Implicit Attitudes of Counselor Trainees toward Black-White Couples Inter-racial couples developed as soon as European men landed on the coast of North America. Historically, these relationships were considered deviant and unacceptable. The attitudes towards interracial marriages are improving, however, the incidence of interracial dating and marriage, especially among Blacks and Whites, remains low in the United States (White & White, 2000). As the acceptance of interracial marriages increases, the rate of interracial marriages also increases. With the increasing number of inter-racial couples in the United States the probability that counselors will have contact with a Black-White couple increases also. It is important for the counselors to have accepting attitudes towards these couples to be effective in the treatment of these couples. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) measured the implicit attitudes of the participants toward black-white couples. This study included a comparison of attitudes based on demographic factors such as sex, age, education, region of the US, socioeconomic status, home setting, and multicultural awareness and knowledge as measured by the Multicultural Knowledge and Awareness Scale (MCKAS). In addition, a multiple linear regression will determine which of these variables is best able to predict the participants’ attitudes. The results showed there is a significant difference in attitudes toward interracial couples between demographic subgroups of the variable age. However, there were no significant differences in attitudes between the subgroups of the variables education, socioeconomic status, sex, race, region of the country, community type and size. The regression analyses found MCKAS was the one variable that could predict scores on the IAT. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

Spirituality and environmental friendliness (i.e., nature connectedness, environmental attitudes and behaviours) are inextricably linked. They share the common basis of transcendence (Grouzet, 2011; Grouzet et al., 2005). However, the relationship between the two lacks empirical support. The current study employed experimental and daily diary methods to investigate the influence of spirituality upon environmental friendliness. Spirituality was marginally, but not significantly, increased through guided daily reflection among religious participants and slightly decreased among non-religious participants. This, subsequently, led to greater sense of connection to nature, but no other changes in environmental friendliness. These findings provide preliminary evidence of the relation between spirituality and environmental friendliness. / Graduate / 0623 / 0451 / esl@uvic.ca

Bakgrund: Koloskopi utförs i diagnostiskt syfte, vid uppföljningar av olika tarmsjukdomar och i behandlande syfte. I och med ökad livslängd, fler cancerfall och utökad screeningsverksamhet kommer antalet koloskopiundersökningar att öka. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att belysa faktorer som påverkar patientens situation vid koloskopiundersökning. Metod: I denna litteraturstudie har nio kvantitativa och en två-fas studie granskats och analyserats. Sökningarna av artiklarna genomfördes i databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Även manuell sökning genomfördes. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre kategorier och fyra underliggande subkategorier. Fysiska och psykiska faktorer; Smärta och obehag, Oro. Psykologiska faktorer; Skam och genans. Sociala faktorer; Bemötande och samspel mellan patient och vårdpersonal. Resultatet visade  att ovanstående faktorer påverkar patienten negativt inför och under koloskopiundersökningen. Resultatet visade även att det fanns könsskillnader som påverkar situationen vid koloskopiundersökningen. Konklusion: Behov finns att lyfta fram och belysa de faktorer som påverkar patientens situation vid koloskopiundersökning. För sjuksköterskan är det viktigt att ha kunskap om dessa faktorer för att kunna bemöta och ha ett samspel med patienten och få en djupare förståelse av vad det innebär för patienten att genomgå en koloskopiundersökning. Nyckelord: colonoscopy, experience, anxiety, attitudes, patient

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In this study the overall aim is to find conditions for greater inclusion of pupils with SEN in X county by investigating teachers' attitudes and views on inclusion. What are the variables that may affect teachers' attitudes towards inclusion. The variables that will be studied include gender, workexperience, what age of students teachers work with and teachers' subjectknowledge. It is based on a system theory perspective with a pragmatic approach to explore how groups of activities involving or affecting each other. It is a quantitative study with a surveys selected as the method. Since I want to see how teachers might be influenced by their context and the variables above I use a system theory perspective. Before the questionnaire study was sent out to respondents, a little pilot study before was done.The overall results indicate that a majority of the teachers are positive towards inclusion, but when it comes to the will and desire to work inclusive they are more negative. The different variables affect teachers' attitudes to some extent, some affecting teachers in a positive direction and some in a negative direction.

Summary: An Elders View Ka hoki ano waku korero nei na i runga i nga raputanga i haramai tatou ko te iwi whenua e korerotia ai tona korero i haramai i Hawaikiroa i Hawaikinui i Hawaiki pamamao. Kei hea tenei wahi? Ka rapu te matauranga. I haramai tatou no tehea wahi? Kare kau i kitea e ratou. E kore e kitea. E kore e kitea e ratau na te mea ko taua i haere wairua mai ka hoki wairua taua. I now return to what has been said that we the original people came to this land from Long Hawaiki, from the Great Hawaiki, and from Distant Hawaiki. Where are these places? The learned have searched. From which place did we come from? They will never find it because we came in spirit and we return in spirit. (Chapter 2). A Pakeha View I tell the story as I see it and people can read my material if they wish to but if they don�t then that is their problem. The trouble with New Zealanders is that they do not care about archaeology. The Maoris are the worst offenders. Their attitude is one of indifference, they couldn�t care less. When I have excavated on Maori land I have contacted the Maori organisations concerned and I have invited them to come along and observe what is being done because after all it is their history that I am digging up. However the decision is not really for the Maori to decide when I am working on Pakeha land, and anyway the land does not belong to the Maori, it belongs to all. I admit that I am sorry that archaeologists destroy sites but they do record them in their books. (Chapter 6)--Preface.

Most stereotypes of youth depict them as problematic. Yet, the effects of those representations on behaviour are not understood. The nine studies conducted for this thesis investigated stereotypic beliefs about youth. This thesis aimed to specify the range of stereotypic beliefs about youth, the sources of those beliefs, and the consequences of those beliefs for adults' and young people's behaviour. Chapter 1 reviews the stereotype literature and provides information about our current understanding of stereotypic beliefs about youth. It also highlights the limitations of existing research and presents the rationale for this program of research. Chapter 2 presents studies 1 to 4, which explored the breadth in the content of four sets of stereotypic beliefs about youth. Study 1 investigated adults' knowledge of the cultural stereotype of youth and Study 2A specified adults' personal beliefs about youth. Adults' knowledge of the cultural stereotype was shown to consist of very negative content, although their personal beliefs were both positive and negative in content. Study 3A compared young people's perceptions of adults' beliefs about youth with their personal beliefs about youth. Young people's perceptions of adults' beliefs were found to be extremely negative, and to be comparable with that identified as adults??? knowledge of the cultural stereotype of youth in Study 1. In contrast, young people???s personal beliefs about youth were found to be more positive. Study 4 investigated the extent to which adults and young people hold multiple stereotypes of youth. Adults and young people formed six conceptually similar subtypes of youth. They were labelled as ???yuppies???, ???lives for today and forget the consequences???, ???depressed???, ???problem kids???, ???active???, and ???conventional???. The ???problem kids??? subtype was the most salient; it had the greatest number of descriptors assigned to it and the greatest agreement across groups regarding the constellation of traits and behaviours comprising it. Studies 2B and 3B, also presented in Chapter 2, were carried out to develop two valid and reliable measures of stereotypic beliefs about youth. In Study 2B, the 20-item Beliefs about Adolescence Scale was developed to assess adults' personal beliefs about youth. Study 3B developed the 26-item Adolescents??? Perceptions of Adults??? Beliefs Scale to assess young people???s perceptions of adults??? beliefs about them. Both measures were shown to be internally consistent and to have good test-retest reliability. The Beliefs about Adolescence Scale also demonstrated good convergent validity. Chapter 3 presents studies 5 and 6, which examined the media as a possible source of stereotypic beliefs about youth. Study 5 investigated media representations of youth as they appear in newspaper reports. Study 6 aimed to establish an empirical association between those representations and stereotypic beliefs about youth. In Study 5, newspaper reports of young people were found to be largely negative; the 'problem kids' stereotype was afforded the most news space. In Study 6, newspaper readership was shown to be predictive of stereotypic beliefs about youth. Further, stereotypic beliefs were found to discriminate between readers of broadsheet and tabloid newspapers. Chapter 4 presents Studies 7 and 8, which focused on the consequences of stereotypic beliefs about youth for evaluations and behaviour. Study 7 investigated the extent to which beliefs that young people are problematic affect adults' evaluations of young people. Subjects who were presented with sentences that described irresponsible and disrespectful behaviours later judged a youth target as more irresponsible and disrespectful than subjects who were presented with sentences that described neutral behaviours. Study 8 investigated whether beliefs that young people are problematic can result in self-fulfilling prophecies. Subjects were exposed to faces of male teenagers or adults and were then paired with partners who had been exposed to faces of male adults. Each pair of subjects played a word-guessing game and their interaction was recorded. Judges who were blind to the experimental hypotheses listened to the recordings and rated each participant for the degree of rudeness that was displayed. Subjects who had been exposed to the teenage faces were rated as ruder than those who had been exposed to adult faces. Moreover, those who interacted with subjects who had been exposed to teenage faces were rated as ruder than those who interacted with subjects who had been exposed to adult faces. In that way, stereotypic beliefs about youth were shown to produce self-fulfilling prophecies. Chapter 5 presents Study 9. Its focus was on young people's perceptions of adults' beliefs about them. It examined the way those beliefs influence young people's engagement in problem behaviour, in interaction with established correlates of problem behaviour. This was explored via the testing of a structural model of problem behaviour. The findings provided partial support for the model, and the model accounted for a substantial proportion of the variance in problem behaviour. Young people's perceptions of adults' beliefs about them made an important contribution to the explanation of problem behaviour involvement. Subsidiary analyses determined that young people's perceptions that adults believe them to engage in problem behaviour was the 'active ingredient' of that construct. Chapter 6 presents the general discussion of the findings from this program of research. It also outlines their theoretical and practical implications, and points to specific research that is needed to add to the findings of this thesis. The findings emphasise the important influences of stereotypic beliefs about youth on adults' and young people's behaviour. Recommendations are made for improving adult-youth relations and preventing adolescent problem behaviour. In particular, the media and adult members of the community need to recognise the role that they play in the causation of adolescent problem behaviour. The media have a responsibility to disseminate accurate and balanced information about young people and youth-related issues. In addition, interventions aimed at reducing adolescent problem behaviour need to incorporate a community-based component that seeks to promote positive adult-youth relations within the wider community.

Bibliography: leaves 251-260. / xi, 260 leaves ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / This thesis explores the prison experiences of female and male prisoners. The study aims to record and analyse the ways in which prisoners represent their experiences behind the wall (abstract) / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Social Inquiry, 1999