This thesis deals with the topic of universal jurisdiction and the aut dedere aut judicare principle. It also marginally deals with issues of immunity of the perpetrators of international crimes, in relation of them enjoying leading functions of the state. In the introductory chapter of this thesis is discussed concept of jurisdiction as a basis for understanding following content of the next chapter about universal jurisdiction itself. In the chapter about the historical development the emergence of universal jurisdiction is described, through circumstances accompanying the establishment of the Nuremberg Tribunal to internationally significant legal proceedings with Albert Eichmann. In my work I try to bring yet ambiguously defined concept of universal jurisdiction, to elucidate its content and scope of its application areas. In the second part of this thesis I focus on the principle aut dedere aut judicare i.e. obligations of states to prosecute perpetrators of international crimes, present at their territory, or else extradite them to the State, which calls for providing their prosecution. On the case before the International Court of Justice in The Hague in the matter of extradition of former Chadian president by Senegal to Belgium I demonstrate the practical implications of the aut dedere aut...

<p>The purpose of this study has been to investigate the prospects for identifying and prosecuting individuals suspected of war crimes, within the process of exclusion from refugee status under article 1F(a) of the 1951 Refugee Convention, and using subsequent mechanisms for extradition or prosecution in international criminal law. A number of principles within human rights law and public international law have been advocated by the UNCHR and several human rights NGOs as necessary for a thorough application of the exclusion clauses; one that takes individual responsibility into account and upholds the aims and purposes of the exclusion clauses. There is a discussion as to whether specialised or accelerated exclusion procedures are justified for reasons of security and efficiency, or if they put the rights of the individual at risk and limit the opportunities for gathering information to support investigation and prosecution of the crime in question. Apart from the instruments of asylum law and procedure that have emerged within the EU harmonisation process, there are no general, binding rules on the procedural aspects of the exclusion clauses. One principle that regulates the consequences for the individual of exclusion from refugee status and decisions on extradition is, however, the principle of <em>non-refoulement</em>. Although partly contested in state practice, there is widespread consensus in international jurisprudence and doctrine that the principle, following its status as a <em>jus cogens</em> rule, prohibits every state from returning any individual to a territory where he or she may face torture or other cruel and inhuman treatment or punishment, irrespective of any security risks that the individual may pose to the custodial state.</p><p>Extradition or prosecution of individuals suspected of crimes under article 1F(a), based on universal jurisdiction and the principle of <em>aut dedere aut judicare</em>, has gained increased support from international conventions, such as the 1948 Convention on Genocide and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The principles are widely upheld by human rights NGOs, and tendencies in practice and policy among the member states of the EU and the parties to the Rome Statute point towards the development of a customary rule of universal jurisdiction among these states. Continuing resistance to the Rome Statute and to universal jurisdiction among influential states such as the USA, Russia, China and India nevertheless serves to exclude these states from being bound by such an emerging customary rule of universal jurisdiction. There are compelling arguments as to why breaches of <em>jus cogens</em>-rules should include or give rise to <em>erga omnes</em> rights or obligations for all states to exercise universal jurisdiction over such breaches. Without the support of major states it is, however, difficult to establish the existence of the general state acceptance of universal jurisdiction as is required for the principle to attain <em>jus cogens</em>-status and become universally applicable, regardless of state consent. Future prospects for adequate and efficient identification and prosecution of suspected war criminals depend on the correct and thorough application of the exclusion clauses, in combination with the development of existing rules of universal jurisdiction, and not least on the willingness and ability of states to overcome the political, economic and institutional obstacles that presently may prevent many states from extraditing or prosecuting individuals who fall within the scope of article 1F(a) of the exclusion clauses.</p>

Thesis (doctoral)--University of Marburg. / Vita.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T15:32:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_2345_Dissertacao Mestrado Osmar Assis do Nascimento Filho.pdf: 638621 bytes, checksum: 96299d311657c2400e904f0cdce392f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-12-20 / Este trabalho apresenta as informações relevantes para o desenvolvimento de servidores de dados OPC nas duas vertentes mais promissoras desse padrão: OPC DA e Web Services. É apresentada uma proposta de passos necessários para o desenvolvimento desse tipo de sistema, contextualizado com uma situação real de aquisição de dados usando telefonia celular como meio de acesso. Também são apresentados os resultados de testes de conformidade e desempenho que demonstram a capacidade de interoperabilidade fornecida pelas soluções implementadas.

The purpose of this study has been to investigate the prospects for identifying and prosecuting individuals suspected of war crimes, within the process of exclusion from refugee status under article 1F(a) of the 1951 Refugee Convention, and using subsequent mechanisms for extradition or prosecution in international criminal law. A number of principles within human rights law and public international law have been advocated by the UNCHR and several human rights NGOs as necessary for a thorough application of the exclusion clauses; one that takes individual responsibility into account and upholds the aims and purposes of the exclusion clauses. There is a discussion as to whether specialised or accelerated exclusion procedures are justified for reasons of security and efficiency, or if they put the rights of the individual at risk and limit the opportunities for gathering information to support investigation and prosecution of the crime in question. Apart from the instruments of asylum law and procedure that have emerged within the EU harmonisation process, there are no general, binding rules on the procedural aspects of the exclusion clauses. One principle that regulates the consequences for the individual of exclusion from refugee status and decisions on extradition is, however, the principle of non-refoulement. Although partly contested in state practice, there is widespread consensus in international jurisprudence and doctrine that the principle, following its status as a jus cogens rule, prohibits every state from returning any individual to a territory where he or she may face torture or other cruel and inhuman treatment or punishment, irrespective of any security risks that the individual may pose to the custodial state. Extradition or prosecution of individuals suspected of crimes under article 1F(a), based on universal jurisdiction and the principle of aut dedere aut judicare, has gained increased support from international conventions, such as the 1948 Convention on Genocide and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The principles are widely upheld by human rights NGOs, and tendencies in practice and policy among the member states of the EU and the parties to the Rome Statute point towards the development of a customary rule of universal jurisdiction among these states. Continuing resistance to the Rome Statute and to universal jurisdiction among influential states such as the USA, Russia, China and India nevertheless serves to exclude these states from being bound by such an emerging customary rule of universal jurisdiction. There are compelling arguments as to why breaches of jus cogens-rules should include or give rise to erga omnes rights or obligations for all states to exercise universal jurisdiction over such breaches. Without the support of major states it is, however, difficult to establish the existence of the general state acceptance of universal jurisdiction as is required for the principle to attain jus cogens-status and become universally applicable, regardless of state consent. Future prospects for adequate and efficient identification and prosecution of suspected war criminals depend on the correct and thorough application of the exclusion clauses, in combination with the development of existing rules of universal jurisdiction, and not least on the willingness and ability of states to overcome the political, economic and institutional obstacles that presently may prevent many states from extraditing or prosecuting individuals who fall within the scope of article 1F(a) of the exclusion clauses.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:56:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EinsteinGS_DISSERT.pdf: 2235729 bytes, checksum: c7975deebdcccbba6d5c03bbecc7084d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-23 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / We propose in this work a software architecture for robotic boats intended to act in diverse aquatic environments, fully autonomously, performing telemetry to a base station and getting this mission to be accomplished. This proposal aims to apply within the project N-Boat Lab NatalNet DCA, which aims to empower a sailboat navigating autonomously. The constituent components of this architecture are the memory modules, strategy, communication, sensing, actuation, energy, security and surveillance, making these systems the boat and base station. To validate the simulator was developed in C language and implemented using the graphics API OpenGL resources, whose main results were obtained in the implementation of memory, performance and strategy modules, more specifically data sharing, control of sails and rudder and planning short routes based on an algorithm for navigation, respectively. The experimental results, shown in this study indicate the feasibility of the actual use of the software architecture developed and their application in the area of autonomous mobile robotics / Propomos neste trabalho uma arquitetura de software para barcos rob?ticos destinados a atuarem em ambientes aqu?ticos diversos, de forma totalmente aut?noma, realizando telemetria com uma esta??o-base e desta recebendo miss?es a serem realizadas. Tal proposta visa aplicar-se dentro do projeto N-Boat do laborat?rio Natalnet-DCA, que tem como objetivo principal capacitar um veleiro a navegar autonomamente. Os componentes constituintes dessa arquitetura s?o os m?dulos de mem?ria, estrat?gia, comunica??o, sensoriamento, atua??o, energia, seguran?a e supervis?o, formando estes os sistemas do barco e da esta??o-base. Para sua valida??o foi desenvolvido um simulador implementado na linguagem C e utilizando recursos da API gr?fica OpenGL, cujos principais resultados foram obtidos na implementa??o dos m?dulos de mem?ria, de atua??o e de estrat?gia, mais especificamente no compartilhamento de dados, no controle das velas e do leme e no planejamento de rotas curtas baseado em um algoritmo de navega??o, respectivamente. Os resultados dos experimentos realizados, mostrados no presente trabalho, indicam a viabilidade da utiliza??o real da arquitetura de software desenvolvida e sua aplica??o na ?rea da rob?tica m?vel aut?noma

Current systems for counting cars on parking lots usually use specialized equipment, such as barriers at the parking lot entrance. Usage of such equipment is not suitable for free or residential parking areas. However, even in these car parks, it can help keep track of their occupancy and other data. The system designed in this thesis uses the YOLOv4 model for visual detection of cars in photos. It then calculates an embedding vector for each vehicle, which is used to describe cars and compare whether the car has changed over time at the same parking spot. This information is stored in the database and used to calculate various statistical values like total cars count, average occupancy, or average stay time. These values can be retrieved using REST API or be viewed in the web application.

The aim of this thesis is to create a cloud application for traffic analysis without knowing anything about the system. The only input is address of the web camera pointing at traffic. This application is build on existing solution which is further enhanced. New modules for removing obstacles (such as lamppost covering part of the road) and splitting overlapping cars were added. The whole cloud solution consists of multiple components which communicates by HTTP messages and are controlled by web interface.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T14:26:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 433178.pdf: 924164 bytes, checksum: 319b0d2315e348123c20300f8f7696cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-23 / O objetivo desta disserta??o ? tra?ar um perfil do autoempregado da Regi?o Metropolitana de Porto Alegre, estabelecendo rela??es entre os resultados obtidos e refer?ncias encontradas na literatura dedicada ao tema. O trabalho utiliza como base de conceitua??o te?rica a defini??o de autoempregado publicada em 1993 pela International Labour Organization (ILO) e, para an?lise emp?rica, dados da pesquisa Economia Informal Urbana 2003 IBGE (IBGE 2003). Observando-se caracter?sticas pessoais e raz?es para migrar para o autoemprego, conclui-se que os indiv?duos da RMPA seguem as tend?ncias nacionais e internacionais de ser, em sua maioria, homens, com 40 anos ou mais, e com baixo n?vel de instru??o. O trabalho tamb?m chega ? conclus?o de que, para o grupo em estudo, o desejo de independ?ncia se destacou como principal motivo para optar pelo autoemprego, e, como segundo, n?o ter encontrado oportunidade no mercado formal de trabalho. ? not?rio o fato de as mulheres embora em minoria apresentarem taxas de participa??o acima das taxas internacionais e nacionais, e tamb?m m?dias de ganhos superiores ?s m?dias dos homens. A maioria dos autoempregados da RMPA est? concentrada no setor de Servi?os, embora a atividade com o maior n?mero de indiv?duos seja o Com?rcio em Geral. O presente trabalho tamb?m apura a tend?ncia do autoemprego no Brasil, que se apresenta decrescente h? pelo menos dez anos, indicando que o pa?s acompanha as tend?ncias internacionais de correla??o negativa entre autoemprego e crescimento econ?mico.

Submitted by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-06-26T14:56:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_RICARDO_FERNANDES_GARCIA_PARCIAL.pdf: 159331 bytes, checksum: aacf8f2e7202562d6ba8bfb886ab0c8d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-26T14:56:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_RICARDO_FERNANDES_GARCIA_PARCIAL.pdf: 159331 bytes, checksum: aacf8f2e7202562d6ba8bfb886ab0c8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-08 / More and more studies are focusing on the combination of matrices that have osteoconductive characteristics with osteoinductive proteins. These proteins can stimulate the differentiation of mesenchymal and osteoprogenitor cells into osteoblasts and thereby increase the migration of cells related to bone formation within the defect site. The main materials used for these purposes are biodegradable polymers, such as PLA (poly lactic acid) and PLGA (poly lactic glycolic acid). Several drugs are used to be released in these systems, such as antibiotics, contraceptives and proteins, including human growth hormone (GH). RhGH in bone tissue promotes the increased deposition of proteins by chondrocytes and osteoblasts, an increase in the number of mitoses and the conversion of chondrocytes into osteoblasts. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate this biomaterial (PLGA \ rhGH) as a controlled release device. Thus achieving the presence of rhGH in the site of bone healing. For this study was used as animal model, wistar rats. The study was carried out in accordance with Law No. 11,794 of October 8, 2008, as well as following the Brazilian Directive of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific and Educational Purposes - DBPA of CONCEA. Project approved by CEUA of PUCRS under number 15/00461. Thirty adult wistar rats were used, in which they were submitted to bone defects with Carbide spherical drill number 704, the defect corresponded to the diameter of the drill. The rats were submitted to the same treatment but suffered euthanasia at different times (07, 15 and 20 days). The femurs of the rats were radiographed in the range of 7, 15, and 20 days to gauge the optical density. Slides were then produced for histological analysis, with cuts of approximately 5 ?m thick and stained with hematoxylin / eosin (HE). Three more representative cuts of each blade were chosen. The systemic repercussion of rhgh was assessed through IGF-1 levels through blood collection that was performed before each euthanasia, in the control group and in the experimental group. The blood collected was centrifuged (2500 revolutions per minute for 10 min) and serum obtained stored in a freezer at -20 ? C for further determination of IGF-1 plasma levels using the method based on an enzymatically amplified assay of the " Sandwich, "held at the Senhor dos Passos laboratory in Porto Alegre, RS. For statistical analysis, the Tukey test was applied, 5% significance level and ANOVA variance analysis. There were no statistically significant differences in bone mineral densities, however numerically the PLGA\RhGH grafts always had a greater amount of shades of gray. In conclusion, defects with PLGA\RhGH grafts showed a higher optical density. A higher mineral density compared to the autogenous graft In the histological analyzes there was also no statistically significant difference between the autogenous and PLGA\RhGH grafts. However, by numerical analysis we observed a better and equal performance between the PLGA\RhGH graft and autogenous graft. Defects with PLGA\RhGH grafting probably had faster healing and maturation than autogenous grafts. / Cada vez mais estudos est?o focando a combina??o de matrizes que possuam caracter?sticas osteocondutora com prote?nas osteoindutivas. Essas prote?nas podem estimular a diferencia??o de c?lulas mesenquimais e osteoprogenitoras em osteoblastos e assim aumentar a migra??o de c?lulas relacionadas ? forma??o ?ssea dentro do s?tio do defeito. Os principais materiais utilizados para esses objetivos s?o os pol?meros biodegrad?veis, como o PLA (poli ?cido l?tico) e o PLGA (poli ?cido glic?lico l?tico). Diversas drogas s?o utilizadas para serem liberadas nesses sistemas, como antibi?ticos, anticoncepcionais e prote?nas, incluindo o horm?nio do crescimento humano recombinante (rhGH). O rhGH no tecido ?sseo, promove a deposi??o aumentada de prote?nas pelos condr?citos e osteoblastos, aumento do n?mero de mitoses e a convers?o de condr?citos em osteoblastos. Desta forma se faz necess?rio a avalia??o desse biomaterial (PLGA\rhGH) como dispositivo de libera??o controlada. Conseguindo com isso a presen?a do rhGH intimamente no local da cicatriza??o ?ssea. Para este estudo foi utilizado como modelo animal,ratos wistar. O estudo foi todo realizado de acordo com a Lei N0 11.794, de 8 de outubro de 2008 bem como seguindo a diretriz Brasileira de Pr?tica para o Cuidado e a Utiliza??o de Animais para Fins Cient?ficos e Did?ticos ? DBPA do CONCEA. Projeto aprovado pelo CEUA da PUCRS sob n?mero 15/00461. Foram utilizados trinta ratos wistar adultos, nos quais foram submetidos a defeitos ?sseos nos f?mures com broca, os defeitos tinham todos mais ou menos 05mm de di?metro. Os ratos foram submetidos ao mesmo tratamento, por?m divididos em tr?s grupos de acordo com o tempo das eutan?sia :Grupo 01 eutan?sia em 07dias , Grupo 02 eutan?sia em 15 dias e Grupo 03 eutan?sia em 20 dias. Os f?mures dos ratos foram radiografados no intervalo entre 07, 15, e 20 dias para aferir a densidade ?ptica. Em seguida foram produzidas l?minas para an?lises histol?gicas, com cortes de aproximadamente 5?m de espessura e corados com hematoxilina/eosina (HE). Foram escolhidas tr?s cortes mais representativos de cada l?mina. A repercuss?o sist?mica do rhGH foi avaliada atrav?s dos n?veis de IGFI atrav?s da coleta de sangue que foi realizada antes de cada eutan?sia, no grupo-controle e no grupo experimental. O sangue coletado foi centrifugado (2500 rota??es por minuto por 10 min) e o soro obtido armazenado em freezer a -20?C para posterior determina??o dos n?veis plasm?ticos de IGFI usando o m?todo que se baseia em um ensaio enzimaticamente amplificado do tipo ?sandu?che?, realizado no laborat?rio Senhor dos Passos em Porto Alegre,RS. Para an?lise estat?stica foi aplicado o Teste Tukey, n?vel de 5% de signific?ncia e an?lise de vari?ncia ANOVA. N?o houve diferen?a estatisticamente significante em rela??o as densidades minerais ?sseas, por?m numericamente os enxertos com PLGA\rhGH tiveram sempre uma quantidade maior de tons de cinza. Conclui-se que os defeitos com enxerto de PLGA\rhGH apresentaram uma maior densidade ?ptica e uma maior densidade mineral em compara??o ao enxerto aut?geno. Nas an?lises histol?gicas tamb?m n?o houve diferen?a estatisticamente significante entre os enxertos aut?geno e de PLGA\rhGH. Por?m pelas analises num?ricas observamos um desempenho melhor e/ou igual entre o enxerto de PLGA\rhGH e enxerto aut?geno. Os defeitos com enxerto de PLGA\rhGH, de ocordo com a metodologia empregada, densidade mineral ?ptica e pelas l?minas histol?gicas, observamos uma cicatriza??o e matura??o mais r?pida do que os enxerto aut?genos.