Student Number : 0316775W - MSc research report - Faculty of Science / This qualitative research project investigated the ideas of a small group of learners in the first year physics course at the University of the Witwatersrand in the area of atmospheric (air) pressure. These ideas constitute the prior knowledge with which these learners enter physics education at tertiary level. Clinical interviews were conducted with an initial sample of three (3) respondents, and the main study consisted of seven (7) first-year physics students. Data obtained during the course of the interviews was audio-taped and transcribed, and from an analysis of the transcripts a picture was obtained of the content of the knowledge held, and of the epistemological and ontological views that respondents entertained. What renders this work important is the argument that teachers are unable to assist the learning process without engaging actively with what their learners already know and believe. The first step in setting up learning experiences which can assist learners to become fluent in the construction of sound scientific explanations for phenomena and to become competent at weighing evidence is to determine the state of learners’ prior knowledge. The findings of this limited case study may be summed up as follows: There is very little indication, in the sample investigated in this study, that any meaningful learning has occurred in the areas of pressure, atmospheric pressure and the kinetic theory. These concepts have little or no explanatory power for learners in attempting to account for natural phenomena and technological applications in which atmospheric pressure is at work.

An experimental and numerical investigation was conducted to study boiling and condensation - the two most important phenomena occurring in a dual-chamber thermosyphon. Boiling experiments were carried out using water at sub-atmospheric pressures of 9.7, 15 and 21 kPa with a three-dimensional porous boiling enhancement structure integrated in the evaporator. Sub-atmospheric pressure boiling achieved heat fluxes in excess of 100 W/cm2 with negligible incipience superheat, for wall temperatures below 85 oC. Reduced pressures resulted in reduction of heat transfer coefficient with decrease in saturation pressure. The boiling enhancement structure showed considerable heat transfer enhancement compared to boiling from plain surface. Increased height of the structure decreased the heat transfer coefficient and suggested the existence of an optimum structure height for a particular saturation pressure. A parametric study showed that a reduction in liquid level of water increased the CHF for boiling with plain surfaces. For boiling with enhanced structures, the liquid level for optimum heat transfer increased with increasing height of the enhanced structure. A numerical model was developed to study condensation of water in horizontal rectangular microchannels of hydraulic diameters 150-375 µm. The model incorporated surface tension, axial pressure gradient, liquid film curvature, liquid film thermal resistance, gravity and interfacial shear stress, and implemented successive solution of mass, momentum and energy balance equations for both liquid and vapor phases. Rectangular microchannels achieved significantly higher heat transfer coefficient compared to a circular channel of similar hydraulic diameter. Increasing the inlet mass flow rate resulted in a higher heat transfer coefficient. Increasing the inlet temperature difference between wall and vapor led to a thicker film and a gradually decreasing heat transfer coefficient. Increasing the channel dimensions led to higher heat transfer coefficient, with a reduction in the vapor pressure drop along the axial direction of the channel. The unique contributions of the study are: extending the knowledge base and contributing unique results on the thermal performance of thermosyphons, and development of a analytical model of condensation in rectangular microchannels, which identified the system parameters that affects the flow and thermal performance during condensation.

It is commonly thought that blow flies are nocturnally inactive. Blowflies are often important in helping to estimate post mortem intervals (PMI) for corpses found at death scenes. If blow flies oviposit during nocturnal hours, there could possibly be up to 12-hour discrepancies for estimates of PMI. Two blow fly species, Phaenicia eximia (Wiedemann) and Cochliomyia macellaria (F.), oviposited nocturnally on ground beef baits in 2003, during the onset of low-atmospheric pressure (an air mass with lower atmospheric pressure than that of the air surrounding it) at rural study sites near Snook (Burleson County), Texas, under artificial lighting of at least 1500 footcandles when temperatures were at 26?C or higher. Trials conducted under similar conditions during the same year without a low-pressure system moving into the area resulted in no nocturnal blow fly oviposition. Nocturnal blow fly oviposition went undetected once low-atmospheric pressure systems settled into the study area, irrespective of temperature and lighting conditions. Thus, this study illustrates that there is a connection between the onset of low-atmospheric pressure and nocturnal blow fly oviposition on baits under artificial lighting of 1500 footcandles or more when temperatures are 26 ?C or above. After concluding 2003 experiments, statistical analyses supplied evidence that woodland habitat was more favorable for blow fly oviposition than prairieland habitat throughout the 2003 study, irrespective of species or time of year. Furthermore, statistical analyses conducted on nocturnal and diurnal temperature ranges furnished evidence to support the hypothesis that 2003 nocturnal temperatures had more of an effect on daily ovipositing than diurnal temperatures for P. eximia and Cynomyopsis cadaverina (Robineau-Desvoidy).

Τα τελευταία χρόνια, στη βιοϊατρική και στη βιομηχανία η επεξεργασία δειγμάτων με πλάσμα έχει κεντρίσει το ενδιαφέρον, και ειδικότερα στους αντιδραστήρες πλάσματος ατμοσφαιρικής πίεσης. Οι αντιδραστήρες αυτοί αντίθετα από του αντιδραστήρες καινού είναι πιο οικονομικοί στην κατασκευή αλλά και στη λειτουργιά. Το ενδιαφέρον αυξάνεται , λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τη δυνατότητα παράγωγης ψυχρού πλάσματος με μεγάλη δραστικότητα, αποφεύγοντας τα μειονεκτήματα των θερμών ατμοσφαιρικών πλασμάτων. Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η υλοποίηση και η βελτιστοποίηση ενός αντιδραστήρα ατμοσφαιρικού πλάσματος ευγενών αεριών τροφοδοτούμενου από ημιτονοειδή υψηλή τάση ακουστικών συχνοτήτων. Το σύστημα οδηγείται από ημιτονοειδή υψηλή τάση μεταβαλλόμενου πλάτους (0-11 kV από κορυφή σε κορυφή) και συχνότητα (5-20 kHz). Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται οι γενικές έννοιες για τη δομή και τη λειτουργία των αντιδραστήρων αυτού του είδους. Έμφαση δίνεται στο μηχανισμό διάδοσης του πίδακα και στις εκκενώσεις διηλεκτρικού φράγματος. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο γίνεται εκτενής περιγραφή των επιμέρους τμημάτων που κατασκευαστήκαν προκειμένου να είναι εφικτή η λειτουργία του αντιδραστήρα. Αρχικά γίνεται η περιγραφή των αντιδραστήρων που κατασκευαστήκαν και στη συνεχεία παρουσιάζεται το σύστημα τροφοδοσίας της υψηλής τάσης. Τέλος, γίνεται περιγραφή των διατάξεων χαρακτηρισμού της εκκένωσης οι όποιες αφορούν ηλεκτρικές, οπτικές, φωτογραφικές μετρήσεις καθώς και μετρήσεις θερμοκρασίας. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν από τις παραπάνω μετρήσεις καθώς μεταβάλλεται μια από τις παραμέτρους του συστήματος (είδος και ροή αερίου, πλάτος και συχνότητα τάσης) Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται αξιολόγηση των αποτελεσμάτων και προτείνονται μελλοντικές βελτιώσεις και επεκτάσεις προκειμένου να γίνει το σύστημα πιο λειτουργικό. Η διπλωματική εργασία ολοκληρώνεται με το Παράρτημα στο όποιο δίνονται τα μηχανολογικά σχεδία των αντιδραστήρων. / In recent years plasma processing has spurred interest in biomedical and industrial applications, particularly in atmospheric pressure plasma reactors. These reactors unlike vacuum ones are more economical to build and operate. The interest is growing considering the possibility of generating reactive cold plasmas, avoiding the drawbacks of thermal atmospheric plasmas. The goal of this thesis is the implementation and optimization of an atmospheric pressure plasma reactor fed with noble gases and sinusoidal high voltage audio frequencies. The system is driven by a sinusoidal high voltage with variable amplitude (0-11 kV peak- to-peak) and frequency (5-20 kHz) The first chapter presents the general concepts about the structure and operation of reactors of this kind. Emphasis is given to the propagation mechanism of the jet and dielectric barrier discharges. The second chapter is an extensive description of the components manufactured in order to allow the operation of the reactor. Initially, a detailed description of reactors built is given and then the high voltage supply system is presented. Finally, the instrumentation setup is explained regarding the electrical, optical, photographic and temperature measurements. The third chapter presents the results obtained from these measurements as a changing of system parameters (gas type and flow , voltage amplitude and frequency ) In the fourth chapter we reviewed the results and proposed future improvements and extensions in order to make the system more functional. The thesis concludes with the Annex in which the engineering drawings of the reactors are given

Τα λιποσώματα αναπτύχθηκαν αρχικά από τον Alec Bangham το 1964. Έκτοτε μελετώνται τόσο ως φορείς βιοδραστικών ενώσεων όσο και ως μοντέλα βιολογικών μεμβρανών με σκοπό την αποσαφήνιση της δομής και των λειτουργιών τους. Αυτό οφείλεται στο γεγονός ότι αποτελούνται από τα ίδια δομικά συστατικά με εκείνα των βιολογικών μεμβρανών και η ευελιξία της δομής τους προσφέρει τη δυνατότητα προσομοίωσης της δομής και σύστασης διαφορετικών βιολογικών μεμβρανών. Στις εφαρμογές του ψυχρού πλάσματος ατμοσφαιρικής πίεσης, cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP), που μελετώνται τα τελευταία χρόνια συγκαταλέγονται και βιοιατρικές εφαρμογές. Συγκεκριμένα μελετάται η χρήση του ως μέσω απολύμανσης και αποστείρωσης, στην ανάπλαση δέρματος, ως αντικαρκινική θεραπεία κ.τ.λ. Εντούτοις ο ακριβής μηχανισμός της αλληλεπίδρασης του ψυχρού πλάσματος ατμοσφαιρικής πίεσης με κύτταρα και ιστούς δεν είναι ακόμα πλήρως κατανοητός. Παρότι οι μέχρι τώρα μελέτες για την αποσαφήνιση της αλληλεπίδρασης αυτής πραγματοποιούνται με την χρήση κυτταρικών καλλιεργειών, η χρήση λιποσωμάτων είναι μια πιθανή εναλλακτική. Αυτό οφείλεται στο γεγονός ότι η χρήση λιποσωμικών διασπορών, ως μοντέλα κυττάρων, έχει αποδειχθεί μια πιο εύκολη, ταχύτερη και χαμηλότερου κόστους εναλλακτική των κυτταρικών καλλιεργειών για την αποσαφήνιση βιολογικών διεργασιών. Η παρούσα εργασία έχει ως σκοπό τη διερεύνηση της δυνατότητας χρήσης των λιποσωμάτων ως μοντέλα βιολογικών μεμβρανών για την μελέτη της αλληλεπίδρασης του CAPP με κύτταρα. Μελετήθηκε η αλληλεπίδραση λιποσωμάτων – CAPP και επιχειρήθηκε η παραμετροποίηση της αλληλεπίδρασης αυτής. Τα λιποσώματα, που εγκλωβίζουν υδατικό διάλυμα καλσεΐνης, παρασκευάσθηκαν με την τεχνική της ενυδάτωσης λεπτού υμενίου και έγινε χρήση υπερήχησης με σκοπό την μείωση του μεγέθους τους. Τα λιπίδια που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν ήταν: φωσφατιδυλοχολίνη, φωσφατιδυλογλυκερόλη και χοληστερόλη. Υπέστησαν επεξεργασία τόσο με CAPP όσο και με αφόρτιστο φέρον αέριο. Ο χαρακτηρισμός των λιποσωμάτων έγινε μέσω μέτρησης των φυσικοχημικών τους χαρακτηριστικών. Ως μέτρο της αλληλεπίδρασης CAPP-λιποσωμάτων χρησιμοποιήθηκε η μεταβολή του εγκλωβισμού της καλσεΐνης. Επιπλέον πραγματοποιήθηκε μορφολογική ανάλυση των λιποσωμάτων, μέσω ηλεκτρονιακής μικροσκοπίας σάρωσης, πριν και μετά την επεξεργασία. Με σκοπό την παραμετροποίηση της αλληλεπίδρασης αυτής έγινε μελέτη της μεταβολής των φυσικοχημικών ιδιοτήτων των λιποσωμάτων ως συνάρτηση του χρονικού διαστήματος επεξεργασίας και του χρόνου επώασης (σε PBS στους 4C) μετά την επεξεργασία. Επιπλέον πραγματοποιήθηκαν πειράματα αλληλεπίδρασης του CAPP με κύτταρα B-16, καρκινικά κύτταρα μελανώματος ποντικού. Ως οι κυριότεροι παράγοντες της αλληλεπίδρασης CAPP – λιποσωμάτων διαφαίνονται η συγκέντρωση της λιποσωμικής διασποράς και ο χρόνος επεξεργασίας. Η μείωση του ποσοστού εγκλωβισμού της καλσεΐνης αυξάνεται ανάλογα με την αύξηση τόσο της συγκέντρωσης όσο και του χρόνου επεξεργασίας. Επιπλέον η λιπιδική σύσταση επηρεάζει το αποτέλεσμα της αλληλεπίδρασης. Η ύπαρξη αρνητικού επιφανειακού φορτίου επηρεάζει θετικά το αποτέλεσμα της αλληλεπίδρασης ενώ η ύπαρξη χοληστερόλης οδηγεί σε πιο ανθεκτικά λιποσώματα μόνο στη μέγιστη συγκέντρωση (50%). Μείωση του μεγέθους και του αριθμού των διπλοστιβάδων των λιποσωμάτων οδηγεί σε πιο ευαίσθητα κυστίδια. Διαφυγή της καλσεΐνης παρατηρήθηκε μέχρι και 96 ώρες μετά την επεξεργασία ενώ με το πέρας του χρόνου παρατηρήθηκε επιπλέον συσσωμάτωση των κυστιδίων, το οποίο επιβεβαιώνεται με μορφολογικές μελέτες, και μεταβολή τους επιφανειακού τους φορτίου. Η επίδραση του CAPP στα κύτταρα Β-16 επηρεάζεται τόσο από την αρχική πληρότητα (confluence) της καλλιέργειας όσο και από τις διαστάσεις των κελιών της χρησιμοποιούμενης πλάκας. Παρότι η ανωτέρω ανάλυση υποστηρίζει την αρχική υπόθεση, απαιτείται περαιτέρω διερεύνηση της αλληλεπίδρασης του CAPP με βιολογικά δείγματα. / Liposomes were originally developed by Alec Bangham in 1964. Since then, they have been studied as carriers of bioactive compounds and as biological membrane models in structural and functional studies. This is due to the fact that they are composed of the same building blocks as biological membranes and because their structural versatility offers the opportunity to create vesicles that resemble the structure and composition of different biological membranes. In recent years cold atmospheric pressure plasma, CAPP, has been studied for a variety of applications some of which are found in the biomedical milieu. More precisely these applications include: decontamination, sterilization, skin regeneration, tumor treatment, etc. Nevertheless the exact mechanism of the interaction between CAPP and cells/tissue is not yet completely understood. Although currently researchers use cell cultures to investigate this interaction, liposomes could be an alternative. The applicability of liposomal dispersions, as cell models, has proved to be an easier, faster and less expensive tool for the investigation of cell – cellular environment interactions. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the possibility of using liposomes as cell membrane models to study the CAPP-cells interactions. The CAPP-liposomes interaction was studied and parameterization of this interaction was attempted. Calcein-encapsulating liposomes were prepared using the thin-film hydration technique and the sonication technique was used to decrease the size of the vesicles. The lipids used were: phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol and cholesterol. The samples were treated both with CAPP and with the uncharged carrier-gas. Characterization of liposomes was made by measuring their physicochemical characteristics. The variation of the percent of calcein encapsulation was used to measure the effect of CAPP-liposomes interaction. Moreover morphological evaluation of the samples before and after treatment was realized thought scanning electron microscopy, SEM. The variation of liposomes’ physicochemical characteristics versus time, duration of treatment and incubation (in PBS at 4C), was realized in order to parameterize this interaction. The effect of CAPP on B-16 cells, mouse melanoma cancer cells, was also investigated. The major parameters of the CAPP-liposomes interaction were proved to be the concentration of the liposomal dispersion and the duration of treatment. The increase of both the lipid concentration and the duration of treatment lead to increase of the reduction of calcein’s encapsulation provoked by CAPP treatment. The composition of the liposomal membrane also affects the interaction’s result. Negative surface charge increases the impact of CAPP and the presence of cholesterol leads to more stable structures only when its concentration is maximum (50%). Reduction of the size and lamellarity of the vesicles leads to more fragile liposomes. Release of calcein was observed even 96 hours after treatment in combination with aggregation of the vesicles, which was also proved via morphological evaluation, and change of liposomes’ surface charge. The impact of CAPP treatment on B-16 cells seems to depend on the initial confluence of the culture as well as the dimensions of the plate’s wells. Although the aforementioned analysis supports the initial hypothesis, further investigation of the interaction between CAPP and biological samples is necessary.

In this Ph.D. thesis, we have carried out 2D numerical simulations to study the influence of dielectric surfaces on the propagation dynamics of plasma discharges at atmospheric pressure. First we have improved the computational efficiency of the discharge code used in this work in implementing parallelization techniques and more efficient numerical schemes. Second we have studied the dynamics of an air discharge at atmospheric pressure in a point-to-plane geometry with a dielectric layer on the cathode plane. Then, we have studied the influence of a dielectric layer obstacle in the inter-electrode gap. We have shown that depending on the characteristics of the dielectric layer and the amplitude and polarity of the applied voltage, a second discharge may reignite or not below the dielectric in the second air gap. The comparison of simulation results with experiments has shown that in a point-to-plane geometry with a sharp point and a high over-voltage, a single conical discharge structure is observed. A good agreement on the discharge diameter and propagation velocity has been obtained. With a dielectric obstacle in the gap, the simulated reignition dynamics is faster than in the experiments. To improve the agreement, we have studied the influence of several physico-chemical processes. Finally, we have studied the dynamics of discharges in dielectric tubes at atmospheric pressure. For a He -N2 mixture, we have put forward the importance of three body reactions. Last, the influence of the tube radius on the structure of discharges in He - N2 and air is discussed.

Superheated steam (SS) drying of distillers’ spent grain (DSG) is a more energy efficient alternative to conventional hot air drying. SS drying at sub-atmospheric pressure (also referred to as low pressure) can prevent burning and lowering the quality of the food product. The objective of this study was to design, fabricate, and test a SS drying system that could operate at sub-atmospheric pressure for drying DSG. After the custom designed system was constructed, major problems associated with the system were identified. A number of tests were carried out and modifications were made to the system to resolve technical problems. Distillers’ spent grain was then successfully dried using the system under various levels of temperature from 95 to 115°C and pressure of either -25 or -20 kPa, with a SS velocity from 0.100 to 0.289 m/s.

Superheated steam (SS) drying of distillers’ spent grain (DSG) is a more energy efficient alternative to conventional hot air drying. SS drying at sub-atmospheric pressure (also referred to as low pressure) can prevent burning and lowering the quality of the food product. The objective of this study was to design, fabricate, and test a SS drying system that could operate at sub-atmospheric pressure for drying DSG. After the custom designed system was constructed, major problems associated with the system were identified. A number of tests were carried out and modifications were made to the system to resolve technical problems. Distillers’ spent grain was then successfully dried using the system under various levels of temperature from 95 to 115°C and pressure of either -25 or -20 kPa, with a SS velocity from 0.100 to 0.289 m/s.

Understanding the gas phase flow and transport of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in unsaturated zones is indispensable to develop effective environmental remediation strategies, to create precautions for fresh water protection, and to provide guidance for land and water resources management. Atmospheric pressure and water table fluctuations are two important natural processes at the upper and lower boundaries of the unsaturated zone, respectively. However, their significance has been neglected in previous studies. This dissertation systematically investigates their influence on the gas phase flow and transport of VOCs in soil and ground water remediation processes using analytically and numerically mathematical modeling. New semi-analytical and numerical solutions are developed to calculate the subsurface gas flow field and the gas phase transport of VOCs in active soil vapor extraction (SVE), barometric pumping (BP) and natural attenuation taking into account the atmospheric pressure and the water table fluctuations. The accuracy of the developed solutions are checked by comparing with published analytical solutions under extreme conditions, newly developed numerical solutions in COMSOL Multiphysics and field measured data. Results indicate that both the atmospheric pressure and the tidal-induced water table fluctuations significantly change the gas flow field in active SVE, especially when the vertical gas permeability is small (less than 0.4 Darcy). The tidal-induced downward moving water table increases the depth-averaged radius of influence (ROI) for the gas pumping well. However, this downward moving water table leads to a greater vertical pore gas velocity away from the gas pumping well, which is unfavorable for removing VOCs. The gas flow rate to/from the barometric pumping well can be accurately calculated by our newly developed solutions in both homogeneous and multi-layered unsaturated zones. Under natural unsaturated zone conditions, the time-averaged advective flux of the gas phase VOCs induced by the atmospheric pressure and water table fluctuations is one to three orders of magnitude less than the diffusive flux. The time-averaged advective flux is comparable with the diffusive flux only when the gas-filled porosity is very small (less than 0.05). The density-driven flux is negligible.

Mémoire (M.Sc.T.)--Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1996. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU