Royce Yat-Pui Lee. / Includes questionnaire in Chinese. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 49-55).

The ageing of the population and the workforce has become a global phenomenon that has created concern about labour as well as skills shortages. Therefore the continuation of older workers in paid employment is regarded as beneficial to both the economy and to the older worker. The aim of this dissertation is to make an enquiry about what employers are doing to make themselves attractive to these older workers and how they are retaining the older workers already present in their organisations. The methodology has been to construct a review protocol through the formation of a review panel as well as the development of a detailed search strategy that included a transparent inclusion and exclusion criteria. The measurement for evaluating the quality of studies used in this systematic review is presented along with the strategy adopted to extract the data and synthesise the findings. The search results were quite limited due to the limited number of research studies conducted particularly for the first of the two research questions relating to the attraction of older workers into the organisation. However the studies that have been conducted thus far shows a level of connection between the methods that can be used to attract older workers and those identified as being used to retain older workers. Finally, gaps from the systematic review process are identified and further research areas suggested.

Abstract Job market is one of the supply and demand system. The enterprise and the talented people wanted to find their own best choice. The adaptability of individual and organizational is an index of Job seekers¡¦ Cognition and Judgement. The more subjective judgments of job seekers close to the actual situation, the more accurate judgments of job seekers. Therefore this research is to discover the idea of practical workers that can be a reference for the recruitment and retention of an enterprise. This may discuss from two aspects. 1.Job values The job values is one of the key factors that job seekers select their job. I will try to classified as two types of the seven job values orientation here, and discuss them separately. 2.The attraction of organization characteristics What are the most important features that an enterprise can attract the talented people ? What are the most important features that an enterprise can retain employees ? I will conduct the research from the organization characteristics and the enterprise social achievements This research will find out the job values of incumbent, and then discover the relationship between Job values and organization characteristics. So we can understand what kind of incumbent will think what kind of organization characteristics are attractive. The samples of this research are Taiwanese incumbent. A total of 250 questionnaires, the return of 211 valid questionnaires, the effective return rate is 84%. This research says that the incumbent think ¡§The dignity orientation¡¨, ¡§The organization safe and the economical orientation¡¨ and ¡§Stable and avoid the anxious orientation¡¨ are more important job values than others. In the organization characteristics aspect, ¡§Based Pay on performance¡¨, ¡§Decentralized ¡¨, ¡§Treatment of women and minorities¡¨, ¡§Employee relations¡¨, ¡§Community relations¡¨ are attractive. Finally, this research suggested that the supervisor can use job values tool to find out the employees and job seekers¡¦ job values and what they are concerned. The result can be a reference for external recruitment or internal retention, and even management strategy. Key words: Job values, attraction of organization characteristics

From an adaptive perspective human memory ought to be strategically attuned towards information deemed to be of value according to nature's criterion; i.e. that which promotes individual survival and reproduction. The experiments in this thesis represent an interdisciplinary venture to merge cognitive psychology with social perception research in order to study how sociosexual pressures may have shaped women's episodic memory systems. A vast literature has validated sexual dimorphism as a cue by which women comparatively judge the value of potential mates in terms of their perceived biological and behavioural characteristics (e.g. heightened sexual dimorphism in men correlates with positive biological attributes but also negative behavioural traits). The first 5 experiments extend this work by focusing on the functional contribution women's episodic memory systems may play in constraining generalisations. Experiments 1 and 2 reveal a mnemonic bias in women's memory for contents of encounters with men who have (attractive) masculinised low vs. (less attractive) feminised high pitch. Experiment 3 finds a similar memory benefit for information associated either with masculinised or feminised men's faces, depending on whether women prefer masculinised or feminised characteristics in men. Data from Experiments 6 and 7 reveal further evidence of sociosexual adaptation in women's episodic memory. Memory appears to be biased towards remembering the location of women with feminised (highly attractive) facial features, i.e. high-value competitors for potential mates. While no sociosexual bias was found in women's location memory for attractive male faces, a sociosexual bias was present in women's location memory for men with attractive, low-pitch voices. Considered along with other recent adaptive memory research, the data in this thesis further erode the idea of episodic memory as a general purpose mechanism.

No description available.

Research has shown that attractive individuals are viewed more favorably than unattractive counterparts across different types of criminal trials, contributing to the belief that “what is beautiful is good” (Dion, Berscheid, & Walster, 1972). However, this research has not been replicated in cases involving sexually coercive tactics. In the present experiment, participants read a case file that included one of two (attractive or unattractive) digitally altered photographs of a defendant and one of two vignettes (physical or verbal coercion). They then completed a questionnaire about the case. The results indicated that more women than men found the defendant guilty, and jurors assigned significantly longer sentences to the defendant in the physical tactic condition than in the verbal tactic condition. In contrast to two of the hypotheses, the more attractive defendant was evaluated more harshly than the unattractive defendant and an interaction between attractiveness and tactic was not found. / Department of Psychological Science

There is no abstract available for this dissertation.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 1977. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 266-283). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

Chapter One introduces the field of evolutionary psychology as well as provides a review of factors influencing facial attractiveness. Chapter Two presents empirical evidence that online studies may provide a distorted perspective on cross-cultural face preferences since online samples are not representative of the populations in developing countries. In El Salvador, participants without internet access preferred more feminine men as well as heavier and more masculine women when compared to participants with internet access. One possible explanation for such findings is that the level of harshness in the environment may be influencing preferences. One individual difference that is influenced by environmental harshness is age of menarche. Chapter Three thus provides exploratory evidence that age of menarche also influences masculinity preferences. Chapter Four further examines this environmental harshness hypothesis by repeatedly testing students undergoing intensive training at an army camp. Increases in the harshness of the environment led to an increased male attraction to cues of higher weight in female faces. Such changes in preferences may be adaptive because they allow for more opportunities to form partnerships with individuals who are better equipped to survive. An alternative explanation for the empirical findings in Chapters Two and Four is that familiarity may also influence preferences. Chapter Five tests this familiarity hypothesis by examining the faces of participants in different areas of El Salvador and Malaysia. Rural participants preferred heavier female faces than urban participants. Additionally, the faces of female participants from rural areas were rated as looking heavier. This finding suggests that familiarity may indeed influence attractiveness perceptions. Lastly, Chapter Six draws conclusions from the empirical findings reported in Chapters Two-Five and lists proposals of future research that could further enhance our understanding of what we find attractive.

Evolutionary theory has been proposed to provide an answer to the question of why some faces are perceived to be more attractive than others are. The first part of this thesis provides an introduction to an evolutionary approach to studying attractiveness (Chapter 1) and reviews sexual selection theory (Chapter 2) and how this theory has been applied to help understand human facial attractiveness (Chapter 3). The thesis focuses particularly on symmetry and secondary sexual characteristics in faces, two of the main factors that relate to attractiveness from an evolutionary perspective as they are both proposed to be associated with genetic benefits to the choosing individual. The empirical work in the first part of the thesis is consistent with both masculinity and symmetry in males reflecting adaptive selection for high quality mates. Facial masculinity was found to be associated with personality attributions that appear consistent with masculinity reflecting testosterone level in males. Masculinity was associated with some negative personality attributions and when controlling for such attributions masculinity in male faces was found to be of increased attractiveness (Chapter 4). Facial symmetry was found to be preferred in opposite-sex faces by both males and females when images were presented upright and less so when the images were inverted (Chapter 5). Symmetry was also found to be preferred in familiar faces and both this preference and preferences differing according orientation are consistent with the notion that symmetry preferences are an adaptation to identify high quality mates. The second part of this thesis presents views on the existence of individual differences in attractiveness judgements that are consistent with evolutionary theory. Evidence is reviewed regarding how individual differences in preference could be more adaptive than a single species wide strategy (Chapter 6). Chapters 7 and 8 present studies showing that preferences for sexual dimorphism and symmetry differ between women in ways that may have been adaptive over evolutionary time. Women who are attractive prefer higher levels of masculinity and symmetry than less attractive women (Chapter 7) and women judging for short-term relationships or women who already have current partners prefer more masculinity in male faces than those judging for long-term relationships or women who do not have a partner (Chapter 8). Chapter 9 again shows that individual differences in mate-choice do exist and can be consistent with evolutionary theory showing that individuals choose partners resembling their opposite-sex parent, a phenomenon that may reflect imprinting-like effects in humans. This thesis presents data that is consistent with the notion that sexual dimorphism and symmetry may advertise quality in human faces (Part 1) and data on several potentially adaptive individual differences in human face preferences (Part 2). Individuals can both agree, on average, on what is attractive and unattractive and yet still demonstrate variation in judgements. In this way beauty can be said to be both in the face of the beheld and in the eye of beholder.