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The effects of alcohol odor cues on food and alcohol attentional bias, cravings, and consumptionKaryadi, Kenny 08 July 2015 (has links)
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / In order to elucidate the role of classical conditioning in food and alcohol co-consumption, the present study examined: (1) the effects of alcohol odor cues on alcohol and food cravings and attentional bias (bias in selective attention toward either food or alcohol pictures relative to neutral pictures); and (2) the role of alcohol odor cue elicited cravings and attentional biases on subsequent consumption. Participants (n = 77; mean age = 30.84, SD = 9.46; 51.9% female, 83.1% Caucasian) first completed the lab portion of the study. In this portion, they were exposed to alcohol and neutral odorants, after which their food and alcohol cravings and attentional bias were assessed. Participants then received an online survey the next day, on which they reported their level of food and alcohol consumption following the lab portion of the study. Using repeated measures analysis of covariance, alcohol odor cues were differentially effective in increasing food and alcohol attentional bias and cravings (Fs= 0.06 to 2.72, ps= 0.03 to 0.81). Using logistic and multiple regressions, alcohol odor cue elicited alcohol attentional bias, food attentional bias, and food cravings were associated with later alcohol consumption, but not with later food consumption or concurrent consumption (βs = -0.28 to 0.48, ps = 0.02 to 0.99; Exp(B)s = 0.95 to 1.83, ps = 0.33 to 0.91). Overall, alcohol odor cues can become conditioned stimuli that elicit conditioned food-related and alcohol-related responses, both of which persist long enough to motivate later alcohol consumption; however, these conditioned responses might not persist long enough to motivate later food or concurrent consumption. These findings serve as a first step in clarifying the role of classical conditioning in concurrent consumption. In particular, they suggest that additional empirical investigations are needed to: (1) clarify the classical conditioning mechanisms underlying concurrent consumption; and (2) examine whether interventions targeting classical conditioning mechanisms are effective for reducing alcohol use.
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The effects of anxiety on visual attention for emotive stimuli in primary school childrenKelly, Lauren January 2014 (has links)
Anxiety can be advantageous in terms of survival and well-being, yet atypically high levels may be maladaptive and result in the clinical diagnosis of an anxiety disorder. Several risk factors have been implicated in the manifestation of clinical anxiety, including cognitive biases. In recent years, a plethora of research has emerged demonstrating that anxious adults exhibit biases of attention for threatening stimuli, especially that which is biologically relevant (e.g., facial expressions). Specific components of attentional bias have also been identified, namely facilitated engagement, impaired disengagement, and avoidance. However, the majority of studies have focused on the spatial domain of attention. Furthermore, the area is under-researched in children, despite research demonstrating that symptoms relating to clinical and non-clinical anxiety follow a stable course from childhood through to adolescence and adulthood. Consequently, the aim of this thesis was to investigate how anxiety affects children’s visual attention for emotive, particularly angry, faces. In order to provide a more comprehensive understanding, the current research involved examining the role of temporal and spatial attention utilising rapid serial visual presentation with the attentional blink, and the visual probe paradigm, respectively. The main hypothesis was that high state and/or trait anxiety would be associated with an attentional bias for angry, relative to positive or neutral faces in both the temporal and spatial domains. In relation to the temporal domain, key findings demonstrated that high levels of trait anxiety were associated with facilitated engagement towards both angry and neutral faces. It was further found that all children rapidly disengaged attention away from angry faces. Findings related to the processing of angry faces accorded with the main hypothesis stated in this thesis, as well as research and theory in the area. The finding that anxious children preferentially processed neutral faces in an attentional blink investigation was unexpected. This was argued to potentially reflect this stimulus type being interpreted as threatening. Key findings regarding the spatial domain were that high trait anxious children displayed an early covert bias of attention away from happy faces and a later, overt bias of attention away from angry faces. The finding that high trait anxiety was linked to an attentional bias away from happy faces in a visual probe task was also unexpected. This was argued to potentially reflect smiling faces being interpreted as signifying social dominance, thus resulting in the viewer experiencing feelings of subordination and becoming avoidant and/or submissive. To conclude, this thesis has enhanced current knowledge of attentional bias in both the temporal and spatial domains for emotive stimuli in anxious children. It has demonstrated that higher levels of trait anxiety moderate children’s allocation of attentional resources to different stimulus types, whether these are threatening, positive, or neutral. This has important implications for evaluating past research in adults and children, and for further developing theoretical models of attentional bias and anxiety. It also offers important clinical implications, since attending towards or away from specific stimuli may affect the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders. Recently, a treatment that aims to modify attentional bias in anxious individuals has begun to be developed. In light of the present findings, it may be necessary to review this treatment so that anxious children are re-trained in the specific biases of attention demonstrated here.
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Effets de l’adversité précoce sur le système physiologique de stress et la cognition chez l’adulte en santé : le rôle modulateur de l’âge d’exposition à l’adversitéRaymond, Catherine 04 1900 (has links)
L’exposition à l’adversité précoce (AP) a été suggérée comme augmentant le risque de souffrir de psychopathologies associées à une dérégulation du système physiologique de stress ainsi qu’une altération de certains processus cognitifs. Cela dit, les études rapportent des résultats divergents quant à la direction de l’association entre l’AP, la sécrétion de cortisol (la principale hormone de stress chez l’humain) ainsi que la nature de ces dérèglements cognitifs chez l’adulte. Le ‘modèle du cycle de vie’ souligne l’importance de considérer le moment où l’AP a eu lieu pour la première fois (c.-à-d. l’âge minimal d’exposition) en vue d’expliquer ces discordances, considérant que les régions cérébrales importantes à la régulation du stress physiologique et possédant des récepteurs à cortisol (l’hippocampe, l’amygdale et le cortex préfrontal) ne se développent pas au même rythme. En vue de tester le modèle du cycle de vie, le but de cette thèse est d’évaluer le rôle modulateur de l’âge de la première exposition à l’AP sur le système physiologique de stress de même que sur les processus cognitifs soutenus par l’hippocampe, l’amygdale et le cortex préfrontal d’adultes en santé. Précisément, l’objectif de la première étude était de déterminer si l’âge minimal d’exposition à l’AP modulait le cortisol basal et réactif d’adultes en santé, et ce, en comparaison avec un modèle compétitif : celui de l’accumulation de l’AP, qui considère qu’il est important de considérer le nombre d’AP auquel l’individu a fait face au cours de son développement. Pour ce faire, nous avons mesuré le cortisol basal à l’aide d’échantillons de salive récoltés à la maison de même qu’en réaction à un stresseur psychosocial validé, le Trier Social Stress Test, chez 85 adultes en santé. Nous avons démontré que l’âge minimal d’exposition à l’AP module bel et bien le cortisol basal et réactif d’adultes en santé, et que ce modèle est un meilleur prédicteur du système physiologique de stress que celui du modèle d’accumulation mesuré via le Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire. En effet, nous avons démontré qu’être exposé pour la première fois à l’AP entre 3 et 7 ans (importante fenêtre de développement de l’amygdale) mène à une réponse cortisolaire au réveil plus élevée ainsi qu’à une réactivité cortisolaire plus faible en comparaison aux adultes ayant été exposés pour la première fois avant 3 ans ou après 7 ans. Ensuite, étant donné que l’hippocampe, l’amygdale et le cortex préfrontal possèdent des récepteurs à cortisol qui sont affectés par la sécrétion chronique d’hormones de stress en lien avec l’AP, l’objectif de la seconde étude était d’évaluer l’effet de l’âge minimal d’exposition à l’AP sur les processus cognitifs soutenus par ces structures. Pour ce faire, nous avons mesuré la mémoire déclarative (hippocampe), les biais attentionnels vers les informations menaçantes (amygdale) et la régulation émotionnelle (connexion frontoamygdalienne) en fonction de l’âge minimal d’exposition à l’AP chez les mêmes sujets en santé. Nous avons démontré que les femmes exposées à l’AP pour la première fois après l'âge de 8 ans (fenêtre de développement de la connectivité frontoamygdalienne) présentent un biais attentionnel vers les informations menaçantes. Dans l’ensemble, les résultats de cette thèse soutiennent partiellement le modèle du cycle de vie et offrent une perspective nouvelle sur certaines fenêtres développementales qui semblent plus sensibles aux effets de l’AP sur certaines régions du cerveau responsables de réguler le stress et les émotions. / Early adversity (EA) has been shown to be a potent risk factor in the development of psychopathologies associated with a deregulation of the physiological stress system as well as cognitive functions. However, studies report divergent results as to the direction of the association between EA, the secretion of cortisol (the main stress hormone in humans) and the nature of these cognitive dysfunctions in adulthood. The Life cycle model of stress underlines the importance of considering the moment at which EA first occurred, given that the brain regions that are necessary to regulate the stress response and that are dense in cortisol receptors (the hippocampus, the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex) do not develop at the same rhythm. In order to test the Life cycle model of stress, the aim of this thesis is to evaluate the modulating role of the age at first exposure to EA on the physiological stress system as well as on the cognitive processes sustained by the hippocampus, the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex in healthy adults. Precisely, the goal of the first study was to determine if the minimal age at exposure to EA modulated basal and reactive cortisol levels in 85 healthy adults, and to compare these results to a competing model: the Accumulation model (which suggests that the number of
EA predicts patterns of cortisol dysregulations). To do so, we measured basal cortisol using saliva samples collected at home as well as in response to a validated psychosocial stressor, the Trier Social Stress Test. We have shown that minimal age at exposure to EA does indeed modulate the basal and reactive cortisol patterns in healthy adults, and that this model is a better predictor of the physiological stress system as opposed to the Accumulation model measured using the Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire. Indeed, results showed that although the number of EA was not associated with patterns of basal or reactive cortisol secretion, adults first exposed to EA between the ages of 3 and 7 – an important time window for amygdala development – showed greater cortisol awakening response and lower cortisol reactivity relative
to those first exposed to EA before 3 or after 7. Then, given that the hippocampus, the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex possess cortisol receptors that are affected by the chronic secretion of stress hormones following EA, the goal of the second study was to evaluate the effect of minimal age at exposure to EA on the cognitive processes sustained by these structures. To do this, we measured declarative memory (hippocampus), attentional bias to threat (amygdala) and emotional
regulation (frontoamygdala connection) as a function of minimal age at exposure to EA in the vi same healthy subjects. Results revealed increased attentional bias to threat in women first exposed to EA after 8 years (prefrontal cortex and frontoamygdala connectivity development). Overall, the results of this thesis partially support the Life cycle model of stress and highlight the importance of considering the age at first exposure to EA when investigating the long-lasting effects of EA on physiological stress and cognitive processes in healthy adults.
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Lack of attentional retraining effects in cigarette smokers attempting cessation: a proof of concept double-blind randomised controlled trialBegh, R., Mulville, Jacqui., Shiffman, S., Ferguson, S.G., Nichols, L., Mohammed, Mohammed A., Holder, R.L., Sutton, S., Aveyard, P. 09 February 2015 (has links)
No / Observational studies have shown that attentional bias for smoking-related cues is associated with increased craving and relapse. Laboratory experiments have shown that manipulating attentional bias may change craving. Interventions to reduce attentional bias could reduce relapse in smokers seeking to quit. We report a clinical trial of attentional retraining in treatment-seeking smokers. This was a double-blind randomised controlled trial that took place in UK smoking cessation clinics. Smokers interested in quitting were randomised to five weekly sessions of attentional retraining (N=60) or placebo training (N = 58) using a modified visual probe task from one week prior to quit day. Both groups received 21 mg nicotine patches (from quit day onwards) and behavioural support. Primary outcomes included change in attentional bias reaction times four weeks after quit day on the visual probe task and craving measured weekly using the Mood and Physical Symptoms Scale. Secondary outcomes were changes in withdrawal symptoms, time to first lapse and prolonged abstinence. No attentional bias towards smoking cues was found in the sample at baseline (mean difference = 3 ms, 95% CI = -2, 9). Post-training bias was not significantly lower in the retraining group compared with the placebo group (mean difference = -9 ms, 95% CI = -20, 2). There was no difference between groups in change in craving (p = 0.89) and prolonged abstinence at four weeks (risk ratio = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.70, 1.43). Taken with one other trial, there appears to be no effect from clinic-based attentional retraining using the visual probe task. Attentional retraining conducted out of clinic may prove more effective. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: UK Clinical Trials ISRCTN 54375405.
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