International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 22-25, 2001 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Reducing spacecraft ground system operations costs are a major goal in all missions. The Fast Auroral Snapshot (FAST) flight operations team at the NASA/Goddard Spacecraft Flight Center developed in-house scripts and procedures to automate monitoring of critical spacecraft functions. The initial staffing profile of 16x7 was reduced first to 8x5 and then to “lights out”. Operations functions became an offline review of system performance and the generation of future science plans for subsequent upload to the spacecraft. Lessons learned will be applied to the challenging Triana mission, where 24x7 contact with the spacecraft will be necessary at all times.

Inertial Alfvén waves occur in plasmas where the Alfvén speed is greater than the electron thermal speed and the scale of wave field structure across the background magnetic field is comparable to the electron skin depth. Such waves have an electric field aligned with the background magnetic field that can accelerate electrons. It is likely that electrons are accelerated by inertial Alfvén waves in the auroral magnetosphere and contribute to the generation of auroras. While rocket and satellite measurements show a high level of coincidence between inertial Alfvén waves and auroral activity, definitive measurements of electrons being accelerated by inertial Alfvén waves are lacking. Continued uncertainty stems from the difficulty of making a conclusive interpretation of measurements from spacecraft flying through a complex and transient process. A laboratory experiment can avoid some of the ambiguity contained in spacecraft measurements. Experiments have been performed in the Large Plasma Device (LAPD) at UCLA. Inertial Alfvén waves were produced while simultaneously measuring the suprathermal tails of the electron distribution function. Measurements of the distribution function use resonant absorption of whistler mode waves. During a burst of inertial Alfvén waves, the measured portion of the distribution function oscillates at the Alfvén wave frequency. The phase space response of the electrons is well-described by a linear solution to the Boltzmann equation. Experiments have been repeated using electrostatic and inductive Alfvén wave antennas. The oscillation of the distribution function is described by a purely Alfvénic model when the Alfvén wave is produced by the inductive antenna. However, when the electrostatic antenna is used, measured oscillations of the distribution function are described by a model combining Alfvénic and non-Alfvénic effects. Indications of a nonlinear interaction between electrons and inertial Alfvén waves are present in recent data.

<p>Broadband extremely low-frequency wave emissions below the ion plasma frequency have been observed by a number of spacecraft and rockets on auroral field lines. The importance of these broadband emissions for transverse ion heating and electron acceleration in the auroral regions is now reasonably well established. However, the exact mechanism(s) for mediating this energy transfer and the wave mode(s) involved are not well known. In this thesis we focus on the identification of broadband waves by different methods. </p><p>Two wave analysis methods, involving different approximations and assumptions, give consistent results concerning the wave mode identification. We find that much of the broadband emissions can be identified as a mixture of ion acoustic, electrostatic ion cyclotron and, ion Bernstein waves, which all can be described as different parts of the same dispersion surface in the linear theory of waves in homogeneous plasma. </p><p>A new result is that ion acoustic waves occur on auroral magnetic field lines. These are found in relatively small regions interpreted as acceleration regions without cold (tens of eV) electrons.</p><p>From interferometry we also determine the phase velocity and k vector for parallel and oblique ion acoustic waves. The retrieved characteristic phase velocity is of the order of the ion acoustic speed and larger than the thermal velocity of the protons. The typical wavelength is around the proton gyro radius and always larger than the Debye length which is consistent with ion acoustic waves. </p><p>We have observed quasi-static parallel electric fields associated with the ion acoustic waves in regions with large-scale currents. Waves, in particular ion acoustic waves, can create an anomalous resistivity due to wave-particle interaction when electrons are retarded or trapped by the electric wave-field. To maintain the large-scale current, a parallel electric field is set up, which then can accelerate a second electron population to high velocities.</p>

Broadband extremely low-frequency wave emissions below the ion plasma frequency have been observed by a number of spacecraft and rockets on auroral field lines. The importance of these broadband emissions for transverse ion heating and electron acceleration in the auroral regions is now reasonably well established. However, the exact mechanism(s) for mediating this energy transfer and the wave mode(s) involved are not well known. In this thesis we focus on the identification of broadband waves by different methods. Two wave analysis methods, involving different approximations and assumptions, give consistent results concerning the wave mode identification. We find that much of the broadband emissions can be identified as a mixture of ion acoustic, electrostatic ion cyclotron and, ion Bernstein waves, which all can be described as different parts of the same dispersion surface in the linear theory of waves in homogeneous plasma. A new result is that ion acoustic waves occur on auroral magnetic field lines. These are found in relatively small regions interpreted as acceleration regions without cold (tens of eV) electrons. From interferometry we also determine the phase velocity and k vector for parallel and oblique ion acoustic waves. The retrieved characteristic phase velocity is of the order of the ion acoustic speed and larger than the thermal velocity of the protons. The typical wavelength is around the proton gyro radius and always larger than the Debye length which is consistent with ion acoustic waves. We have observed quasi-static parallel electric fields associated with the ion acoustic waves in regions with large-scale currents. Waves, in particular ion acoustic waves, can create an anomalous resistivity due to wave-particle interaction when electrons are retarded or trapped by the electric wave-field. To maintain the large-scale current, a parallel electric field is set up, which then can accelerate a second electron population to high velocities.

This thesis has two focuses. The major focus is an investigation of the nature of high-velocity ~2 km/s)ionospheric flows occasionally detected by the King Salmon SuperDARN radar at relatively low magnetic latitudes of 65^0. The second focus is a validation work on the quality of SuperDARN convection measurements. As an alternative convection-monitoring instrument, an ion drift meter onboard the DMSP satellite was chosen for comparison with SuperDARN. This study includes a broad range of velocities of up to ~1.5 km/s. Consideration of very large velocities is fundamentally important for successful research on the major topic of the thesis.<p>The validation work is performed first. Two approaches are undertaken. The first approach considers data at the raw level. SuperDARN F region line-of-sight velocities are directly compared with DMSP cross-track ion drifts in approximately the same directions. More than 200 satellite passes over the fields of view of five Northern Hemisphere and four Southern Hemisphere radars are considered. It is shown that all radars exhibit overall consistency with DMSP measurements and a linear fit line to the data has a slope of 0.8 with a tendency for SuperDARN velocities to be smaller. Radar echo range effects and the role of spatial inhomogeneity and temporal variations of the convection pattern are investigated. SuperDARN convection maps were generated for select events for which SuperDARN l-o-s data agree almost ideally with DMSP measurements.<p>Convection maps were obtained using all Northern Hemisphere SuperDARN radars. The full convection vectors were found to be in reasonable agreement with the DMSP ion drifts, although a small deterioration (~10%) was noticed. The overall agreement between SuperDARN and DMSP measurements implies SuperDARN observations are reliable for velocity magnitudes of up to ~1.5 km/s, and SuperDARN radars are suitable instruments for studying extremely fast ionospheric flows. These results also imply that radar measurements can be merged with DMSP measurements into a common data set to provide more reliable convection maps.<p>For the main focus of the thesis, a statistical investigation of the King Salmon radar echoes was performed to determine typical echo characteristics and compare them with data from other SuperDARN radars. It is shown that King Salmon regularly observes high-velocity echoes in the dusk sector at ~21:00 MLT and ~65^0 MLat. Individual events are presented with line-of-sight velocities (observed with the L-shell aligned beams) as high as 2 km/s. Statistically, the enhanced flows are the largest and cover the greatest area in the winter and are the smallest and cover the least area in the summer. Similar fast flows were discovered in the Unwin radar data (in the Southern Hemisphere, lowest magnetic latitude ~57^0) that became available near the completion time of this thesis. It is also shown that statistically, the Stokkseyri radar, which observes in the auroral zone and has a similar azimuthal orientation as King Salmon, does not observe similar high-velocity echoes. Geophysical conditions for the onset of high-velocity King Salmon flows in several individual events are then investigated. It is shown that fast flows are excited in close association with substorm progression near the King Salmon field of view. By comparing SuperDARN data with optical images obtained from the IMAGE satellite and particle data from the DMSP satellites it is shown that velocity enhancement begins at substorm onset and peaks 20-50 minutes later over a range of latitudes including the auroral and sub-auroral regions. During the substorm recovery phase, as bright aurora shifts poleward, exceptionally fast flows can be excited at the equatorial edge of the electron auroral oval and these flows can be classified as sub-auroral polarization stream (SAPS) flows. Variability of SAPS flows and their relationship to auroral oval processes are discussed. Finally, several suggestions for further research are presented.

This thesis has two focuses. The major focus is an investigation of the nature of high-velocity ~2 km/s)ionospheric flows occasionally detected by the King Salmon SuperDARN radar at relatively low magnetic latitudes of 65^0. The second focus is a validation work on the quality of SuperDARN convection measurements. As an alternative convection-monitoring instrument, an ion drift meter onboard the DMSP satellite was chosen for comparison with SuperDARN. This study includes a broad range of velocities of up to ~1.5 km/s. Consideration of very large velocities is fundamentally important for successful research on the major topic of the thesis.<p>The validation work is performed first. Two approaches are undertaken. The first approach considers data at the raw level. SuperDARN F region line-of-sight velocities are directly compared with DMSP cross-track ion drifts in approximately the same directions. More than 200 satellite passes over the fields of view of five Northern Hemisphere and four Southern Hemisphere radars are considered. It is shown that all radars exhibit overall consistency with DMSP measurements and a linear fit line to the data has a slope of 0.8 with a tendency for SuperDARN velocities to be smaller. Radar echo range effects and the role of spatial inhomogeneity and temporal variations of the convection pattern are investigated. SuperDARN convection maps were generated for select events for which SuperDARN l-o-s data agree almost ideally with DMSP measurements.<p>Convection maps were obtained using all Northern Hemisphere SuperDARN radars. The full convection vectors were found to be in reasonable agreement with the DMSP ion drifts, although a small deterioration (~10%) was noticed. The overall agreement between SuperDARN and DMSP measurements implies SuperDARN observations are reliable for velocity magnitudes of up to ~1.5 km/s, and SuperDARN radars are suitable instruments for studying extremely fast ionospheric flows. These results also imply that radar measurements can be merged with DMSP measurements into a common data set to provide more reliable convection maps.<p>For the main focus of the thesis, a statistical investigation of the King Salmon radar echoes was performed to determine typical echo characteristics and compare them with data from other SuperDARN radars. It is shown that King Salmon regularly observes high-velocity echoes in the dusk sector at ~21:00 MLT and ~65^0 MLat. Individual events are presented with line-of-sight velocities (observed with the L-shell aligned beams) as high as 2 km/s. Statistically, the enhanced flows are the largest and cover the greatest area in the winter and are the smallest and cover the least area in the summer. Similar fast flows were discovered in the Unwin radar data (in the Southern Hemisphere, lowest magnetic latitude ~57^0) that became available near the completion time of this thesis. It is also shown that statistically, the Stokkseyri radar, which observes in the auroral zone and has a similar azimuthal orientation as King Salmon, does not observe similar high-velocity echoes. Geophysical conditions for the onset of high-velocity King Salmon flows in several individual events are then investigated. It is shown that fast flows are excited in close association with substorm progression near the King Salmon field of view. By comparing SuperDARN data with optical images obtained from the IMAGE satellite and particle data from the DMSP satellites it is shown that velocity enhancement begins at substorm onset and peaks 20-50 minutes later over a range of latitudes including the auroral and sub-auroral regions. During the substorm recovery phase, as bright aurora shifts poleward, exceptionally fast flows can be excited at the equatorial edge of the electron auroral oval and these flows can be classified as sub-auroral polarization stream (SAPS) flows. Variability of SAPS flows and their relationship to auroral oval processes are discussed. Finally, several suggestions for further research are presented.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Electrical Engineering In the Faculty of Engineering at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013 / The French South African Institute of Technology (F’SATI) at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT) began a program in Satellite Systems Engineering in 2009 and is developing its first satellites. The satellites are based on the CubeSat standard, which defines one unit (1U) as a cube with a maximum weight of 1 kg and volume of 1dm3, and can be scaled up to three units (3U) for increased functionality. ZACUBE-1, a 1U CubeSat that is being developed, will be launched into a sun synchronous orbit in 2013. The main payload of the 1U CubeSat under development is a space weather experiment (beacon transmitter). The beacon transmitter is a scientific payload, which is being developed in collaboration with SANSA Space Science (SANSA SS) in Hermanus, South Africa. The beacon signal will be used to characterise the space weather radar antenna array at the South African National Antarctic Expedition (SANAE IV) base in Antarctica. The SANAE IV radar forms part of the SuperDARN (Dual Auroral Radar Network) project. This phased array antenna network comprises 16 radiating elements, with a 3o beam width that can be steered in 16 different directions to span the azimuth sector. These antennas are spread over both the northern and southern hemispheres. They operate in the HF band between 8 to 20 MHz and are used to primarily monitor the convection of the Earth’s magnetic field by monitoring coherent scatter from it. Orbital analyses were conducted to determine how the choice of the orbit affects the coverage of the array’s field-of-view. Propagation analyses were conducted to investigate how space weather variations affect HF signal propagation. The beacon signal will be used as an active target source and will enable the determination of the phase response of the array, thereby determining the direction-of-arrival of the signal. This will allow the experimental verification of the antenna’s beam pattern. The beacon signal prototype board was developed by using an RFID transceiver that operates in the HF band, capable of delivering up to 200 mW. Position determination of the satellite will be done by using two line elements (TLE) data. Experimental data will be available once ZACUBE-1 is in orbit; therefore, the work presented here documents a feasibility study and design of the experiment that will be conducted once the satellite is in orbit.

La thèse a porté sur l’étude des émissions radio aurorales de Jupiter, produites proche de la fréquence cyclotron électronique locale par Instabilité Maser Cyclotron, alimentée par des électrons résonants d’énergies de quelques keV, accélérés le long des lignes de champ magnétique de haute latitude.J’ai tout d’abord repris, validé et étendu le code de simulation SERPE (Simulateur d’Émissions Radio Planétaire et Exo–planétaire) développé au LESIA, qui permet de produire des spectres dynamiques des émissions radio visibles pour un observateur donné. J’ai effectué une étude paramétrique des simulations des émissions radio induites par Io afin de quantifier le rôle des principaux paramètres libres du code (fonction de distribution et énergie des électrons, modèle de champ magnétique, position de la ligne de champ magnétique active et altitude de la coupure ionosphérique). Cette étude a confirmé que les émissions Io sont correctement reproduites seulement lorsque le rayonnement est oblique par rapport aux lignes de champ magnétique, ce qui est simulé par SERPE grâce à des fonctions de distribution électronique de type cône de perte. J’ai également montré que (a) les paramètres qui contrôlent principalement la forme des émissions simulées dans le plan temps-fréquence sont le modèle de champ magnétique et l’énergie des électrons, et que (b) les simulations sont en excellent accord avec les observations, moyennant une fenêtre d’incertitude temporelle de ±2 heures.À l’aide de ce code, j’ai réalisé des simulations au long cours des émissions radio induites par Io, et de celles attendues pour Europe, Ganymède et Callisto. En comparant ces simulations à plusieurs années d’observations de Jupiter enregistrées avec les instruments Voyager/PRA et Cassini/RPWS (ponctuellement complétées par celles du réseau décamétrique de Nançay), j’ai prouvé l’existence d’émissions radio induites par Europe et Ganymède. L’étude statistique de ces émissions m’a permis d’établir leur propriétés moyennes (extension en fréquence, variabilité temporelle, et occurrence). Ce résultat ouvre un nouveau champ d’étude à distance, et au long cours, des interactions planète–satellites autres que Io–Jupiter.La comparaison de ces simulations avec les observations Juno/Waves m’a permis d’identifier sans ambiguïté les émissions radio induites par Io, ainsi que leur hémisphère d’origine (sans connaitre leur polarisation, non–mesurée par Juno/Waves), pour un observateur proche de l’équateur (cas de la Terre), comme a des latitudes plus hautes. Grâce à ces simulations, j’ai également montré que les émissions sont visibles seulement si l’ouverture de l’angle d’émission est supérieure à 70°±5°.Enfin, j’ai entamé une étude statistique de la distribution spatiale des sources radio aurorales traversées par la sonde Juno. J’ai ainsi cartographié les sources des diverses composantes (kilométriques à décamétriques) des émissions radio joviennes. La comparaison avec des modèles de champ magnétique récents, ainsi qu’avec des images UV (Juno/UVS et Hubble/STIS) m’a permis de démontrer une corrélation des émissions radio avec l’ovale auroral principal. / The thesis focused on the study of Jupiter's auroral radio emissions, produced close to the local electronic cyclotron frequency by Maser Cyclotron instability, powered by resonant electrons of energies of a few keV, accelerated along high magnetic field lines at high latitude.I first took over, validated and extended the simulation code ExPRES (Exoplanetary and Planetary Radio Emissions Simulator) developed at LESIA, which allows to produce dynamic spectra of visible radio emissions for a given observer. I performed a parametric study of simulations of radio emissions induced by Io in order to quantify the role of the main free parameters of the code (distribution function and energy of the electrons, magnetic field model, position of the active magnetic field line and altitude of the ionospheric cutoff). This study confirmed that Io emissions are correctly reproduced only when the radiation is oblique to the magnetic field lines, which is simulated by ExPRES through loss cone electronic distribution functions. I have also shown that (a) the parameters that mainly control the shape of the simulated emissions in the time-frequency plane are the magnetic field model and the electron energy, and that (b) the simulations are in excellent agreement with observations, with a time window of uncertainty of ± 2 hours.Using this code, I produced long-term simulations of radio emissions induced by Io, and those expected for Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. Comparing these simulations with several years of Jupiter observations recorded with the Voyager / PRA and Cassini / RPWS instruments (punctually supplemented by those of the Nançay decametric array), I proved the existence of radio emissions induced by Europa and Ganymede. The statistical study of these emissions allowed me to establish their average properties (extension in frequency, temporal variability, and occurrence). This result opens a new field of study, remotely and in the long-term, of the planet-satellite interactions other than Io-Jupiter.The comparison of these simulations with the Juno / Waves observations allowed me to unambiguously identify the radio emissions induced by Io, as well as their hemisphere of origin (without knowing their polarization, not measured by Juno / Waves), for an observer close to the equator (case of the Earth), as at higher latitudes. Thanks to these simulations, I have also shown that the emissions are visible only if the opening of the emission angle is greater than 70 ° ± 5 °.Finally, I began a statistical study of the spatial distribution of auroral radio sources traversed by the Juno probe. I thus mapped the sources of the various components (kilometer to HF) of Jovian radio broadcasts. Comparison with recent magnetic field models, as well as UV imagery (Juno / UVS and Hubble / STIS) allowed me to demonstrate a correlation of radio emissions with the main auroral oval.

The behavior of the electric and magnetic fields in the upper atmosphere of the Earth is scientifically interesting but difficult to study, since balloons and aircraft are unable to fly high enough to measure it directly. Sounding rockets, which make a one-time flight carrying instruments that measure the environment around them, have been successfully used to study the upper atmosphere. As the rocket flies through the upper atmosphere, it radios down data about the environment. When scientists on the ground use this data to construct a picture of the upper atmosphere, they run into a problem: the fields reported by the rocket change over time, but it is not clear whether this is because these fields are actually changing in time, or just because the rocket has moved to a different place where the fields are different. This inability to determine whether changes are happening in time or space is called the temporal-spatial ambiguity. This thesis describes the Auroral Spatial Structures Probe (ASSP), a sounding rocket mission that attempts to resolve the temporal-spatial ambiguity by using multiple payloads flying in formation. Several payloads will pass through and measure the same point in space one after another, which will enable us to see how the fields are changing over time.

<p>This thesis discusses the reasons for space exploration and space science. Space plasma physics is identified as an essential building block to understand the space environment and it is argued that observation and analysis of space plasma waves is an important approach.</p><p>Space plasma waves are the main actors in many important processes. So-called broadband waves are found responsible for much of the ion heating in the auroral region. We investigate the wave properties of broadband waves and show that they can be described as a mixture of electrostatic wave modes. In small regions void of cold electrons the broadband activity is found to be ion acoustic waves and these regions are also identified as acceleration regions. The identification of the wave modes includes reconstructions of the wave distribution function. The reconstruction technique allow us to determine the wave vector spectrum, which cannot be measured directly. The method is applied to other wave events and it is compared in some detail with a similar method.</p><p>Space plasma wave are also sensitive tools for investigations of both the fine-structure and the dynamics of space plasmas. Studies of whistler mode waves observed in the boundary layer on the magnetospheric side of the magnetopause reveal that the plasma is organized in tube-like structures moving with the plasma drift velocity. The perpendicular dimension of these tubes is of the order of the electron inertial length. We present evidence that each tube is linked to a reconnection site and argue that the high density of tube-like structures indicates patchy reconnection.</p>