This dissertation is a study of Jane Austen's juvenilia, including "Lady Susan" and "Sir Charles Grandison: or the Happy Man", a collection of work undertaken between the years 1787 and 1794. Although often viewed by modem critics as apprentice pièces for the six novels written in maturity, thèse taies also exhibit deep reflection and involvement in the Enlightenment's feminist movement and feminist opinions on female éducation, and économie and marital dependency, issues the mature novels would explore, but in a less obviously transgressive manner. Although Austen acquiesces to public and political pressure later in life in order to achieve her ambitions of publishing, her early works show a palpable dissatisfaction with the situation of women. Most scholarly criticism of the juvenilia concentrâtes on either the parody of sentimental fictioji or its biographical content. Some attention has been paid to her feminist leanings in this literature, but no thorough survey has yet been done that analyses ail of the juvenilia in this light. This dissertation hopes to rectify that situation and shed light on the early feminist views of Jane Austen in ail of the taies belonging to her juvenilia. When considering an interpretive approach to the juvenilia for this dissertation, Harold Bloom's théories of intertextuality and influence were selected. Admittedly Bloom's theory is decidedly sexually biased in that it deals with the six canonical maie Romantic poets, and uses Freudian vocabulary. However, since création (or procréation) is also a female process, and equality in parent-child relationships is not exclusively maie, Bloom's theory can be modified to include female authors in their struggle to find their own créative voices. Another reason for using the Bloomian theory of influence is that Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar refer to him as their model of female authorial development in Madwoman in the Attic, the research that is used as the basis for this dissertation's feminist argument. Their study lays the groundwork for a re-examination of the historical manifestations of self-imaging in literature and how such self-imaging has been based on gendered socialization. The analysis of the juvenilia clearly demonstrates that Austen's early works are not simply parodies of contemporary literature. Instead, they contribute to the feminist debate of the period, aligning Austen with radical feminists like Mary Wollstonecraft.

This thesis argues that a ‘tradition of moral analysis’ between Jane Austen and George Eliot — a common ground which has been identified by critics from F.R. Leavis to Gillian Beer, but never fully explored — can be illuminated by turning to what this thesis calls ‘the reflective tradition’. In the eighteenth century, ideas about reflection provided a new and influential way of thinking about the human mind; about how we come to know ourselves and the world around us through the mind. The belief in the individual to act as his/her own guide through the cultivation of a reflective mind and attentiveness to a reflective voice emerges across a wide range of discourses. This thesis begins with an examination of reflection in the philosophy, children’s literature, novels, poetry, educational tracts and sermons that would have been known to Austen. It then defines Austen’s development of reflective dynamics by looking at her six major novels; finally, it analyzes Middlemarch to define Eliot’s proximity to this aspect of Austen’s art. The thesis documents Eliot’s reading of Austen through the criticism of G. H. Lewes to support a reading of Eliot’s assimilation of an Austenian attention to mental processes in her novels. Reflection is at the heart of moral life and growth for both novelists. This thesis corrects a tendency in Austen’s reception to focus on the mimetic aspect of her art, thereby overlooking the introspective sense of reflection. It offers new insights into Austen’s and Eliot’s work, and it contributes to an understanding of the development of the realist novel and the ethical dimension in the role of the novel reader.

SILVA, Ricelly Jáder Bezerra da. A tradução da personagem Elizabeth Bennet, de Pride & Prejudice, para o cinema. 2014. 123f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Letras, Fortaleza (CE), 2014. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-08T17:31:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_rjbsilva.pdf: 1467738 bytes, checksum: 9759e052fab69a1d5a79e9bba2afcf35 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-08T17:40:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_rjbsilva.pdf: 1467738 bytes, checksum: 9759e052fab69a1d5a79e9bba2afcf35 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-08T17:40:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_rjbsilva.pdf: 1467738 bytes, checksum: 9759e052fab69a1d5a79e9bba2afcf35 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / This dissertation aims at analyzing the process of translating the character of Elizabeth Bennet, protagonist of the novel Pride & Prejudice, first published in 1813 by the English author, Jane Austen, into the film version Pride & Prejudice (1940), by Robert Z. Leonard. In her novel, Austen criticizes sociocultural patters which relegate women to an inferior position in relation to the male sex. Such criticism is subtlety present in the narrative and, especially, in the character of Elizabeth Bennet, who is seen as an intelligent, ironic and decisive woman. These qualities differ from the moral idea of women in nineteenth-century England. The presentation of this type of female character assures her of a timeless quality which is transmitted to posterity by means of translations. Pride & Prejudice was first translated for the Hollywood film in 1940, in the above mentioned Leonard’s version. Since the cinema is a medium that reaches a large audience of both readers and non-readers of literary works, one may question the strategies that are implied in the translation process of such character to the silver screen. It may be correctly assumed that when thus translated, any social criticism presented by the principal literary character tends to give way to a narrative which proposes entertainment, focusing on the love and comical relationship between the protagonists of the novel. The theoretic basis for the present analysis is based on the following concepts of translation: Lefevere’s translation rewriting (2007) and Cattrysse’s postulate (1995) which conceives film adaptation as a type of translation. Concerning film adaptation, Martin (2005), Eisenstein (2002) and McFarlane’s (2010) studies, which regard cinema as a linguistic art in its own right, were incorporated into our analysis as were those of Candido (2011), Rosenfeld (2011), Bakhtin (2011), Gomes (2011) and Forster (2004), all of whom discuss the structure of the fictional character. Such studies have resulted in a new configuration of the cinematographic character. Based on the criteria on the target system, this configuration permits the deleting of the critical level found in the universe of the novel and introduces the original work to a wider audience, as can be proved by the republishing of the novel in various editions after the release of the film version in 1940. / O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o processo de tradução da personagem Elizabeth Bennet, protagonista do romance Pride & Prejudice, publicado em 1813, de autoria da escritora inglesa Jane Austen, para o filme Pride and Prejudice (1940), de Robert Z. Leonard. Em sua obra, Austen constrói uma crítica a padrões socioculturais que relegam posição inferior à mulher do século XIX em relação ao sexo masculino. Tal crítica está presente de maneira sutil em sua narrativa, principalmente, centrada na personagem Elizabeth Bennet, pois Austen a apresenta como uma mulher inteligente, irônica, decidida e ousada; qualidades que não eram associadas ao comportamento feminino durante o século XIX. Por apresentar personagens femininas de caráter decidido, suas criações ganham qualidade atemporal, sendo projetadas à posteridade por meio de traduções. Pride & Prejudice foi adaptado pela primeira vez para o cinema hollywoodiano em 1940, na versão supracitada de Leonard. E, sendo o cinema um meio que atinge grande público formado por leitores e não leitores de obras literárias, indagamo-nos quais estratégias foram empregadas no processo tradutório da referida personagem para a narrativa fílmica. Portanto, partimos da hipótese de que, ao ser traduzida para as telas, a personagem é reestruturada e a crítica é apagada para ceder lugar a uma narrativa cômica e romântica. Como base teórica, utilizamos princípios de Estudos da Tradução: Lefevere (2007), com o conceito de tradução como Reescritura e Cattrysse (1995), que concebe a adaptação fílmica como tradução. Quanto aos estudos de cinema e literatura, utilizamos Martin (2005), Eisenstein (2002) e McFarlane (2010); e no que diz respeito a questões literárias, utilizamos Candido (2011), Rosenfeld (2011), Bakhtin (2011), Gomes (2011) e Forster (2004). Os resultados mostraram que ocorreram mudanças na configuração da personagem cinematográfica, obedecendo aos critérios do sistema receptor e apagando o teor crítico encontrado no romance de Austen. Mostraram ainda que a obra fílmica projetou o universo literário do romance para um público mais amplo, dada as reedições do romance durante aquela década, em decorrência da exibição do filme.

Com apenas seis romances completos, Jane Austen foi capaz de pintar um retrato ímpar da sociedade rural da Inglaterra do final do século dezoito e início do século dezenove. Através da obra de Austen, o leitor é transportado para duzentos anos atrás, entra em contato com os desafios e problemas enfrentados pelas personagens, aproximando-se assim da vida dos ingleses daquele período. O conhecimento minucioso que Austen possuía daquilo que a cercava e a forma como foi capaz de inserir esse mundo em seus escritos são o motor desta tese de Mestrado, que propõe uma leitura de Persuasão (1817), o último romance completo escrito por Jane Austen, com foco nas jornadas geográficas, sociais e psicológicas apresentadas; e explorando tais jornadas com o objetivo de melhor compreender a obra de Austen. O trabalho vem dividido em quatro capítulos. O primeiro traz um panorama da vida da Austen e das circunstâncias políticas e econômicas da Inglaterra em que ela viveu. Os três capítulos seguintes analisam Persuasão: o capítulo dois discute as principais jornadas sociais apresentadas no romance, com atenção especial ao declínio da aristocracia em contraste com a ascensão do homem empreendedor que “se fez” por conta própria, representados aqui por Sir Walter Elliot e pelo Capitão Frederick Wentworth, respectivamente. O capítulo três viaja com os personagens pela Inglaterra e explora os lugares que eles visitam, priorizando os dois locais mais proeminentes para a história visitados por eles, a cidade costal de Lyme Regis, e a cidade turística de Bath, investigando – com a ajuda de acadêmicos especialistas em Austen como Maggie Lane e John Whiltshire – o impacto desses locais nas personagens e no modo como influenciam seus movimentos. O capítulo quatro analisa as jornadas pessoais das personagens, com atenção especial para as mudanças de espírito e humor em Anne Elliot, através do texto “Luto e Melancolia” de Sigmund Freud, objetivando compreender o que acontece com a personagem, e como ela supera o luto, recupera sua vivacidade e encontra seu caminho. Ao final deste trabalho, espero que as considerações aqui apresentadas possam contribuir, através do uso dessas “lentes de viagem”, para o conjunto de análises críticas sobre Persuasão, pois jornadas são mais do que apenas movimentos físicos de um local a outro: elas podem ter efeitos profundos e permanentes. / With only six complete novels, Jane Austen was able to paint a unique portrait of the genteel society of England in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Through Austen’s works, the twenty-first century reader is transported two hundred years back in time, gets in touch with the trials and tribulations of her characters, and gains an insight into the lives of English people during that time. Austen’s thorough knowledge of her surroundings, and how she expertly inserted them into her writings, are the motors of this thesis. This Master’s Degree Thesis proposes a reading of Persuasion (1817), the last complete novel written by Jane Austen, considering the geographical, social and psychological journeys presented, exploring said journeys in order to better comprehend Austen’s final novel. This thesis is divided into four chapters. The first contextualizes Austen’s life and the social and political circumstances of the England she knew. The three ensuing chapters analyse Persuasion: chapter two discusses the main social journeys found in the novel, with special attention to the decline of the aristocracy and the rise of the self-made-man, here represented by Sir Walter Elliot and Captain Wentworth, respectively. Chapter three travels with the characters around England and surveys the places they visit, with focus in the two most prominent locations in the novels, the seaside town of Lyme Regis, and the watering resort of Bath, exploring – with the help of Austen scholars such as Maggie Lane and John Wiltshire – the impact of those places on the characters, their relationships with said places and how they face their movements. Lastly, chapter four delves into the main characters’ personal journeys, focusing on Anne’s shifting states-of-mind, utilising Sigmund Freud’s text “Mourning and Melancholy” to understand what happens to her, how she overcomes her mourning, regains her bloom and finds her way back to Wentworth. At the end of the work, I hope to shed light on the importance of the “travel goggles” when it comes to analysing literary texts, Persuasion in particular, as I believe that journeys are more than just trips undertaken to get from one place to the other physically: they can have deeper and ever-lasting effects.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of English

Com apenas seis romances completos, Jane Austen foi capaz de pintar um retrato ímpar da sociedade rural da Inglaterra do final do século dezoito e início do século dezenove. Através da obra de Austen, o leitor é transportado para duzentos anos atrás, entra em contato com os desafios e problemas enfrentados pelas personagens, aproximando-se assim da vida dos ingleses daquele período. O conhecimento minucioso que Austen possuía daquilo que a cercava e a forma como foi capaz de inserir esse mundo em seus escritos são o motor desta tese de Mestrado, que propõe uma leitura de Persuasão (1817), o último romance completo escrito por Jane Austen, com foco nas jornadas geográficas, sociais e psicológicas apresentadas; e explorando tais jornadas com o objetivo de melhor compreender a obra de Austen. O trabalho vem dividido em quatro capítulos. O primeiro traz um panorama da vida da Austen e das circunstâncias políticas e econômicas da Inglaterra em que ela viveu. Os três capítulos seguintes analisam Persuasão: o capítulo dois discute as principais jornadas sociais apresentadas no romance, com atenção especial ao declínio da aristocracia em contraste com a ascensão do homem empreendedor que “se fez” por conta própria, representados aqui por Sir Walter Elliot e pelo Capitão Frederick Wentworth, respectivamente. O capítulo três viaja com os personagens pela Inglaterra e explora os lugares que eles visitam, priorizando os dois locais mais proeminentes para a história visitados por eles, a cidade costal de Lyme Regis, e a cidade turística de Bath, investigando – com a ajuda de acadêmicos especialistas em Austen como Maggie Lane e John Whiltshire – o impacto desses locais nas personagens e no modo como influenciam seus movimentos. O capítulo quatro analisa as jornadas pessoais das personagens, com atenção especial para as mudanças de espírito e humor em Anne Elliot, através do texto “Luto e Melancolia” de Sigmund Freud, objetivando compreender o que acontece com a personagem, e como ela supera o luto, recupera sua vivacidade e encontra seu caminho. Ao final deste trabalho, espero que as considerações aqui apresentadas possam contribuir, através do uso dessas “lentes de viagem”, para o conjunto de análises críticas sobre Persuasão, pois jornadas são mais do que apenas movimentos físicos de um local a outro: elas podem ter efeitos profundos e permanentes. / With only six complete novels, Jane Austen was able to paint a unique portrait of the genteel society of England in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Through Austen’s works, the twenty-first century reader is transported two hundred years back in time, gets in touch with the trials and tribulations of her characters, and gains an insight into the lives of English people during that time. Austen’s thorough knowledge of her surroundings, and how she expertly inserted them into her writings, are the motors of this thesis. This Master’s Degree Thesis proposes a reading of Persuasion (1817), the last complete novel written by Jane Austen, considering the geographical, social and psychological journeys presented, exploring said journeys in order to better comprehend Austen’s final novel. This thesis is divided into four chapters. The first contextualizes Austen’s life and the social and political circumstances of the England she knew. The three ensuing chapters analyse Persuasion: chapter two discusses the main social journeys found in the novel, with special attention to the decline of the aristocracy and the rise of the self-made-man, here represented by Sir Walter Elliot and Captain Wentworth, respectively. Chapter three travels with the characters around England and surveys the places they visit, with focus in the two most prominent locations in the novels, the seaside town of Lyme Regis, and the watering resort of Bath, exploring – with the help of Austen scholars such as Maggie Lane and John Wiltshire – the impact of those places on the characters, their relationships with said places and how they face their movements. Lastly, chapter four delves into the main characters’ personal journeys, focusing on Anne’s shifting states-of-mind, utilising Sigmund Freud’s text “Mourning and Melancholy” to understand what happens to her, how she overcomes her mourning, regains her bloom and finds her way back to Wentworth. At the end of the work, I hope to shed light on the importance of the “travel goggles” when it comes to analysing literary texts, Persuasion in particular, as I believe that journeys are more than just trips undertaken to get from one place to the other physically: they can have deeper and ever-lasting effects.

The thesis focuses on how literary texts of the so called "great tradition" can become parts of contemporary pop culture based on intertextual connections (a wide variety of them from explicit quotation to loose inspiration by the original) with the historical canonical texts, and especially on the changes occurring during such actualization in the narrative categories (storyline, space, time, characters, narrator). The theoretical part defines the concept of adaptation and related terms of intertextuality and intermediality and specifies relevant narrative categories. The analytic part focuses on two literary "giants", William Shakespeare to represent male literary oeuvre and Jane Austen as a representative of female writers' tradition, to show particular narrative modifications by comparing the original versions with their modernized adaptations that function as their pop cultural counterparts.

Com apenas seis romances completos, Jane Austen foi capaz de pintar um retrato ímpar da sociedade rural da Inglaterra do final do século dezoito e início do século dezenove. Através da obra de Austen, o leitor é transportado para duzentos anos atrás, entra em contato com os desafios e problemas enfrentados pelas personagens, aproximando-se assim da vida dos ingleses daquele período. O conhecimento minucioso que Austen possuía daquilo que a cercava e a forma como foi capaz de inserir esse mundo em seus escritos são o motor desta tese de Mestrado, que propõe uma leitura de Persuasão (1817), o último romance completo escrito por Jane Austen, com foco nas jornadas geográficas, sociais e psicológicas apresentadas; e explorando tais jornadas com o objetivo de melhor compreender a obra de Austen. O trabalho vem dividido em quatro capítulos. O primeiro traz um panorama da vida da Austen e das circunstâncias políticas e econômicas da Inglaterra em que ela viveu. Os três capítulos seguintes analisam Persuasão: o capítulo dois discute as principais jornadas sociais apresentadas no romance, com atenção especial ao declínio da aristocracia em contraste com a ascensão do homem empreendedor que “se fez” por conta própria, representados aqui por Sir Walter Elliot e pelo Capitão Frederick Wentworth, respectivamente. O capítulo três viaja com os personagens pela Inglaterra e explora os lugares que eles visitam, priorizando os dois locais mais proeminentes para a história visitados por eles, a cidade costal de Lyme Regis, e a cidade turística de Bath, investigando – com a ajuda de acadêmicos especialistas em Austen como Maggie Lane e John Whiltshire – o impacto desses locais nas personagens e no modo como influenciam seus movimentos. O capítulo quatro analisa as jornadas pessoais das personagens, com atenção especial para as mudanças de espírito e humor em Anne Elliot, através do texto “Luto e Melancolia” de Sigmund Freud, objetivando compreender o que acontece com a personagem, e como ela supera o luto, recupera sua vivacidade e encontra seu caminho. Ao final deste trabalho, espero que as considerações aqui apresentadas possam contribuir, através do uso dessas “lentes de viagem”, para o conjunto de análises críticas sobre Persuasão, pois jornadas são mais do que apenas movimentos físicos de um local a outro: elas podem ter efeitos profundos e permanentes. / With only six complete novels, Jane Austen was able to paint a unique portrait of the genteel society of England in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Through Austen’s works, the twenty-first century reader is transported two hundred years back in time, gets in touch with the trials and tribulations of her characters, and gains an insight into the lives of English people during that time. Austen’s thorough knowledge of her surroundings, and how she expertly inserted them into her writings, are the motors of this thesis. This Master’s Degree Thesis proposes a reading of Persuasion (1817), the last complete novel written by Jane Austen, considering the geographical, social and psychological journeys presented, exploring said journeys in order to better comprehend Austen’s final novel. This thesis is divided into four chapters. The first contextualizes Austen’s life and the social and political circumstances of the England she knew. The three ensuing chapters analyse Persuasion: chapter two discusses the main social journeys found in the novel, with special attention to the decline of the aristocracy and the rise of the self-made-man, here represented by Sir Walter Elliot and Captain Wentworth, respectively. Chapter three travels with the characters around England and surveys the places they visit, with focus in the two most prominent locations in the novels, the seaside town of Lyme Regis, and the watering resort of Bath, exploring – with the help of Austen scholars such as Maggie Lane and John Wiltshire – the impact of those places on the characters, their relationships with said places and how they face their movements. Lastly, chapter four delves into the main characters’ personal journeys, focusing on Anne’s shifting states-of-mind, utilising Sigmund Freud’s text “Mourning and Melancholy” to understand what happens to her, how she overcomes her mourning, regains her bloom and finds her way back to Wentworth. At the end of the work, I hope to shed light on the importance of the “travel goggles” when it comes to analysing literary texts, Persuasion in particular, as I believe that journeys are more than just trips undertaken to get from one place to the other physically: they can have deeper and ever-lasting effects.

This study examines the settings in Jane Austen's six novels. Chapter I introduces the topic generally, and refers briefly to Jane Austen's aims and methods of creating her settings. Short accounts are given of the emphasis put on setting in the criticism of Jane Austen's work; of the chronology of the novels; and of the use made of this aspect of the novel in eighteenth-century predecessors. Chapter II deals with the treatment of place in Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park and Emma. The consideration of five novels together makes it possible to generalize about aspects of place common to all , and to discuss particulars peculiar to individual novels without, I hope, excessive repetition. The chapter may be thought disproportionately long, but this aspect of setting is most prominent and important in the delineation of character. Chapter III discusses the handling of spatial detail and time in these five novels. Chapter IV offers a fuller analysis of what is the chief concern of this thesis, the nature and function of setting, in respect of the single novel Persuasion, and attempts to draw together into a coherent whole some of the points made in Chapters II and III. Persuasion separates conveniently from the other works, not only because it was written after them, but more importantly because in it there is a new development in Jane Austen's use of setting. Some critics, notably E.M. Forster and B.C. Southam, have found startlingly new qualities in the setting of Sanditon, and, certainly, the most striking feature of the fragment is the treatment of place. But Jane Austen left off writing Sanditon in March 1817 because of illness, and the twelve chapters make up too small and unfinished a piece to be considered in the same way as the other novels. The Watsons, too, except for some references to it in Chapter I, does not come within the scope of this dissertation. Another introductory point needs to be made briefly. Where it is necessary, the distinction between Jane Austen and the omniscient narrator is observed, but generally, partly because it is clear that Jane Austen's values are close to those of the narrator, and partly because it is convenient, traditional and sensible to do so, the name "Jane Austen" is used to refer both to the actual person and to the narrator of the novels.

This thesis considers Jane Austen's reception in America from 1800 to 1900 and concludes that her novels were not generally recognized for the first half of the century. In that period, she and her family adversely affected her fame by seeking her obscurity. From mid century to the publication of J.E. Austen-Leigh's Memoir in 1870, appreciation of Austen grew, partly due to the decline of romanticism, and partly due to the focusing of critical theory for fiction, which caused her novels to be valued more highly. From 1870 to 1900 Austen's novels gained popularity. The critics were divided as to those who admired her art, and those who found her novels to be dull.