The rituals are present in many phases of the human life s transition; it is not different in the transition of life to death. Referring to death, men have been modifying in their way of relating with it, mainly when the issue is taking care and burying their dead people. The objective of this research is to understand the meaning of visits to the cemetery where people have their beloved ones buried. This research is about a qualitative study with nine participants that have lost someone close to them. The number of participants was reached by the sample saturation standard. Semi directed interviews and campus observations were made and analyzed. The results show that the visits awake many feelings, such as the possibility to understand the caring after death, or even guilt when the visits cannot be made for some reason. There is a belief in the existence of communication between the living and the death worlds and in the cemetery place as a local to understand life through the evocation of memories and regards. It was also observed that the Park Cemetery place is seen as a space that is not thought as a cemetery, by reflecting the beauty and the life, not realizing death. However, the traditional cemetery is seen as a heavy place that refers to death. Such results evidenced how much practicality, beauty and security are exceled in contemporaneity, highlighting the increasing outsourcing of the caring through the mortuary business. Besides that, it is possible to conclude that society banes death and that how new spaces and services have been corresponding and consolidating this social request. Therefore, it is necessary that people reflect more about death rituals, highlighting the Psychology area which needs publications about this issue. / Os ritos estão presentes em muitas fases de transição da vida humana e não é diferente na passagem da vida para a morte. No que se refere à morte, o homem vem modificando sua forma de se relacionar com ela, principalmente quando se fala de cuidar e enterrar seus mortos. Este estudo tem por finalidade compreender o significado da visitação a um cemitério para pessoas com entes queridos enterrados no mesmo. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo com nove participantes que haviam perdido alguém próximo. O número de participantes foi atingido mediante o critério de saturação de amostra. Foram realizadas entrevistas semidirigidas e observações de campo, analisadas pelo método de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados apontam que as visitas despertam vários sentimentos, como a possibilidade de estender o cuidado para depois da morte ou até mesmo a culpa quando as visitas não são possíveis por algum motivo. Há a crença na existência da comunicação entre o mundo dos vivos e o mundo dos mortos e no espaço do cemitério como um local de estender a vida através da evocação de memórias e lembranças. Também observou-se o espaço do Cemitério Parque como um local que não se parece com um cemitério, por refletir a beleza e a vida, não sendo percebida a morte. Em contrapartida, o cemitério tradicional é visto como um lugar pesado e que remete à morte. Tais resultados evidenciaram o quanto, na contemporaneidade, prima-se pela praticidade, segurança e beleza, destacando-se, assim, a crescente terceirização do cuidado através do mercado funerário. Além disso, é possível inferir que, socialmente, procura-se banir a morte e o quanto novos espaços e serviços vêm correspondendo e consolidando a essa demanda social. Desta forma, é necessário que se reflita mais sobre os rituais na morte, destacando a área da Psicologia, que carece de publicações deste tema.

The diploma thesis deals with the issue of dying and death within the job of a nurse. Nurses very often see dying and death. Death rate also depends on type of the ward. A healthy person usually does not think about death, but being ill one is uncertain and starts to ask many questions, which may also include questions about dying and death. Meeting a dying person is psychically demanding for the medical staff as well as for the family, friends and the dearest. The medical workers are expected to be professional and empathic. It is a question if the nurses are prepared to face the death and if they can cope with the physical and psychical stress. Long-term excessive psychical stress may result in numerous diseases. A nurse must know how to avoid such negative impacts. The theoretic part of the thesis describes the present status, explains specificities of palliative treatment within intensive care, within care for chronically ill patients and in paediatrics, it specifies attitudes and their functions in connection with difficult life situations. Furthermore, the theoretical part deals with psychical stress imposed on nurses in connection with dying and rules of communication in a multi-disciplinary team within palliative care. There are four objectives of the thesis. The first objective is to find out whether nurses feel ready to meet death after finishing qualification studies. Another objective is to find out whether death rate in the workplace affects psychical stress imposed on the nurses and their attitude to death. The third objective is to find out whether the nurses think that the information and experience gained during studies affected their attitude to death and professional skills of care for dying patients. The research part made use of quantitative research. Data collection was made through anonymous questionnaires. Respondents answered 35 questions. Out of that, 17 questions were closed and 18 questions were semi-closed. The research survey was completed with statistical survey. Nurses, who work in wards with higher risk of death, were contacted. We have made up four hypotheses. H1: Nurses? attitude to death depends on the level of education was not confirmed. The results of research and statistic survey showed that there is no difference in attitude in connection with the level of education reached. H2: Nurses? attitude to death depends on experience with death in personal life was not confirmed either. The respondents? answer showed that their attitude to death is mostly influences by experienced acquired in practice. H3: Death rate reduces psychical stress of nurses, was confimed. The respondents said they had still the same feelings and at most they answered that they did not feel anything, or they did not think about their feelings and they consider the death to be a part of their occupation. H4: Subjective readiness of nurses to meet death does not depend on finishing of qualification studies, but it depends on exeprience acquired in practice. The last hypothesis was confirmed by research and statistic survey, as well. The research and tests of hypothesis have revealed that sufficient attention has not been paid to the issue of care for dying patients within studies. Nurses acquire their experience mostly in practice. Furthermore, the survey showed that it is an important thing to teach the nurses to communicate effectively and to feel empathy. The conclusion, that nurses are more stressed with conflicts at the workplace, bad inter-personnel relationships, low wages than with care for dying patients, is alarming . Thus the labour force is wasted unnecessarily and it is obvious that the occupation of a nurse has not been appreciated properly, yet. Such factors influence quality of the work done and may cause the burn-out syndrome.

Submitted by MARCIA ROVADOSCHI (marciar@unifra.br) on 2018-08-22T12:43:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_LarissaSpiesSubutzki.pdf: 1833489 bytes, checksum: 94804ae8e0e46ca3f593185fa023dbc3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T12:43:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_LarissaSpiesSubutzki.pdf: 1833489 bytes, checksum: 94804ae8e0e46ca3f593185fa023dbc3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-12 / The present paper is based on the thought that there can be no simplified way of understanding and analyzing the facts surrounding human existence and, therefore, a linear approach to exercising multiprofessional care in the process of death and dying. Thus, investing in studies on the phenomenon of death and dying from the perspective of complexity thinking will contribute to the establishment of a "new professional order", motivated by an extended and systemic understanding of care throughout the existential cycle. The purpose of this study was to validate the theoretical-practical construct on the multiprofessional care of neonates in the process of death and dying in neonatal intensive care units, following a complexity thinking. And, as specific objectives: To analyze the scientific productions on multiprofessional care in the process of death and dying in neonatal intensive care units; To know the perception of the multiprofessional team of neonatal intensive care units on the process of death and dying of neonates, and To describe the stages of construction on the process of death and dying in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units . In order to meet the first objective, an integrative research was carried out in PubMed, Lilacs and Bdenf Databases, which resulted in the inclusion of 13 productions, which were decoded into three categories of analysis: the perception of the multiprofessional team about the process of death and dying, strategies of care in the face of neonatal death and family reaction to the process of death and dying. To meet the second objective, a qualitative exploratory-descriptive study was carried out through a focus group technique with 35 professionals from the multiprofessional team who work in a neonatal and pediatric intensive care unit from May to July. A third specific objective was reached through a methodological research, which sought to describe the construction and validation stages of a construct on the process of death and dying in neonatal intensive care units, following a complexity thinking. In response to the latter objective, on the analysis of renowned specialists, a return of twelve instruments were evaluated in the first round and eleven instruments in the second Delphi round. In the first round, suggestions were made for changes in relation to the conceptual and formative dimensions of the construct. The construct was considered valid, both in content and appearance and will contribute to the expanded and multiprofessional understanding of the process of death and dying of neonates and children locally and nationally. It is concluded, therefore, that the process of death and dying of neonates and children constitutes a singular and complex process, both for the multiprofessional team and for the family members. In this direction, the validation of a theoretical-practical construct on the process of death and dying, in the perspective of complex thinking, constitutes a proactive strategy for the (re) thinking of human existence itself, in addition to enabling theoretical-practical reflections among professionals of the multiprofessional team that contributes to the confrontation of the adversities and the uncertainties inherent to existential and caring dynamics. Complex thinking corroborates, in this direction, with the bet that it is not possible to escape the uncertainties and adversities of life, but that it is necessary to assume death and dying as a phenomenon that is part of the existential dynamics. / O presente estudo sustenta-se no pensamento de que não pode haver uma forma simplificada de compreender e analisar os fatos que envolvem a existência humana e, tão pouco, uma abordagem linear no exercício do cuidado multiprofissional no processo de morte e morrer. Assim, investir em estudos sobre o fenômeno de morte e morrer na perspectiva do pensamento da complexidade contribuirá para o estabelecimento de uma nova ordem profissional, motivada pela compreensão ampliada e sistêmica do cuidado em todo o ciclo existencial. Com base nesta aposta, o presente estudo teve como objetivo geral: Validar construto teórico-prático sobre o cuidado multiprofissional de neonatos no processo de morte e morrer em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal, à luz do pensamento da complexidade. E, como objetivos específicos: Analisar as produções científicas sobre o cuidado multiprofissional no processo de morte e morrer em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal; Conhecer a percepção da equipe multiprofissional da unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal sobre o processo de morte e morrer de neonatos e, Descrever as etapas de construção e validação de um construto sobre o processo de morte e morrer em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal. Para atender o primeiro objetivo foi realizada uma pesquisa integrativa nas Bases de Dados PubMed, Lilacs e Bdenf, a qual resultou na inclusão de 13 produções, as quais foram decodificadas em quatro categorias de análise: percepção da equipe multiprofissional sobre o processo de morte e morrer, estratégias de cuidados diante da morte neonatal e reação da família face ao processo de morte e morrer. Para atender o segundo objetivo, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa exploratório-descritiva, por meio da técnica de grupo focal, com 35 profissionais da equipe multiprofissional que atuam em uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal, no período de maio a julho de 2016. O terceiro objetivo específico foi alcançado a partir de uma pesquisa metodológica, que buscou descrever as etapas de construção e de validação de um construto sobre o processo de morte e morrer em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal, à luz do pensamento da complexidade. Em resposta a este último objetivo obteve-se, na análise dos especialistas em âmbito nacional, um retorno de doze instrumentos avaliados na primeira rodada e, onze instrumentos, na segunda rodada Delphi. Na primeira rodada foram realizadas sugestões de mudanças em relação as dimensões conceitual e formativa do construto. O construto foi considerado válido tanto em conteúdo quanto em aparência e, certamente, contribuirá para a compreensão ampliada e multiprofissional do processo de morte e morrer de neonatos em âmbito local e em território nacional. Conclui-se, portanto, que o processo de morte e morrer de neonatos se constitui em processo singular e complexo, tanto para a equipe multiprofissional, quanto para os familiares. Nessa direção, a validação de um construto teórico-prático sobre o processo de morte e morrer, na perspectiva do pensamento complexo, se constitui em estratégia proativa para o (re)pensar da própria existência humana, além de possibilitar reflexões teórico-práticas entre os profissionais da equipe multiprofissional que contribuam para o enfrentamento das adversidades e das incertezas inerentes à dinâmica existencial e cuidativa. O pensamento complexo corrobora, nessa direção, com a aposta de que não é possível fugir das incertezas e das adversidades da vida, mas de que é preciso assumir a morte e o morrer como fenômeno integrante da dinâmica existencial.

Объект исследования – счастье и психологическое благополучие. Предмет исследования – связь счастья и психологического благополучия человека с его отношением к смерти. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (69 источников) и приложения, включающего в себя Данные среднего и стандартного отклонения по исследуемым параметрам, показатели асимметрии и эксцесса, результаты сравнительного анализа, бланки применявшихся методик. Объем магистерской диссертации 114 страниц, на которых размещены 14 рисунков и 18 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируется и конкретизируется гипотеза, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, а также этапы проведения исследования, научная новизна, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы. Первая глава включает в себя обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы по теме счастья, субъективного благополучия, психологического благополучия, отношения к смерти. Представлен раздел, посвященный исследованию связи уровня счастья и психологического благополучия с отношением к смерти. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам: «Обновленный Оксфордский опросник счастья (Oxford Happiness Inventory)»; «Шкала психологического благополучия К. Рифф» в адаптации Л.В. Жуковской, Е.Г. Трошихиной; опросник Отношение к смерти» И.Ю. Кулагиной, Л.В. Сенкевич; опросник «Отношение к смерти» К.А. Чистопольской и соавт. Также в главе представлен сравнительный и корреляционный анализ результатов исследования. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутой гипотезе, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики. / The object of research is happiness and psychological well-being. The subject of the study is the connection between happiness and psychological well-being of a person with his attitude towards death. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references (69 sources) and an appendix, which includes data on the average and standard deviation for the parameters under study, indicators of asymmetry and kurtosis, results of a comparative analysis, forms of the methods used. The volume of the master's thesis is 114 pages, which contain 14 figures and 18 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the development of the problematics, sets the goal and objectives of the study, defines the object and subject of the study, formulates and concretizes the hypothesis, indicates the methods and empirical base, as well as the stages of the study, scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance of the work. The first chapter includes a review of foreign and domestic literature on the topic of happiness, subjective well-being, psychological well-being, and attitudes towards death. A section devoted to the study of the relationship between the level of happiness and psychological well-being and attitudes towards death is presented. The conclusions on the first chapter are the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It presents a description of the organization and methods of the study and the results obtained by all methods used: "Updated Oxford Happiness Inventory"; "Scale of psychological well-being K. Riff" adapted by L.V. Zhukovskaya, E.G. Troshikhina; Questionnaire Attitude towards death” I.Yu. Kulagina, L.V. Senkevich; questionnaire "Attitude towards death" K.A. Chistopolskaya et al. The chapter also presents a comparative and correlation analysis of the results of the study. Chapter 2's conclusions include the main findings of the empirical study. In the conclusion, the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work are summarized, as well as conclusions on the hypothesis put forward, the practical significance of the study is substantiated, and possible prospects for further development of this issue are described.