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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Codage de l'enveloppe temporelle dans le nerf auditif / Temporal envelope coding of sound in the auditory nerve

Hasselmann, Florian 21 November 2017 (has links)
Contexte : La compréhension de la parole dans le silence est dépendante des mécanismes de codage de l’enveloppe temporelle du signal sonore. Une anomalie du codage (d’origine infectieuse, immunitaire, génétique, tumorale, ou environnementale) entraine irrémédiablement une diminution des performances audiométriques vocales. Les méthodes d’exploration fonctionnelle de la cochlée (potentiels d’action composite du nerf auditif, potentiel évoqués auditifs précoces) utilisent des stimuli sonores simples (clics, bouffées tonales) pour détecter une anomalie de codage des indices temporels. Le but de cette étude était de développer une méthode électrophysiologique capable de mesurer les réponses du nerf auditif à des stimuli modulés en amplitude.Matériel et méthodes : La réponse électrophysiologique du nerf auditif a été mesurée à l’aide d’une électrode placée sur la niche de la fenêtre ronde de la cochlée de gerbilles et de rats vieillissants. Les stimuli acoustiques consistaient en des bandes de bruit de 20 secondes modulées sinusoïdalement en amplitude et centrées sur 4, 8 et 16 kHz. Nous avons étudié le niveau, la profondeur de modulation, la fréquence de modulation et la fréquence porteuse.Résultats : Notre étude sur le modèle de perte sélective neuronale (ouabain) montre que l’analyse des potentiels globaux cochléaires permet de détecter une perte de fibres à basse activité spontanée dans le nerf auditif, résultat important car indétectable (« surdités cachées ») actuellement avec les tests utilisés en routine en clinique (EcoG et PEA) (Batrel, Huet, Hasselmann et al, Plos One 2017). Ensuite, en combinant le stimulus de cette étude avec une fonction sinusoïdale, nous avons développé et validé une méthode pour évaluer la qualité de codage de l’enveloppe par le nerf auditif. Nous avons appliqué cette méthode sur un modèle de vieillissement (rat Sprague-Dawley). Nos résultats suggèrent que le viellissement entraine une modifcation du phénotype des fibres du nerf auditif sans pertes de fibres associées (article Occelli, Hasselmann et al, soumis à eNeuro). Conclusion : Notre travail démontre qu’il est indispensable d’élargir le nombre de techniques d’exploration fonctionnelle de la cochlée car les tests utilisés en routine en clinique ne permettent pas de déceler des déficits subtils d’encodage dans le nerf auditif. La mesure de l’activité soutenue des fibres permet de détecter la perte sélective des neurones à basse activité spontanée, indétectable avec les méthodes classiques. Le changement de phénotype des fibres observé au cours du vieillissement du rat Sprague-Dawley est détectable avec notre méthode alors qu’il ne l’est pas avec le potentiel d’action composite du nerf auditif. / Background: Speech intelligibility in quiet is critically dependent on the temporal envelope of a sound signal. An abnormal coding of this temporal cue (due to infectious, immune, genetic, tumoral or environmental of origin) implies a decrease of speech recognition scores. The current proxy to probe deafness in clinical framework (Compound Action Potential of the auditory nerve, auditory brainstem responses) uses simplistic stimuli (clicks, tone bursts) to detect a such abnormal coding of the temporal cues. The aim of this study was to develop a new electrophysiology method in murins able to measure the auditory nerve responses to amplitude-modulation stimuli.Material and methods: The electrophysiology response of the auditory nerve was recorded using an electrode implanted onto the round window niche on normal-hearing gerbil cochlea and aging rat cochlea. The acoustical stimuli consisted of 20 seconds sinusoidally amplitude-modulated noise-band centered on 4, 8 and 16 kHz. We have studied varying sound level, the modulation depth, the modulation frequency and the carrier frequency.Results: Our study on the selective fiber loss ouabain model show the mass potentials recorded at the round window enable the detection of low spontaneous rate fibers in gerbil auditory nerve. This result is important because the current clinical used tests aren’t enough sensitive to detect a such coding impairment (CAP, ABR) (Batrel, Huet, Hasselmann et al., 2017). Then we combined the stimulus of this previous study with a sinusoidal function to develop a new method to assess the envelope coding by the auditory nerve. We validated this new method. Last, we used our method on an aging model (Sprague-Dawley rat). Our results suggest aging leads to a phenotype change of auditory nerve fibers without associated fiber loss (article Occelli, Hasselmann et al, submitted to eNeuro).Conclusion: Our study shows it’s indispensable to expand the number of tools to probe the cochlea because the current clinical used tests aren’t enough sensitive to detect subtle deficits of encoding in the auditory nerve. The recording of the fiber sustained activity enable to detect the selective loss of low-spontaneous rate neurons. A such loss is undetectable with classical clinical tools. The phenotype change of fibers we observed in aging Sprague-Dawley rats is detectable with our method whereas it’s not using the compound action potential of the auditory nerve.
2

Neural representations of natural speech in a chinchilla model of noise-induced hearing loss

Satyabrata Parida (9759374) 14 December 2020 (has links)
<div>Hearing loss hinders the communication ability of many individuals despite state-of-the-art interventions. Animal models of different hearing-loss etiologies can help improve the clinical outcomes of these interventions; however, several gaps exist. First, translational aspects of animal models are currently limited because anatomically and physiologically specific data obtained from animals are analyzed differently compared to noninvasive evoked responses that can be recorded from humans. Second, we lack a comprehensive understanding of the neural representation of everyday sounds (e.g., naturally spoken speech) in real-life settings (e.g., in background noise). This is even true at the level of the auditory nerve, which is the first bottleneck of auditory information flow to the brain and the first neural site to exhibit crucial effects of hearing-loss. </div><div><br></div><div>To address these gaps, we developed a unifying framework that allows direct comparison of invasive spike-train data and noninvasive far-field data in response to stationary and nonstationary sounds. We applied this framework to recordings from single auditory-nerve fibers and frequency-following responses from the scalp of anesthetized chinchillas with either normal hearing or noise-induced mild-moderate hearing loss in response to a speech sentence in noise. Key results for speech coding following hearing loss include: (1) coding deficits for voiced speech manifest as tonotopic distortions without a significant change in driven rate or spike-time precision, (2) linear amplification aimed at countering audiometric threshold shift is insufficient to restore neural activity for low-intensity consonants, (3) susceptibility to background noise increases as a direct result of distorted tonotopic mapping following acoustic trauma, and (4) temporal-place representation of pitch is also degraded. Finally, we developed a noninvasive metric to potentially diagnose distorted tonotopy in humans. These findings help explain the neural origins of common perceptual difficulties that listeners with hearing impairment experience, offer several insights to make hearing-aids more individualized, and highlight the importance of better clinical diagnostics and noise-reduction algorithms. </div>
3

Modeling the biophysical mechanisms of sound encoding at inner hair cell ribbon synapses / Modellierung der biophysikalischen Mechanismen der Schallkodierung an Bandsynapsen der inneren Haarzellen

Chapochnikov, Nikolai 15 December 2011 (has links)
No description available.

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