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Natural resource management requires the simultaneous consideration of many different and often conflicting goals. For resource decisions to accurately reflect public values and desires, a systematic method is needed for assessing the importance which public groups attach to different management goals. Direct judgments of the importance of goals are often used as weights in additive utility models for evaluating alternative resource decisions. The overall value of each alternative is assessed by assigning it a value with respect to each relevant goal, multiplying each value by the corresponding goal's importance weight, and summing the weighted values. The validity of this procedure depends on the assumption that each goal's importance is judged independently of all other goals and is not affected by perceived conflicts between goals. Otherwise, the importance of some goals will be overestimated (double-counted). This study tested the validity of this assumption for direct judgments of the importance of forest management goals. Subjects read a description of a hypothetical national forest and rated the importance of six forest management goals on a ten-point scale. They also rated the amount of conflict between each possible pair of goals. The management scenarios were varied to represent two levels of conflict between a wilderness preservation goal and a timber production goal, and two levels of scarcity of existing wilderness areas in the region of the national forest. The conflict and scarcity manipulations were crossed, creating four conflict/scarcity conditions in a two-by-two ANOVA design. Analysis showed that both conflict and scarcity produced effects on ratings of the management goals' importance. The effects differed depending on the nature of the individual goal. In particular, goals which conflicted with wilderness preservation were rated lower in importance when the conflict was higher and when wilderness scarcity was high. This suggests that people discount the importance of goals which are perceived as conflicting with a highly valued goal, such as wilderness preservation. Importance ratings would therefore underestimate the importance of goals such as timber production if they were used as weights in an additive utility model. Further analysis revealed the presence of a single strong dimension underlying the ratings of conflict between goals. This dimension also seemed to be related to judgments of goal importance. It is possible that both conflict and importance judgments are made with respect to general cognitive attributes of the goals (for example preservation/utilization orientation). The results of this study show that direct judgments of goal importance may not satisfy the requirements of additive utility models, and that public perception of conflict between goals must be taken into account when interpreting judgments of the importance of management goals. A resource planner must be aware of what preconceptions the public holds about conflicts between goals and how these preconceptions affect the expressed importance of the goals.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among death anxiety, attitudes toward disabled persons and counselor effectiveness. The subjects of this study were 50 masters degree students at The University of Arizona. All subjects were volunteers and were enrolled in the Rehabilitation Counseling graduate program. Additionally, they had all completed a five-week Human Resource Development Program. The subjects were individually administered the Death Anxiety Scale (DAS), the Attitudes toward Disabled Persons Scale (ATDP), Form B, and the 16 stimulus expressions from the Carkhuff Communication Index. The stimulus expressions were on audio tape and the subjects' responses were recorded for rating purposes. A t-test of means was used to search for differences between less effective counselor trainees and more effective counselor trainees in their levels of death anxiety and their attitudes toward disabled persons. The relationship among death anxiety, attitudes toward disabled persons and counselor effectiveness was investigated using the Pearson correlation coefficient. In general, the results of the study indicate that less effective counselor trainees do not significantly differ from more effective counselor trainees in either their levels of death anxiety or in their attitudes toward disabled persons. However, a significant negative correlation exists between counselor trainees' levels of death anxiety and their attitudes toward disabled persons. Therefore, counselor trainees with high levels of death anxiety viewed disabled persons as being dissimilar to able-bodied persons.

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No description available.