News articles generated by artificial intelligence rather than human reporters are referred to as automated journalism. This thesis explores how to create a trustworthy representation of news articles that mainly are generated by algorithmic decisions. The hypothesis of this thesis takes the background (characteristics of the underlying system design) and the foreground (millennials news consumption behaviour) contexts into consideration in order to provide an optimal approach for trustworthy representation of auto-generated articles. A theory about algorithmic transparency in the news media has been investigated to reveal information about the systems selection processes. The principles of glanceability and the heuristic principles are applied to proposed design solutions (interactive features). The outcomes show that newsreaders are positive towards a system that is trying to encourage them to fact-check the articles. Additionally, the outcomes also contributed to the understanding of how newsreaders can consume auto-generated news.

Cílem této diplomové práce je představení zcela nového způsobu vytváření i distribuování zpráv a obsahu, kdy se do tohoto jinak tradičně "lidského odvětví" začínají v poslední době promítat automatizované a chytré počítačové systémy využívající umělou inteligenci. Hodlám vysvětlit, co tento pojem znamená s ohledem na mediální prostor, představit jeho poměrně krátkou historii a popsat, jak dochází k jeho zavádění v žurnalistické praxi. Jelikož se jedná o stále vyvíjející se část možná budoucí novinářské práce, která je zatím v začátcích, nepracují s ní zatím ve větším tuzemská média, i když postupně začínají experimentovat například se strojovou žurnalistikou, tedy předstupněm plně automatizované umělé inteligence. Výzkum je proto zaměřen na vývoj a používání umělé inteligence tiskovými agenturami Reuters a AP, které s těmito nástroji už začaly pracovat a na jejichž případu hodlám ukázat možný budoucí nástup i praxi. V závěru zhodnotím největší výhody i nejdiskutovanější etické problémy fungování umělé inteligence v žurnalistice.

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2017-08-18T19:06:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Krishma Anaísa Coura Carreira.pdf: 3828780 bytes, checksum: 4730feaf019d2ac2168079c86edd7f9c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-18T19:06:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Krishma Anaísa Coura Carreira.pdf: 3828780 bytes, checksum: 4730feaf019d2ac2168079c86edd7f9c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-10 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / This essay is based on the systematization of Ciro Marcondes Filho, which divides Journalism into four phases, in order to propose the addition of a new stage. The Fifth Journalism began at the end of the first decade of the 21st century and includes a feature radically different from the others: the possibility of news being generated by machines. The crossing of Journalism with Artificial Intelligence systems allows algorithms to perform tasks such as the calculation, writing, distribution and circulation of text, audio and even video. Factors such as speed of production, cost, ability to generate content in multiple versions, which can be constantly updated and customized, signal the possibility of expansion of Automated News. Research indicates that computer-generated news are well received by readers and is considered to be more objective than the ones written by journalists, although algorithms follow criteria of prioritization, association, classification and filtering that can reproduce prejudices. In addition, automation changes the traditional workflow in newsrooms and creates new functions. The reflections are based on the approach of the Actor-Network Theory and start from an exploratory and interdisciplinary bibliographic review of areas such as Social Communication, Technology Philosophy and Artificial Intelligence. This work also carried out a mapping which identified 59 journalism companies that automatically produce news on 8 coverage topics (politics, finance, sports, weather, crime, travel, traffic and entertainment) in 10 countries in North America, Europe And Asia. / Este trabalho parte da sistematização de Ciro Marcondes Filho, que divide o Jornalismo em quatro fases, para propor o acréscimo de uma nova etapa. O Quinto Jornalismo começou no final da primeira década do século 21 e inclui uma característica radicalmente diferente das demais: a possibilidade das notícias serem geradas por máquinas. O cruzamento do Jornalismo com sistemas de Inteligência Artificial permite que algoritmos executem tarefas como a apuração, redação, distribuição e circulação de texto, áudio e até vídeo. Fatores como velocidade na produção, custo, capacidade de gerar conteúdo em múltiplas versões, que pode ser atualizado constantemente e personalizado, sinalizam a possibilidade de expansão da Notícia Automatizada. Pesquisas indicam que as matérias feitas por computador têm boa recepção pelos leitores e são consideradas mais objetivas do que as redigidas por jornalistas, apesar dos algoritmos seguirem critérios de priorização, associação, classificação e filtragem, que podem reproduzir preconceitos. Além disso, a automação altera o fluxo tradicional de trabalho nas redações e cria novas funções. As reflexões se baseiam na abordagem da Teoria Ator-Rede e partem de uma revisão bibliográfica de caráter exploratório e interdisciplinar de áreas como Comunicação Social, Filosofia da Tecnologia e Inteligência Artificial. Este trabalho também realizou um mapeamento onde foram identificadas 59 empresas de jornalismo que produzem automaticamente notícias sobre 8 tópicos de cobertura (política, finanças, esporte, previsão do tempo, crime, viagem, trânsito e entretenimento) em 10 países da América do Norte, Europa e Ásia.

This diploma thesis deals with the use of artificial intelligence tools and automated journalism in the Czech News Agency. Specifically, it deals with the very first use of algorithmically generated news reports, which the agency published during the election in 2018. It compares municipal and Senate elections from this year with the outputs of ČTK news from municipal elections in 2014 and Senate elections in 2016. It uses qualitative and quantitative analysis methods. The diploma thesis also deals with the method how the generation of reports in 2018 worked in ČTK and shows and explains examples of source codes by which the report generator was programmed. It will also offer other ways and areas in which the Czech News Agency uses or is about to use automated journalism and its tools. One part of the thesis is also an interview with the technical director of ČTK Jan Kodera, who explained how automated journalism works in the Czech media environment of the press agency. The author also outlines some scientific disciplines related to artificial intelligence, which are required for the needs of this thesis. At the same time, he will also offer a number of examples of how automation tools are used in other newsrooms around the world.

Human-Machine Communication and fields like journalism studies have been discussing new technological developments in journalism, especially automation technologies like automated writing software. However, existing literature has terminological problems: Terms are not distinctly defined and delimited, different aspects can be referred to with the same term, while different, often misleading, terms exist for the same aspect. As a result, it is often unclear which concept is being referred to. To gain a better understanding and modeling of automation in journalism as well as a theoretical foundation, this paper first describes current problems with terms used in scientific literature and argues that existing automation taxonomies are not fully transferrable to journalism, making a new theoretical basis necessary. Subsequently, Rammert and Schulz-Schaeffer’s concept of distributed and gradualised action is described and proposed as such a theoretical basis for the unification of terminology and conceptual foundations, providing the opportunity to empirically and normatively describe automation as well as delivering necessary theoretical underpinnings. Lastly, the concept is applied to automation in journalism, resulting in a proposed automation concept, suggestions for terminology, and further implications for Human-Machine Communication theory.