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Seismic-resistant steel eccentrically braced frames (EBFs) are designed so that that yielding during earthquake loading is restricted primarily to the ductile links. To achieve this behavior, all members other than the link are designed to be stronger than the link, i.e. to develop the capacity of the link. However, satisfying these capacity design requirements for the beam segment outside of the link can be difficult in the overall design process of an EBF. In some cases, it may be necessary to make significant changes to the configuration of the EBF in order to satisfy beam design requirements. If this discovery is made late in the design process, such changes can be costly. The overall goal of this research was to develop guidelines for preliminary design of EBFs that will result in configurations where the beam is likely to satisfy capacity design requirements. Simplified approximate equations were developed to predict the axial force and moment in the beam segment outside of the link when link ultimate strength is developed. These equations, although approximate, provided significant insight into variables that affect capacity design of the beam. These equations were then used to conduct an extensive series of parametric studies on a wide variety of EBF configurations. The results of these studies show that the most important variables affecting beam design are 1) the nondimensional link length, 2) the ratio of web area to total area for the wide flange section used for the beam and link, 3) the angle between the brace and the beam, and 4) the flexural stiffness of the brace relative to the beam. Recommendations are provided for selection of values for these variables in preliminary design. / text

The use of residues, as the rice husk ash (RHA) in the concrete s production reduces the environmental impact caused in its productive chain. It means fewer energy s consumption, fewer natural resources waste, less environmental pollution and lower aggregated cost. In the present study, the viability of using residual RHA, in natura (non-ground) or ground, on structural concrete, in partial substitution to the Portland cement was investigated, starting from the durability chloride ions analysis. In such a way, five cementitious blends, two composed by natural RHA, two with crushed RHA and one as a reference sample were tested. The substitution s rates were 15% and 25%. The water/binder relations used were 0.45, 0.55 and 0.65. The samples were tested for chloride penetration according to ASTM C 1202 (Rapid Chloride Permeability Test) and for long-term test (colorimetric method). Additionally, the tests of axial compressive strength and water absorption by immersion, according to the ABNT prescriptions were conducted. The obtained results showed that is viable to use residual non-ground RHA as partial substitution to Portland cement in structural concretes. For the axial compressive strength at 91 days and to the same relation w/b, in general, the residual non-ground RHA blends showed higher performance than those presented by the reference mixture. In the RCPT the use of RHA resulted in decreases in the passing charges that, in general, promoted improvement in the mixtures ratings on the chloride penetrability, compared with the reference mixtures. In long-term test, the use of RHA burnt without temperature control, also promoted improvements in the mixture performances, compared to the reference mixtures, with reductions in the chloride penetration coefficients. But the mixtures were dissimilar when compared to those presented by the RCPT. In the case of water absorption by immersion, it was found that the use of RHA, in general, increased the concrete water absorption, however, the results presented by mixtures composed with RHA were close to those of reference ones. / A utilização de resíduos como a cinza da casca do arroz produzida sem controle da temperatura na fabricação de concretos reduz o impacto ambiental gerado na cadeia produtiva deste material, significando menor consumo de energia, menor desperdício de recursos naturais, menor poluição do meio ambiente e menor custo agregado. No presente trabalho investiga-se a viabilidade de se utilizar a CCA residual, ao natural ou moída, em concretos estruturais, em substituição parcial ao cimento Portland, a partir da análise da durabilidade aos ions cloretos. Para isso, foram testadas cinco misturas aglomerantes: duas compostas com CCA ao natural, duas com CCA moída e uma mistura de referência com 100% cimento Portland, a qual se confrontaram os resultados. Adotaram-se os teores de substituição de 15% e 25%, e as relações a/ag de 0,45; 0,55 e 0,65. Procederam-se os ensaios de resistência à penetração de cloretos segundo o método de penetração acelerada ASTM C 1202 (EAPC) e também, segundo o método de imersão em solução salina (EPCI). Adicionalmente, foram realizados os ensaios de resistência à compressão axial e de absorção de água por imersão, segundo prescrições da ABNT. Os resultados obtidos na investigação confirmam que é viável utilizar a CCA residual, ao natural ou moída, como substituição parcial ao cimento Portland, em concretos para uso estrutural. Quanto à resistência a compressão axial, aos 91 dias, as misturas compostas CCA, em geral, apresentaram desempenhos superiores aos das misturas de referência. No EAPC a utilização de CCA resultou em decréscimos nos valores das cargas passantes que, em geral, promoveram melhoria nas classificações das misturas quanto à penetrabilidade aos cloretos, em comparação as misturas de referência. No EPCI a utilização da CCA, queimada sem controle de temperatura, também promoveu melhorias no desempenho da maioria das misturas, em comparação às misturas de referência, com reduções nos coeficientes de penetração de cloretos. Porém as misturas apresentaram comportamentos diferenciados quando comparados ao apresentado no EAPC. No caso da absorção de água por imersão, constatou-se que a utilização de CCA, em geral, aumentou a absorção de água dos concretos, entretanto, os valores apresentados pelas misturas compostas com CCA foram próximos aos de referência.

In the light of extreme events of natural disasters (earthquakes or hurricanes) and accidents (fire or explosion), repairing and strengthening of existing concrete structures has become more common during the last decade due to the increasing knowledge and confidence in the use of composite advanced repairing materials. The past experience from real fires shows that it is exceptional for a concrete building to collapse as a result of fire and most fire-damaged concrete structures can be repaired economically rather than completely replacing or demolishing them. In this connection an experimental study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of fibre reinforced polymer jackets for axial compressive and seismic shear performance of post-heated columns. This study also investigates the effectiveness of ferrocement laminate for the repairing of post-heated reinforced concrete columns.A total of thirty-five reinforced concrete columns were constructed and then tested after categorising them into three main groups: un-heated, post-heated and post-heated repaired. The post-heated columns were initially damaged by heating (to a uniform temperature of 500°C). The concrete cubes were also heated to various temperatures to develop the relation between compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity. The residual compressive strength of the concrete cubes and reinforced concrete columns were determined by ultrasonic testing. The post-heated columns were subsequently repaired with unidirectional glass or carbon fibre reinforced polymer and ferrocement jackets. The experimental programme was divided into two parts. The columns of experimental part-1 were tested under axial compressive loading. The columns of experimental part-2 with a shear span to depth ratio of 2.5 were tested under constant axial and reversed lateral cyclic loading. The results indicated that the trend of reduction in ultrasonic pulse velocity values and in residual compressive strength of concrete was similar with increasing temperature. The reduction in residual stiffness of both post-heated square and circular columns was greater than the reduction in ultimate load. The circular sections benefited more compared to the square cross-sections with fibre reinforced polymers for improving the performance of post-heated columns in terms of compressive strength and ductility tested under axial compression. GFRP and CFRP jackets performed in an excellent way for increasing the shear capacity, lateral strength, ductility, energy dissipation and slowed the rate of strength and stiffness degradation of fire damaged reinforced concrete square and circular columns tested under combined constant axial and reversed lateral cycle loading. However, the effect of a single layer of glass or carbon fibre reinforced polymer on the axial stiffness of post-heated square and circular columns was negligible. The use of a ferrocement jacket for the repairing of post-heated square and circular columns enhanced the axial stiffness and ultimate load carrying capacity of columns significantly.

Cement is the construction building material with higher responsibility by carbon dioxide emission of all industrial human activities, besides be a considerably expensive material, more than the rice husk ash in nature. Environmental benefits are generated in its utilization, because rice husk ashes are industrial process residues of the grain processing, that are discarded in the environment without none care. The using of these ashes in partial cement substitution in structural concrete, beside of the economical and environmental benefits, proportionate, in general, a higher useful life to the reinforced concrete structures. Based in theses environmental principles, this work aims at to study the technical and economical viability of the RHA utilization, substituting the cement partially, in concrete mixtures for conventional concrete. concrete prototypes with 20 x 20 x 70 cm, with and without ground and non-ground RHA, in 0%, 15% and 25% contents of cement substitution, with water/binder ratios of 0,45, 0,55 and 0,65. Exposed in natural environmental conditions (0,3 0,4% of CO2) the concrete prototypes were analyzed at 18, 24 and 30 months, to the axial compressive strength and carbonation by means of extraction of specimens perpendicularly cut to the casting direction, with 10 x 20 cm dimensions. The axial compressive strength at 18 months of the ground RHA mixtures were higher to the reference concrete, while the natural RHA ones were lower than the latter, with higher decreases for the 25% content than for 15%. The natural carbonation coefficients of reference concrete were the smallest ones, followed by the ground RHA with 15% and 25% and, after, with natural RHA, 15% and 25%. The results show that is possible substitute until 15% of cement by natural rice husk ash without pronounced strength losses (around 20%) and with carbonation coefficients between 4 and 5 mm.ano-0,5, values considered adjusted for conventional concrete. / O cimento é o material de construção com maior responsabilidade pela emissão do dióxido de carbono de todas as atividades industriais humanas, alem de ser um material consideravelmente mais caro do que as CCA s, in natura. Benefícios ambientais são gerados na sua utilização, pois as cinzas de casca de arroz são resíduos de processos industriais do beneficiamento do grão, que muitas vezes são descartados no meio ambiente, sem nenhuma preocupação ambiental. Usá-las em substituição parcial do cimento em concretos estruturais, além de benefícios econômicos e ambientais, proporciona, geralmente, uma maior vida útil às estruturas de concreto armado. Baseado nestes preceitos ambientais, esta pesquisa tem por objetivo o estudo da viabilidade técnica e econômica da utilização da cinza de casca de arroz (CCA), substituindo parcialmente o cimento nas misturas de concretos para uso em concreto convencional. Foram moldados protótipos de concreto de 20 x 20 x 70 cm, com CCA natural e moída, nos teores de 0, 15 e 25%, em substituição ao cimento, nas relações água/aglomerante 0,45, 0,55 e 0,65. Expostos em condições ambientais naturais (0,3 0,4% de dióxido de carbono), os protótipos de concreto foram analisados nas idades de 18, 24 e 30 meses, quanto à resistência, compressão axial e frente ao fenômeno de carbonatação natural, por meio da extração de testemunhos cortados perpendiculares à direção de moldagem, com dimensões 10 x 20 cm. A resistência à compressão axial a 18 meses dos traços com CCA moída foram superiores ao concreto de referência, enquanto que os de cinza natural foram menores do que as misturas com CCA moída, com quedas maiores para o teor de 25% do que para 15%. Os coeficientes de carbonatação natural do traço referência foram os menores de todos, seguidos dos CCA moída, com 15 e 25% e, após, com a CCA natural, de 15% e 25%. Os resultados mostram que é possível substituir até 15% de cimento por cinza de casca de arroz natural, sem moagem, sem perdas acentuadas de resistência (ao redor de 20%) e com coeficientes de carbonatação entre 4 e 5 mm.ano-0,5, valores que podem ser considerados adequados para concreto convencional.