In Canada, bail supervision programs were developed, in partnership with community-based organizations, to promote bail compliance and provide supervision to accused persons who would otherwise have been detained in remand custody. While many of these programs use traditional risk assessment tools to guide supervision, limited research has been conducted on their effectiveness in the bail supervision context. Adopting a quantitative as well as qualitative methodology, this study uses a representative sample of 100 supervision clients from one Ontario bail program to examine the validity of its risk tool – Service Planning Instrument™ (SPIn) Pre-Screen – as well as demographic and criminal justice factors, in predicting bail supervision outcomes. Analyses suggest that SPIn lacks predictive validity in the bail supervision setting. These findings are discussed within the broader context of net widening, as well as the greater bail/remand crisis and the culture of risk aversion that pervades the Canadian criminal justice system.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by hyperactivity, impulsive behavior, and excessive in attention. The diagnosis is divided into different types of ADHD depending on the symptoms. A single cause for the diagnosis has not been found; therefore, various models exist. When choosing between an immediate smaller reward and a later larger reward, ADHD-diagnosed individuals often choose the immediate smaller reward, termed choice impulsivity (CI). Several models have tried to explain this phenomenon. One theory argues that the subjective value of the reward diminishes when the reward is moved furtheraway in time. Others claim that it is a deficit in inhibitory-based executive dysfunction and that ADHD individuals cannot suppress the drive and resist the temptation of the earlier reward. The delay aversion model argues that it is a motivational problem with an abnormality in the reward mechanism making the patients hypersensitive to delayed rewards. The negative affective state that evokes from the delayed rewards makes them want to escape or avoid it and therefore choose the small, immediate reward. The insula and the amygdala mediate both negative and positive emotional processes in the brain and are candidates for this phenomenon. In this systematic review, four scientific studies were selected and included to investigate if the insula and amygdala are the primary CI candidates in ADHD-diagnosed individuals. The systematic review results support the idea that the amygdala correlates with CI in ADHD-diagnosed individuals, therefore supporting the delay aversion model theory of ADHD. A correlation between insula and CI in ADHD-diagnosed individuals could not be established in this systematic review. Understanding the role that emotional structures have in ADHD can help to develop interventions or therapy to cope with the disadvantaged features of ADHD.

The content of this thesis is an analysis of the consumer ´s behaviour, his attitude to the risk/loss, how he prevents the risk of this loss, which instruments and methods might be used to reduce the loss in certain areas that are related with the consumer´s behavior. Two types of familes and three different life situations were chosen to apply the particular methods and instruments. The outcome of the thesis is a suggestion of the process that would lead to reduction of the risk of loss in given life situations in these two model familes.

Humankind is becoming increasingly dependent on algorithms in their everyday life. Algorithmic decision support has existed since the entrance of computers but are becoming more sophisticated with elements of Articial Intelligence (AI). Though many decision support systems outperform humans in many areas, e.g. in forecasting task, the willingness to trust and use algorithmic decision support is lower than in a corresponding human. Many factors have been investigated to why this algorithm aversion exists but there is a gap in research about the eects of scenario characteristics. Results provided by this study showed that people prefer recommendations from a human expert over algorithmic decision support. This was also re ected in the self-perceived likelihood of keeping a choice when the decision support recommended the other option, where the likelihood was lower for the group with human expert as the decision support. The results also showed that the decision supports, regardless of type, are more trusted by the user in an acquisition framed scenario than in a forfeiture framed. However, very limited support was found for the hypothesized interaction between decision support and scenario type, where it was expected that algorithm aversion would be stronger for forfeiture than acquisition scenarios. Moreover, the results showed that, independent of the experimental manipulations, participants with a positive general attitude towards AI had higher trust in algorithmic decision support. Together, these new results may be valuable for future research into algorithm aversion but must also to be extended and replicated using dierent scenarios and situations.

This paper attempts to provide experimental evidence on fire prevention and risk aversion among urban informal settlers using lottery choice data with real monetary prizes. The paper estimates the risk attitudes of a sample of 174 individuals from an informal housing development in Cape Town. The empirical analysis is performed within the expected utility theory specification, assuming constant relative risk aversion (CRRA) defined over the lottery prize. We tests the hypothesis that risk averse individuals will take precautionary measures in as far as possible to mitigate the risk of fire to their household. We find that individual-level fire prevention measures that are within the means of the households to effect, such as making sure that matches, lighters and paraffin are kept out of reach of children, is correlated with risk aversion, but measures, such as building of homes at least 3-5 meters from the neighbours, does not seem to be within the choice set of low-income informal dwellers. Our results further indicate that subjects who engage in fire prevention/fire safety strategies that require the "most effort" (that are most effective and costly) are significantly more risk averse relative to subjects engaging in fire safety measures that need "least effort". Contrary to expectation, distance from the main road, informal electricity connection, and the use of paraffin for lighting, heating and cooking are not correlated with risk aversion, indicating that irrespective of the risk profiles of decision makers, low-income households are often forced to make choices that increase their exposure to fire hazards.

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Cannabis (and its main psychoactive component, THC) is one of the most widely-used drugs in the world, and recent expansion of its legal status has made it available in a variety of formulations and at a potency unrivaled in history. While its medicinal properties are gaining scientific support, so too is its potential to lead to abuse and dependence. Both initiation of cannabis use and frequent cannabis use are most prevalent in adolescence, and compared to adults, cannabis use by adolescents is associated with a greater likelihood of developing cannabis dependence and cannabis use disorder. Given the ethical limitations surrounding research that provides cannabis to non-users or non-adults, animal models of drug use can be valuable tools for the study of causes and consequences related to drug use, as well as allowing for investigating brain mechanisms underlying these factors. However, only recently have models in which animals reliably use cannabis (THC) at levels above its respective vehicle and at levels which produce consistent behavioral and physiological effects become available, and in no case has age-related differences in this use been examined. Thus, one goal of the current study was to directly compare the self-administration of edible THC (a route of administration used by humans and a formulation increasing in popularity) between adolescent and adult mice. Adolescents also appear to be differentially sensitive to various effects of several classes of drugs, and they have been shown to be less sensitive to the aversive effects of cannabis, thereby putting them at greater risk for elevated and continued use. Evidence also suggests that, in addition to the risk associated with adolescent cannabis use, having initial positive subjective experiences resulting from its use is a strong predictor of subsequent cannabis dependence. Thus, the second goal of the current study was to use the place conditioning paradigm to examine the reward- (or aversion-) inducing properties of THC in adolescent and adult C57BL/6J mice, using both the traditional experimenter-administered THC (via injection) as well as edible THC self-administration. Prior to initiating these THC studies, sensitivity of the place conditioning procedure to age-related differences in drug-induced reward was validated using cocaine, yielding locomotor stimulation in both ages and a decreased sensitivity to cocaine’s rewarding properties in adolescent mice. When provided limited access to edible THC dough in doses ranging from 0.0 to 6.0 mg/kg, mice showed a dose-dependent reduction in consumption across access sessions, and this reduction was more rapid in adult mice at the highest doses, suggesting that adolescent mice might have been less sensitive to its aversive properties. These same mice, as well as a separate group of mice receiving injection (also 0.0 to 6.0 mg/kg THC), were given place conditioning sessions, alternating between THC dough and control dough or THC injection and vehicle injection, for 6 days per week and were tested once per week across a total of 3 weeks. Mice conditioned using edible THC showed a neutral response (neither reward nor aversion) at all doses. However, mice conditioned using injected THC showed a conditioned place aversion to the highest dose, which was more pronounced in adult mice. Interestingly, in mice self-administering edible THC, the dose of THC consumed was related to the outcome of place conditioning, such that a conditioned place preference was observed for adult mice which shifted their consumption of 3.0 mg/kg edible THC downward relative to those mice with full consumption of 3.0 mg/kg, and for adolescent mice which had the highest degree of consumption of 6.0 mg/kg edible THC relative to those mice with the lowest consumption of 6.0 mg/kg. Furthermore, initial place preference outcomes at the individual level at test 1 predicted subsequent doses of edible THC consumed, suggesting mice adjust their self-administration of edible THC based on the subjective experience it produces. Besides its impact in place conditioning, THC also had differential effects on body weight and locomotor activity based on age and route of administration. Collectively, this project demonstrates that adolescent mice are less sensitive to the hedonic properties of both cocaine and THC, and that differences in edible THC self-administration between ages, and between individuals within an age, are likely related the subjective experience of its rewarding and aversive properties.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20567号 / 医博第4252号 / 新制||医||1022(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 古川 壽亮, 教授 髙橋 良輔, 教授 富樫 かおり / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Although past research finds that auditors support data analytics and artificial intelligence to enhance audit quality in their daily work, in reality, only a small number of audit firms, who innovated and invested in the two sophisticated technologies, utilize it in their auditing process. This paper analyzes three factors, including three individual theories, that may influence the adoption of data analytics and artificial intelligence in auditing: regulation (Institutional theory: explaining the catch-22 between the auditors and policymakers), knowledge barrier (Technology acceptance model's theory: explore the concept of ease of use), and people (algorithm aversion: a phenomenon that auditors believe in human decision makers more than technology). Among the three barriers, this paper focuses more on the people factor, which firms can start to overcome early. Past research has shown the existence of algorithm aversion in audit, so it is important to identify ways to decrease algorithm aversion. This study conducted a survey with four attributes: transparency-efficiency-trade-off, positive exposure, imperfect algorithm, and company's training. The study results shows that transparency-efficiency-trade-off can be a potential solution for decreasing algorithm aversion. When auditor firms implement transparency-efficiency-trade-off in their company training, auditors may give more trust to the technologies. The trust may lead to the increase of data analytics and artificial intelligence in audit.

As personal backgrounds and experiences vary, emotions stemming from exposure to violence shape a manager's risk perception and investment strategies. We document significant variation in the risk exposure of managers who were raised in states with higher per capita violence rates than those who were not. Although managers exposed to violence tend to hold more stocks in their portfolios, take less idiosyncratic risk, hold portfolios with betas closer to 1, and have less concentrated portfolios, these managers' risk-adjusted performance is not statistically different than that of their counterparts who were not exposed to violence.