Angiogenesis is the growth of new blood vessels from existing vasculature; it requires the breakdown of existing blood vessel walls followed by the migration and proliferation of endothelial cells to form the new vessels. It is a complex process that is regulated by many pro- and anti-angiogenic factors and the roles of some of these factors are still unclear. Angiogenesis is a key feature of many pathological conditions including cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome and endometriosis so is an area of great research interest. There are several methods currently available for the study of angiogenesis, both in vitro and in vivo, and whilst all of these methods have enhanced understanding of angiogenesis, they also have limitations. The ovary is an excellent model for the study of angiogenesis as it undergoes intense vascular morphogenesis in a cyclical manner. The female reproductive system is unique as no other healthy adult tissue undergoes spontaneous angiogenesis. The tissues in the ovary undergo constant remodelling during both folliculogenesis and the formation and regression of the corpus luteum. Blood vessels are recruited from the ovarian stroma at the preantral stage to form vascular sheaths, in the thecal layer, which surround the developing follicle and supply nutrients, hormones and allow gaseous exchange. As follicular development progresses to the antral stage, when gonadotrophin-dependence is established, increased angiogenesis is essential to sustain development of the rapidly expanding follicle. Previous research into ovarian angiogenesis has focussed on the corpus luteum but the mechanisms of the regulation of angiogenesis during folliculogenesis need further elucidation. The work in this thesis aims to develop and utilise an in vitro angiogenesis assay using the culture of intact preantral and early antral follicles to provide a new approach to the study of follicular angiogenesis. During the course of this thesis this assay was utilised to investigate the effect of various factors on follicular angiogenesis and ovarian function. The role of the putative anti-angiogenic factor thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) in the regulation of physiological angiogenesis was investigated using the in vitro angiogenesis assay developed during the course of this thesis and the role of TSP-1 in normal ovarian function was investigated using the culture of isolated granulosa cells. The results suggest that TSP-1 is able to inhibit angiogenesis and that it has an extravascular role in the ovary, in vitro. These findings were extended to an in vivo angiogenesis model where follicular angiogenesis was assessed by quantitative immunohistochemistry for bromodeoxyuridine and the endothelial cell marker CD31. The extravascular role for TSP-1 was also further investigated in vivo and was assessed by quantitative immunohistochemistry for activated caspase-3. The results confirmed the findings of the in vitro study, indicating that TSP-1 has antiangiogenic action and acts to clear non-dominant follicles from the ovary through the induction of atresia. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the main factor involved in stimulating angiogenesis and many advances have been made into elucidating the role, and the mechanisms of action, of VEGF on angiogenesis. Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) is considered to be one of the main factors acting in concert with VEGF to stabilise new blood vessels and its role in angiogenesis has been the subject of much discussion and controversy. This thesis investigates the effects of Ang-1 on follicular angiogenesis and development, using the in vitro angiogenesis assay, granulosa cell culture and RNA knockdown experiments. The results have shown that Ang-1 can induce follicular angiogenesis at high doses and that at low doses stimulates prosurvival pathways and inhibits apoptotic mediators. This thesis describes a novel in vitro culture system for the study of angiogenesis in ovarian follicles. Using this system the effects of various factors on follicular angiogenesis and on follicle development and survival have been investigated. Investigations into the mechanisms of action of these factors have also been performed. These studies have improved understanding of the regulation of follicular angiogenesis and have indicated extravascular roles for angiogenic factors in the ovary. Since angiogenesis is a key feature of many pathological conditions, the ability to manipulate angiogenesis and to investigate and quantify the effects of proor anti-angiogenic compounds may have important clinical implications.

published_or_final_version / Psychiatry / Master / Master of Philosophy

At birth, the mammalian ovary has a finite number of dormant primordial follicles. Repeated daily dosing of rats with the occupational chemical, 4- vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD), depletes the ovary of small pre-antral follicles (primordial and primary follicles) through an increase in the natural process of atresia (apoptosis). In addition, in vitro exposure of postnatal day 4 (PND4) rat ovaries to VCD causes a similar depletion of ovarian follicles. Since many growth factors play crucial roles in the promotion of early folliculogenesis and follicle survival, it is possible that any number of factors and subsequent signaling pathways could be disrupted in response to VCD exposure. Therefore, the studies in this work address the hypothesis that VCD disrupts oocyte-granulosa cell survival pathways in the rat ovary, thereby compromising cell-cell communication and causing follicle cell death. The results from the first aim reveal that through the use of genomic analyses a subset of genes were determined to be affected via in vivo and in vitro exposure routes to VCD. The results of the second aim show that two transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) growth factors, growth and differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9), and bone morphogenetic factor-4 (BMP-4), are not likely involved in VCD-induced ovotoxicity as they were unable to prevent ovarian follicle loss in the presence of VCD. The results of the third aim reveal that expression of the c-Kit receptor, present on the oocytes, is decreased and its ligand, Kit Ligand (KL), produced from the granulosa cells, is increased in response to in vitro VCD exposure. In addition, attenuation of VCD-induced follicle loss occurs in the presence of exogenous KL. Finally, the results of the fourth aim examines the involvement of the AKT signaling molecule in response to VCD exposure, in which the active phosphorylated AKT is determined to be down-regulated by VCD. Taken together, these studies show that VCD is able to disrupt at least one of the cellular survival pathways that are crucial to maintain the ovarian follicle. As a result, a breakdown in cell-cell communication may occur at that level and contribute to an increase in follicular atresia and eventual cell death.

Choanal atresia is a well-defined congenital malformation; however, little is known about its prevalence and risk factors. Data from the Iowa Registry for Congenital and Inherited Disorders were used to examine prevalence, infant, and maternal characteristics of choanal artesia. Data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) were used to examine selected risk factors for choanal atresia. Overall prevalence was estimated as number of choanal atresia cases per 10,000 live births with 95% confidence intervals (CI)s. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR)s and 95% CIs were estimated to investigate selected risk factors. The overall prevalence of choanal atresia among live born deliveries in Iowa from January, 1998 through December, 2005 was 0.46 (95% CI=0.27, 0.78) per 10,000 live births. Using data from the NBDPS, choanal atresia cases were compared to unaffected control infants for births from October 1997 through December 2005. Overall, case infants compared to control infants were more likely to be female, preterm, and a multiple birth. For all choanal atresia cases combined, odds of high maternal zinc (OR=2.1; 95% CI=1.2, 3.9) and vitamin B-12 (OR=2.4; 95% CI=1.4, 4.3) intake in the year prior to pregnancy, and maternal periconceptional (one month before through three months after conception) exposure to anti-infective urinary tract medications (OR=3.3; 95% CI=1.3, 8.4) were significantly elevated among case compared to control mothers. For isolated choanal atresia cases (those with no additional major malformations), odds of maternal periconceptional exposure to passive cigarette smoke (OR=2.3; 95% CI=1.0, 5.3) as well as maternal intake of 3 or more cups of coffee per day one-year prior to pregnancy were increased (OR=2.9; 95% CI=1.3, 6.4) for case compared to control mothers. The reverse was found for low maternal intake of pantothenic acid (OR=0.4; 95% CI=0.2,0.9) and vitamin A (OR=0.3; 95% CI=0.1, 0.8) one-year prior to pregnancy. The current study provided support for potential associations between maternal health behaviors before and during pregnancy and choanal atresia; however, the findings were based on a modest number of cases. The study needs to be replicated in a larger case sample, also examining the role of genetics in choanal atresia.

Thesis (M.S.)--North Carolina State University, 2002. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Dec. 15, 2005). Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

A atresia biliar (AB) é uma doença da infância caracterizada por uma colangiopatia esclerosante progressiva que leva à obstrução biliar. O tratamento de escolha é a portoenterostomia, cujo prognóstico é relacionado à idade do paciente na época da cirurgia e a variáveis histológicas como a extensão da fibrose e da reação ductular. O espessamento da túnica média (TM) sugere uma arteriopatia na patogenia da AB. Nós avaliamos a expressão do sistema angiopoietinas (ANGPT)/receptor tirosinaquinase com domínios imunoglobulina e EGF(endotelial growth fator) like (Tie2) no fígado de pacientes com AB e com colestase intra-hepática (CIH), correlacionando com espessamento da TM, com variáveis associadas a gravidade da doença e com o prognóstico pós operatório. Métodos - A expressão da ANGPT1, ANGPT2 e Tie2 foi feita com o método de PCR quantitativo em amostras de fígado obtidas de pacientes com AB (n23) na ocasião da portoenterostomia e de crianças de idade semelhante com CIH (n7). As variáveis histológicas foram analisadas por método morfométrico. Resultados - A ANGPT1 e a ANGPT2 apresentaram expressão aumentada no grupo com AB em comparação com o grupo com CIH (P=0,024 e P=0,029, respectivamente). No grupo com AB, a expressão das ANPTs correlacionouse positivamente com a espessura da TM (ANGPT1: rs=0,59, P=0,013; ANGPT2: rs=0,52, P=0,032) e não teve correlação com variáveis associadas a gravidade da doença. O Tie2 e as ANGPTs correlacionaram-se negativamente (ANGPT1: rs=-0,73, P<0,001; ANGPT2: rs=-0,54, P=0,007). Conclusão - Na AB há uma expressão aumentada da ANGPT1 e da ANGPT2 e uma correlação positiva desta expressão com a espessura da TM, mas, não com a idade na ocasião da portoenterostomia ou com variáveis histológicas associadas com a gravidade da doença na época do procedimento. / Background- Biliary atresia (BA) is an infantile disorder characterized by progressive sclerosing cholangiopathy leading to biliary obstruction. First line treatment of BA is hepatoporto-enterostomy, whose prognosis is related to age at surgery and to histologic variables such as extent of fibrosis and ductular reaction. Hepatic arterial medial thickening (MT) suggests an arteriopathy in BA pathogenesis. We evaluated the expression of angiopoietin (ANGPT)/tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and EGF-like domains 2 (Tie2) system in livers from patients with BA, correlating with MT, variables associated with disease severity and postoperative prognosis. Methods- ANGPT1, ANGPT2 and Tie2 expressions were assessed by qPCR in liver samples obtained from BA patients (n=23) at portoenterostomy and age-matched infants with intrahepatic cholestasis (IHC, n=7). Histologic variables were morphometrically assessed. Results- ANGPT1 and ANGPT2 were overexpressed in BA in comparison with IHC (respectively, P=0.024 and P=0.029). In BA, ANGPTs′ expression was positively correlated with MT (ANGPT1:rs=0.59, P=0.013; ANGPT2:rs=0.52, P=0.032), not with variables associated with disease severity. Tie2 and ANGPTs′ expressions were negatively correlated (ANGPT1: rs=-0.73, P<0.001; ANGPT2: rs=- 0.54, P=0.007). Conclusion- In BA there is overexpression of both ANGPT1 and ANGPT2 correlated with MT but not with age at portoenterostomy or with the histological variables associated with disease severity at the procedure.

Orientador : Drª. Maria Lúcia Alves Pedroso / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Interna. Defesa : Curitiba, 26/09/2016 / Inclui referências : f. 43-45 / Resumo: As estenoses benignas do esôfago são potencialmente graves em crianças e adolescentes, podendo estar associadas a disfagia progressiva, perda de peso, desnutrição, impactação alimentar e aspiração pulmonar. Apesar da dilatação esofágica endoscópica ser uma técnica há muito tempo descrita no tratamento das estenoses esofágicas existem poucos dados na literatura a respeito deste procedimento, bem como da evolução em relação a melhora clínica e o sucesso dessa modalidade terapêutica na faixa etária pediátrica. Objetivos: Avaliar em centro de referencia em endoscopia pediátrica as principais causas de estenose benigna esofágica em crianças e adolescentes, bem como a resposta clinica e a taxa de complicações ao tratamento com dilatação endoscópica seriada. Métodos: Análise dos dados clínicos e endoscópicos de coorte histórica de pacientes pediátricos com estenose esofágica benigna tratados por dilatação endoscópica entre janeiro de 1998 e dezembro de 2015 em um centro de referencia em endoscopia pediátrica. Resultados: Foram incluídos 292 pacientes, com idade entre 1 mês a 20 anos (média= 34,5 meses) que foram submetidos a 2.185 dilatações esofágicas endoscópicas. Houve predomínio das estenoses secundárias à correção de atresia do esôfago (62,7%) seguida pelos pacientes com estreitamento do esôfago de origem cáustica (15,1%) e péptica (12%). Os dilatadores de Savary-Gilliard foram os mais utilizados. A média de dilatações para melhora clínica e alta endoscópica foi de 3 e 7,4 sessões por paciente, respectivamente. Houve melhora clínica que permitiu a interrupção do programa de dilatações em 79,3% dos pacientes em período médio de 11 meses. Nove casos (0,4%) de perfuração esofágica foram descritos como complicações do procedimento. Conclusões: Principais causas de estenose esofágica neste estudo foram estenoses secundárias à correção de atresia do esôfago, estenose cáustica e péptica. Mais da metade dos pacientes evoluíram com resposta clínica já no sexto mês de tratamento e houve abaixo de 0,5 % de casos com complicação. Palavras-chave: Endoscopia gastrointestinal, refluxo gastroesofágico, atresia esofágica, cáusticos / Abstract: Benign esophageal strictures are potentially serious in children and adolescents and can be associated with progressive dysphagia, weight loss, malnutrition, food impaction and pulmonary aspiration. Although the use of endoscopic esophageal dilatation in the treatment of esophageal strictures has long been described in the literature, there is a dearth of data about this procedure and the clinical improvement and success rate in pediatric patients treated using this technique. Objectives: To assess the causes of esophageal stricture in pediatric patients in a reference center for pediatric endoscopy and investigate patients' response to, and the risk of complications associated with, endoscopic dilatation. Methods: The study used clinical and endoscopic data from a historical cohort of children and adolescents with esophageal stricture who underwent endoscopic dilatation between January 1998 and December 2015 in a reference center for pediatric endoscopy. Results: A total of 292 patients aged between 1 month and 20 years (mean=34.5 months) were included in the study. Strictures secondary to surgical correction of esophageal atresia (62.7%) and corrosive (15.1%) and peptic (12%) strictures were the most prevalent. The most frequently used dilators were Savary-Gilliard dilators. The average number of sessions for clinical improvement and discharge from endoscopic treatment was 3 and 7.4 sessions/patient, respectively. There was sufficient clinical improvement to allow treatment to be stopped in 11 months on average in 79.3 % of the patients. Complications secondary to the procedure were observed in 0.4% of the patients, including nine cases of esophageal perforation. Conclusions: The major causes of esophageal stricture in this study were surgical correction of esophageal atresia and caustic and peptic strictures. Over half of the patients had a clinical response in the first sixth months of treatment, and 0.4% of the cases experienced complications during the procedure. Keywords: Gastrointestinal endoscopy, gastroesophageal reflux, esophageal atresia, corrosive agents.

A atresia biliar (AB) é uma doença da infância caracterizada por uma colangiopatia esclerosante progressiva que leva à obstrução biliar. O tratamento de escolha é a portoenterostomia, cujo prognóstico é relacionado à idade do paciente na época da cirurgia e a variáveis histológicas como a extensão da fibrose e da reação ductular. O espessamento da túnica média (TM) sugere uma arteriopatia na patogenia da AB. Nós avaliamos a expressão do sistema angiopoietinas (ANGPT)/receptor tirosinaquinase com domínios imunoglobulina e EGF(endotelial growth fator) like (Tie2) no fígado de pacientes com AB e com colestase intra-hepática (CIH), correlacionando com espessamento da TM, com variáveis associadas a gravidade da doença e com o prognóstico pós operatório. Métodos - A expressão da ANGPT1, ANGPT2 e Tie2 foi feita com o método de PCR quantitativo em amostras de fígado obtidas de pacientes com AB (n23) na ocasião da portoenterostomia e de crianças de idade semelhante com CIH (n7). As variáveis histológicas foram analisadas por método morfométrico. Resultados - A ANGPT1 e a ANGPT2 apresentaram expressão aumentada no grupo com AB em comparação com o grupo com CIH (P=0,024 e P=0,029, respectivamente). No grupo com AB, a expressão das ANPTs correlacionouse positivamente com a espessura da TM (ANGPT1: rs=0,59, P=0,013; ANGPT2: rs=0,52, P=0,032) e não teve correlação com variáveis associadas a gravidade da doença. O Tie2 e as ANGPTs correlacionaram-se negativamente (ANGPT1: rs=-0,73, P<0,001; ANGPT2: rs=-0,54, P=0,007). Conclusão - Na AB há uma expressão aumentada da ANGPT1 e da ANGPT2 e uma correlação positiva desta expressão com a espessura da TM, mas, não com a idade na ocasião da portoenterostomia ou com variáveis histológicas associadas com a gravidade da doença na época do procedimento. / Background- Biliary atresia (BA) is an infantile disorder characterized by progressive sclerosing cholangiopathy leading to biliary obstruction. First line treatment of BA is hepatoporto-enterostomy, whose prognosis is related to age at surgery and to histologic variables such as extent of fibrosis and ductular reaction. Hepatic arterial medial thickening (MT) suggests an arteriopathy in BA pathogenesis. We evaluated the expression of angiopoietin (ANGPT)/tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and EGF-like domains 2 (Tie2) system in livers from patients with BA, correlating with MT, variables associated with disease severity and postoperative prognosis. Methods- ANGPT1, ANGPT2 and Tie2 expressions were assessed by qPCR in liver samples obtained from BA patients (n=23) at portoenterostomy and age-matched infants with intrahepatic cholestasis (IHC, n=7). Histologic variables were morphometrically assessed. Results- ANGPT1 and ANGPT2 were overexpressed in BA in comparison with IHC (respectively, P=0.024 and P=0.029). In BA, ANGPTs′ expression was positively correlated with MT (ANGPT1:rs=0.59, P=0.013; ANGPT2:rs=0.52, P=0.032), not with variables associated with disease severity. Tie2 and ANGPTs′ expressions were negatively correlated (ANGPT1: rs=-0.73, P<0.001; ANGPT2: rs=- 0.54, P=0.007). Conclusion- In BA there is overexpression of both ANGPT1 and ANGPT2 correlated with MT but not with age at portoenterostomy or with the histological variables associated with disease severity at the procedure.

A atresia biliar (AB) é uma doença da infância caracterizada por uma colangiopatia esclerosante progressiva que leva à obstrução biliar. O tratamento de escolha é a portoenterostomia, cujo prognóstico é relacionado à idade do paciente na época da cirurgia e a variáveis histológicas como a extensão da fibrose e da reação ductular. O espessamento da túnica média (TM) sugere uma arteriopatia na patogenia da AB. Nós avaliamos a expressão do sistema angiopoietinas (ANGPT)/receptor tirosinaquinase com domínios imunoglobulina e EGF(endotelial growth fator) like (Tie2) no fígado de pacientes com AB e com colestase intra-hepática (CIH), correlacionando com espessamento da TM, com variáveis associadas a gravidade da doença e com o prognóstico pós operatório. Métodos - A expressão da ANGPT1, ANGPT2 e Tie2 foi feita com o método de PCR quantitativo em amostras de fígado obtidas de pacientes com AB (n23) na ocasião da portoenterostomia e de crianças de idade semelhante com CIH (n7). As variáveis histológicas foram analisadas por método morfométrico. Resultados - A ANGPT1 e a ANGPT2 apresentaram expressão aumentada no grupo com AB em comparação com o grupo com CIH (P=0,024 e P=0,029, respectivamente). No grupo com AB, a expressão das ANPTs correlacionouse positivamente com a espessura da TM (ANGPT1: rs=0,59, P=0,013; ANGPT2: rs=0,52, P=0,032) e não teve correlação com variáveis associadas a gravidade da doença. O Tie2 e as ANGPTs correlacionaram-se negativamente (ANGPT1: rs=-0,73, P<0,001; ANGPT2: rs=-0,54, P=0,007). Conclusão - Na AB há uma expressão aumentada da ANGPT1 e da ANGPT2 e uma correlação positiva desta expressão com a espessura da TM, mas, não com a idade na ocasião da portoenterostomia ou com variáveis histológicas associadas com a gravidade da doença na época do procedimento. / Background- Biliary atresia (BA) is an infantile disorder characterized by progressive sclerosing cholangiopathy leading to biliary obstruction. First line treatment of BA is hepatoporto-enterostomy, whose prognosis is related to age at surgery and to histologic variables such as extent of fibrosis and ductular reaction. Hepatic arterial medial thickening (MT) suggests an arteriopathy in BA pathogenesis. We evaluated the expression of angiopoietin (ANGPT)/tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and EGF-like domains 2 (Tie2) system in livers from patients with BA, correlating with MT, variables associated with disease severity and postoperative prognosis. Methods- ANGPT1, ANGPT2 and Tie2 expressions were assessed by qPCR in liver samples obtained from BA patients (n=23) at portoenterostomy and age-matched infants with intrahepatic cholestasis (IHC, n=7). Histologic variables were morphometrically assessed. Results- ANGPT1 and ANGPT2 were overexpressed in BA in comparison with IHC (respectively, P=0.024 and P=0.029). In BA, ANGPTs′ expression was positively correlated with MT (ANGPT1:rs=0.59, P=0.013; ANGPT2:rs=0.52, P=0.032), not with variables associated with disease severity. Tie2 and ANGPTs′ expressions were negatively correlated (ANGPT1: rs=-0.73, P<0.001; ANGPT2: rs=- 0.54, P=0.007). Conclusion- In BA there is overexpression of both ANGPT1 and ANGPT2 correlated with MT but not with age at portoenterostomy or with the histological variables associated with disease severity at the procedure.