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published_or_final_version / Public Management / Master / Master of Public Administration

Cette thèse évalue le risque d’émergence d’un pathogène via l’avifaune sauvage dans une région indemne en combinant deux approches :(1) L’étude de pathogènes partageant des caractéristiques éco-épidémiologiques communes avec le pathogène émergeant ;et (2) L’utilisation de données écologiques disponibles dans la région indemne.<p>\ / Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are naturally restricted to H5 and H7 subtypes with a polybasic cleavage site (CS) in hemagglutinin (HA) and any AIV with an intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) ≥ 1.2. Although only a few non-H5/H7 viruses fulfill the criteria of HPAIV; it remains unclear why these viruses did not spread in domestic birds. In 2012, a unique H4N2 virus with a polybasic CS 322PEKRRTR/G329 was isolated from quails in California which, however, was avirulent in chickens. This is the only known non-H5/H7 virus with four basic amino acids in the HACS. Here, we investigated the virulence of this virus in chickens after expansion of the polybasic CS by substitution of T327R (322PEKRRRR/G329) or T327K (322PEKRRKR/G329) with or without reassortment with HPAIV H5N1 and H7N7. The impact of single mutations or reassortment on virus fitness in vitro and in vivo was studied. Efficient cell culture replication of T327R/K carrying H4N2 viruses increased by treatment with trypsin, particularly in MDCK cells, and reassortment with HPAIV H5N1. Replication, virus excretion and bird-to-bird transmission of H4N2 was remarkably compromised by the CS mutations, but restored after reassortment with HPAIV H5N1, although not with HPAIV H7N7. Viruses carrying the H4-HA with or without R327 or K327 mutations and the other seven gene segments from HPAIV H5N1 exhibited high virulence and efficient transmission in chickens. Together, increasing the number of basic amino acids in the H4N2 HACS was detrimental for viral fitness particularly in vivo but compensated by reassortment with HPAIV H5N1. This may explain the absence of non-H5/H7 HPAIV in poultry.

Highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are naturally restricted to H5 and H7 subtypes with a polybasic cleavage site (CS) in hemagglutinin (HA) and any AIV with an intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) 1.2. Although only a few non-H5/H7 viruses fulfill the criteria of HPAIV; it remains unclear why these viruses did not spread in domestic birds. In 2012, a unique H4N2 virus with a polybasic CS 322PEKRRTR/G329 was isolated from quails in California which, however, was avirulent in chickens. This is the only known non-H5/H7 virus with four basic amino acids in the HACS. Here, we investigated the virulence of this virus in chickens after expansion of the polybasic CS by substitution of T327R (322PEKRRRR/G329) or T327K (322PEKRRKR/G329) with or without reassortment with HPAIV H5N1 and H7N7. The impact of single mutations or reassortment on virus fitness in vitro and in vivo was studied. Ecient cell culture replication of T327R/K carrying H4N2 viruses increased by treatment with trypsin, particularly in MDCK cells, and reassortment with HPAIV H5N1. Replication, virus excretion and bird-to-bird transmission of H4N2 was remarkably compromised by the CS mutations, but restored after reassortment with HPAIV H5N1, although not with HPAIV H7N7. Viruses carrying the H4-HA with or without R327 or K327 mutations and the other seven gene segments from HPAIV H5N1 exhibited high virulence and ecient transmission in chickens. Together, increasing the number of basic amino acids in the H4N2 HACS was detrimental for viral fitness particularly in vivo but compensated by reassortment with HPAIV H5N1. This may explain the absence of non-H5/H7 HPAIV in poultry.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Microbiology / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

Cette thèse évalue le risque d'émergence d'un pathogène via l'avifaune sauvage dans une région indemne en combinant deux approches : 1) L'étude de pathogènes partageant des caractéristiques éco-épidémiologiques communes avec le pathogène émergeant. 2) L'utilisation de données écologiques disponibles dans la région indemne. Le Chapitre 1 montre que l'étude de la circulation de pathogènes partageant des caractéristiques éco-épidémiologiques communes (Influenza Aviaire Faiblement Pathogène et Maladie de Newcastle) avec un pathogène émergeant (H5N1 HP) permet d'apporter des éléments d'information sur la circulation potentielle de ce pathogène en cas d'émergence. Les principales conclusions de ce chapitre nous permettent de construire les trois hypothèses testées aux chapitres suivants portant respectivement sur les étapes d'une émergence : introduction (Chapitre 2), circulation (Chapitre 3), et transmission à la faune domestique (Chapitre 4). Ces trois chapitres permettent une meilleure évaluation du risque d'émergence d'un pathogène (le H5N1 HP) dans une zone indemne (le DIN) à partir de méthodes basées sur les données écologiques disponibles dans cette zone indemne et obtenues à partir de techniques telles que le comptage aérien, la télémétrie satellitaire, ou la télédétection. Ils permettent notamment d'estimer que le risque d'émergence du H5N1 HP dans le DIN via l'avifaune sauvage est le plus élevé lors des mois de janvier à mars des années de faible crue, et que la Sarcelle d'été et le canard Pilet sont les deux espèces à surveiller en priorité. Cette thèse montre donc comment l'utilisation de données éco-épidémiologiques disponibles dans une zone indemne permettent une évaluation et un meilleur contrôle du risque d'émergence d'un pathogène. L'utilisation d'outils satellitaires permet l'obtention de larges plages de données ayant des résolutions spatiale et temporelle suffisante pour évaluer des dynamiques éco-épidémiologiques évoluant rapidement. / This thesis aims to evaluate the risk of emergence of a pathogen from wildlife in an uninfected area by combining two approaches:1) The study of pathogens sharing similar eco-epidemiological characteristics with the emerging pathogen2) The use of eco-epidemiological data available in the uninfected area Chapter 1 shows that studying pathogens sharing similar eco-epidemiological characteristics (Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease) with an emerging pathogen (HPAI H5N1) enables to provide information on the potential circulation of this pathogen if it would emerge. The main conclusions of this chapter allow us to formulate the three hypothesis tested in the following chapters, each related to a stage of an emergence: introduction (Chapter 2), circulation (Chapter 3), and transmission to domestic poultry (Chapter 4). These three chapters enable a better evaluation of the risk of emergence of a pathogen (HPAI H5N1) in an uninfected area (IND) by using methods based on eco-epidemiological data available in this uninfected area, obtained from techniques like aerial census, satellite telemetry, and remote sensing. The risk of emergence of HPAI H5N1 from wildlife in the IND is evaluated to be the highest between the months of January and March during years with a low flood level. Garganeys and Pintails are identified as the two main species to be surveyed in priority. This thesis shows how eco-epidemiological data available in an uninfected area enable an evaluation and a better control of the risk of emergence of a pathogen. Satellite tools allow acquiring large dataset with temporal and spatial resolution compatible with eco-epidemiological dynamics evolving rapidly.