foi realizada utilizando-se sal quaternário de Brometo de Hexadeciltrimetilamonio (HDTMA-Br). O sistema experimental dinâmico de adsorção consiste em um leito poroso, um saturador do composto contaminante, e um analisador de gases HC 51M com detector de ionização de chama (FID). As curvas de ruptura foram obtidas a três temperaturas diferentes, de modo que foi analisado o efeito da temperatura no comportamento da adsorção em argilas bentonitas organofílicas, e com isso a obtenção das isotermas de adsorção do composto, sendo as mesmas ajustadas por modelos de equilíbrio da literatura. Os parâmetros de eficiência do processo como quantidade útil e total removida, comprimento da Zona de Transferência de Massa (ZTM) e porcentagem total de remoção foram determinados. Um estudo termodinâmico revelou que o processo adsortivo é exotérmico e espontâneo / Abstract: The industrial growth allied to use of petroleum products generate numerous volatile organic compounds (VOC) that are continuously emitted to the atmosphere, degrading air quality and causing serious problems to human health and environment. Among the VOC, the so-called BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene), are the most important in terms of toxicity and contribution to secondary with tropospheric ozone pollution. BTEX compounds are present as raw materials or inputs in several industrial processes. One of the most commonly techniques employed for removing gaseous pollutants is adsorption because of its simplicity and high efficiency. The choice of adsorbent is fundamental to the applicability of this process in large scale. This work used a Brazilian commercial sodium bentonite clay called "Fluidgel" for the removal of o-xylene gas effluent which was characterized from a physical and mineralogical organophilic-in nature study, evaluating their adsorptive properties and qualitative process organophilization, morphology and chemical composition in order to increase its affinity for volatile organic compounds. The organophillization was performed using a quaternary salt of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA-Br). The dynamic experimental system consisted of a porous bed adsorption, a saturator for the contaminant and a continuous HC analyzer working with flame ionization detector (FID). The breakthrough curves were obtained at three different temperatures, so the effect of temperature on adsorption in bentonites organoclays was investigated. The adsorption isotherms of compound were fitted by equilibrium models (Langmuir and Freundlich). The parameters of efficiency such as useful and total amount removed, length of the mass transfer Zone (ZTM) and total removal percentage were determined. A thermodynamic study revealed that the adsorption process is exothermic and spontaneous / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestra em Engenharia Química

Située sur la rive Est de la mer méditerranéenne, la région de Beyrouth est soumise aux brises de mer et de terre en période estivale. En présence de ces circulations, la pollution atmosphérique devient complexe en raison des interrelations entre les phénomènes se produisant à plusieurs niveaux scalaires. Notre étude s'est appuyée sur des documents et données existant (dans le service de météorologie de l'aéroport de Beyrouth) et de notre propre base de données issues de nos propre campagnes de mesures. Les bases théoriques de ces types de circulation et la diversité géographique de notre milieu d'étude étaient l'objet de la première partie. La deuxième partie présente la démarche adoptée pour prendre en compte la relation entre l'atmosphère, les brises, la pollution et le milieu. Une troisième partie analyse les conditions favorables à l'apparition des brises aux échelles synoptique et régionale. Et une quatrième partie traite les variabilités spatio-temporelles des brises en relation avec la topographie et l'occupation du sol et leurs incidences sur le transport etles concentrations des polluants aux échelles fines. / Situated on the East the Mediterranean Sea, the region of Beirut is subjected to the sea and land breezes in summer. In the presence of these circulations, the atmospheric pollution becomes complex because of the interrelations between the phenomena occurring at several scalar levels. We used existing documents in our study and existing data (in the service department of meteorology of the airport of Beirut) and of our own base of data acquired during previous campaigns of measures.The theoretical bases of these types of circulation and the geographical diversity of our environment were the object of the first part. The second part presents the approach adopted to account the relation between the atmosphere, the breezes, the pollution and the environment. The third part analyzes the favorable conditions for the appearance of the breezes on synoptic and regional scales. And the fourth part treats the variability in space and in time of the breezes in relation of the topography and the land-use as well as their incidences on the pollutants concentrations and transportation on micro local scale.

A Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) enfrenta sérios problemas relacionados à degradação da qualidade do ar devido às emissões de sua intensa frota veicular, apresentando constantes ultrapassagens dos Padrões de Qualidade do Ar de poluentes como o ozônio (PQAr ~80ppbv). O Ozônio é formado na atmosfera em condições complexas em presença de intensa radiação solar, altas temperaturas, baixa umidade relativa, ventos fracos e altas concentrações dos precursores, óxidos de nitrogênio (NOx = NO + NO2) e compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs). Assim, o problema da poluição do ar em centros urbanos precisa ser tratado com metodologias mais modernas para que possam ser estabelecidos novos critérios para redução de seus precursores e o conhecimento das condições mais adequadas (relação entre os COVs e os NOx, além da especiação destes COVs) para a redução do ozônio troposférico. Neste contexto, modelos fotoquímicos de qualidade do ar têm sido usados para auxiliar na tomada de decisões ambientais estratégicas. O módulo químico SAPRC Statewide Air Pollution Research Center é um mecanismo detalhado para simular reações entre COVs e NOX, desenvolvido para ser aplicado para atmosferas urbanas e regionais dos Estados Unidos. Porém, devido características específicas do combustível (aproximadamente 30% da frota usa etanol), no Brasil a poluição urbana apresenta características próprias. Dessa forma, baseado em campanhas anteriores de amostragem de COVs, no presente estudo foram modificados o inventário de emissões e o módulo químico (SAPRC99) do modelo fotoquímico CIT a fim de melhorar a representação do ozônio quanto a sua formação e consumo na atmosfera da RMSP. Para isso, alguns COVs como xilenos, 1-buteno e trimetilbenzenos foram explicitados. As simulações para os dias 30 e 31 de outubro de 2006 mostraram aumentos de espécies como peroxiacetilnitrato e ozônio de aproximadamente 10% para o centro de formação de pluma sobre a RMSP. / The Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP) suffers severe problems related to air quality degradation presenting constant air quality standard overpasses for pollutants like ozone (QSAir ~80ppbv), due to its intense vehicular fleet. Ozone is formed in the atmosphere under complex conditions in the presence of strong solar radiation, high temperatures, low relative humidity, weak winds and also high precursor concentrations, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Therefore, the problem of air pollution in urban centers has to be treated using modern methodologies in order to establish new criteria for reduction of precursors and to know more adequate conditions (relation between VOCs and NOx, as well as speciation of these VOCs) in order to reduce tropospheric ozone. In this context, air quality photochemical models have been used to support strategic environmental decisions. SAPRC chemical mechanism Statewide Air Pollution Research Center developed to be applied in the United States urban atmospheres, consists of a detailed mechanism to simulate reactions between VOCs and NOx. However, due to specific fuel properties (about 30% of vehicular fleet uses ethanol), urban air pollution in Brazil presents its own characteristics, such as higher level of the oxygenated compounds. Hence, based on previous campaigns where VOCs had been sampled, the emission inventory and the chemical module (SAPRC99) were modified in order to improve ozone consumption and formation representation in the MASP atmosphere. As a result, some VOCs like xylenes, 1-butene and trimethilbenzens were explicated. Simulations for 30 and 31 of October 2006 presented increases in species formation like peroxyacetylnitrate and ozone about 10% in the centre of the MASP plume.