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CI Disperse Blue 291 (CI DB 291) é um corante dinitrobromoaminoazobenzeno com atividade mutagênica para S. typhimurium, aumentada na presença de nitrorredutase, o-acetiltransferase e enzimas microssomais (S9). Neste estudo foram isolados e caracterizados quatro produtos da redução de DB 291 com ditionito de sódio (in vitro), sendo denominados 2- fenilbenzotriazóis não clorados (não-ClPBTAs). Os espectros de absorbância não apresentam o pico correspondente à ligação azo (?λ=613 nm), indicando a redução dessa ligação. Espectros de massas e 1H RMN mostram que os produtos são dois pares de tautômeros com m/z 465 [M+H]+ e m/z 449 [M+H]+. Esses produtos foram acetilados com piridina/anidrido acético e espectros de massas desses produtos indicam adição de grupamento acetil na molécula e formação de produtos com m/z 507 [M+H]+ e m/z 491 [M+H]+. Esses compostos foram reagidos com dGuo e obtivemos dois produtos com m/z 632 [M+H]+ e m/z 683 [M+H]+, sendo os possíveis adutos. A partir do composto não clorado com m/z 449 obtido após redução com ditionito de sódio, sintetizamos o análogo clorado (PBTA) após reação de cloração. Espectros de massa confirmam a formação do composto clorado com m/z 483 [M+H]+. Também incubamos o corante CI DB 291 com nitrorredutase/NADH. Análises por HPLC/ESI/MS indicam a formação de não-ClPBTA (m/z 449). Uma vez que não-ClPBTAs são mais mutagênicos para linhagens de S. typhimurium (com fração S9) que seus dinitrofenilazo corantes precursores, a conversão enzimática do corante para não-ClPBTAs pode ser uma via importante para sua bioativação. / C.I. Disperse Blue 291 (C.I. DB 291) is a dinitrobromoaminoazobenzene dye with mutagenic activity to S. typhimurium, that is increased in the presence of nitroreductase, o-acetyltransferase and microsomal enzymes (S9). In this study were isolated and characterized four products of the reduction of DB 291 with sodium dithionite (in vitro), named non- chlorinated 2- phenylbenzotriazoles (non-ClPBTAs). The absorbance spectra do not present the peak corresponding to the band of azo bond (λ= 613 nm), indicating that the reduction of this bond occured. Mass spectra and 1H NMR show that the products are two pairs of tautomers with m/z 465 [M+H]+ and m/z 449 [M+H]+. These compounds were acetylated with pyridine/acetic anhydride and their mass spectra indicate the addition of an acetyl group to the molecules and formation of products with m/z 507 [M+H]+ e m/z 491 [M+H]+. After reaction of these compounds with dGuo we have got two products with m/z 632 [M+H]+ and m/z 683 [M+H]+, which are possible adducts. Starting from the non chlorinated compound with m/z 449, obtained through the dye reduction with sodium dithionite, we have synthesized the chlorinated analogous (PBTA) after chlorination reaction. Mass spectrum confirms formation of the chlorinated product with m/z 483 [M+H]+. The DB 291 dye was also incubated with nitroreductase NADH. HPLC/ESI/MS analyses indicate the formation of a non chlorinated PBTA (m/z 449). Since non- chlorinated PBTAs are more mutagenic to S. typhimurium strains (with S9 mix) than the parent phenylbenzotriazole dye, enzymatic conversion of this type of dye non chlorinated PBTAs may be an important way for its bioactivation.

por fatores químicos e físicos, promovendo infecções hospitalares relacionadas ao uso de cateteres e demais instrumentos hospitalares, elevando os índices de mortalidade e morbidade de pacientes. Portanto, garantir a correta desinfecção capaz de impedir contaminações e infecções em ambientes hospitalares é de extrema importância. Para este fim, neste estudo explorou-se a seleção de uma substância capaz de marcar e ser biocida contra biofilmes fúngicos em superfícies de aço inox, a partir de nove candidatos benzimidazóis fluorescentes, com códigos NB1 a NB9 e oito sais imidazólicos de corantes azóicos, denominados C4MImErioCr, C10MImMO, C16MImMO, (C10)2MImMO, C4MImMO, C10MImORANGEII, C16MImORANGEII e (C10)2MImORANGEII. Desenvolveu-se para este fim um roteiro metodológico para determinar quais destas substancias são capazes de marcar e eliminar biofilmes de forma eficaz e segura. Os métodos utilizados para avaliar as substâncias foram (1) a Concentração Mínima Inibitória (MIC) conforme protocolo do CLSI M27-A3, (2) microscopias verificando capacidade das substâncias em marcar células, (3) ensaios com deposição sobre superfície do corpo de prova (placas de aço inox) com biofilme, (4) verificação da atividade biocida sobre biofilmes utilizando microscopias e (5) ensaios de citotoxicidade. Essas substâncias foram testadas frente a nove cepas de Candida spp., incluindo C. tropicalis, C. albicans e C. parapsilosis Na avaliação das substâncias, SI de corantes azóicos inibiram o crescimento celular de fungos, já o benzimidazol fluorescente NB7 apresentou atividades simultâneas de detecção e ação biocida sobre o biofilme. Todas as cepas testadas foram sensíveis a essa substância. Além disso, os biofilmes formados pelas cepas ATCC 18804 (C. albicans,) ATCC 22019 (C. parapsilosis) e ATCC 750 (C. tropicalis) na superfície de aço inox 304 sofreram ação biocida, quando expostas por 15 segundos a NB7, sendo um potencial sanitizante. / Biofilms provide an environment capable of protecting microbial cells from damage by chemical and physical factors of the immune system, and hinder the penetration of various antimicrobial agents, promoting nosocomial infections related to catheters, increasing mortality and morbidity of patients. Therefore, it is important to ensure proper hygiene to prevent contamination and infections in hospital environments. For this purpose, this study explored the identification of a substance that both detects and have biocide activity against fungal biofilms on stainless steel surfaces. Both nine fluorescent benzimidazole substances, coded NB1 to NB9 and eight imidazolium salts of azo dyes, named denominados C4MImErioCr, C10MImMO, C16MImMO, (C10)2MImMO, C4MImMO, C10MImORANGEII, C16MImORANGEII e (C10)2MImORANGEII were tested as candidates. These substances were tested applying a methodology developed to determine if a substance is able detecting and have biocide activity against fungal biofilms. Overall, this study involved the following methods: (1) Minimum Inhibitory concentration test following the CLSI protocol (M27-A3; the substances were tested against nine fungal strains, including C. tropicalis, C. albicans and C. parapsilosis.), (2) microscopy to determine the marker capacity, (3) spraying tests of the substances on surfaces (stainless steel) with fungal biofilms, (4) tests to verify the capability of the substances to both stain and were biocide against fungal biofilms, applying microscopic techniques and (5) cytotoxicity tests Within the set of seventeen substances, benzimidazole derivative NB7 was identified with the desired capabilities, staining and biocide activity against fungal biofilms at the same time. All tested fungal strains were sensible to this substance. A biocide activity was identified on the biofilms of ATCC 18804 (C. albicans), ATCC 22019 (C. parapsilosis) and ATCC 750 (C .tropicalis), grown on stainless steel 304, when exposed fifteen seconds to substance NB7. Although this substance showed being cytotoxic, it represents a promising candidate for sanitization purposes, including medical tools.

CI Disperse Blue 291 (CI DB 291) é um corante dinitrobromoaminoazobenzeno com atividade mutagênica para S. typhimurium, aumentada na presença de nitrorredutase, o-acetiltransferase e enzimas microssomais (S9). Neste estudo foram isolados e caracterizados quatro produtos da redução de DB 291 com ditionito de sódio (in vitro), sendo denominados 2- fenilbenzotriazóis não clorados (não-ClPBTAs). Os espectros de absorbância não apresentam o pico correspondente à ligação azo (?λ=613 nm), indicando a redução dessa ligação. Espectros de massas e 1H RMN mostram que os produtos são dois pares de tautômeros com m/z 465 [M+H]+ e m/z 449 [M+H]+. Esses produtos foram acetilados com piridina/anidrido acético e espectros de massas desses produtos indicam adição de grupamento acetil na molécula e formação de produtos com m/z 507 [M+H]+ e m/z 491 [M+H]+. Esses compostos foram reagidos com dGuo e obtivemos dois produtos com m/z 632 [M+H]+ e m/z 683 [M+H]+, sendo os possíveis adutos. A partir do composto não clorado com m/z 449 obtido após redução com ditionito de sódio, sintetizamos o análogo clorado (PBTA) após reação de cloração. Espectros de massa confirmam a formação do composto clorado com m/z 483 [M+H]+. Também incubamos o corante CI DB 291 com nitrorredutase/NADH. Análises por HPLC/ESI/MS indicam a formação de não-ClPBTA (m/z 449). Uma vez que não-ClPBTAs são mais mutagênicos para linhagens de S. typhimurium (com fração S9) que seus dinitrofenilazo corantes precursores, a conversão enzimática do corante para não-ClPBTAs pode ser uma via importante para sua bioativação. / C.I. Disperse Blue 291 (C.I. DB 291) is a dinitrobromoaminoazobenzene dye with mutagenic activity to S. typhimurium, that is increased in the presence of nitroreductase, o-acetyltransferase and microsomal enzymes (S9). In this study were isolated and characterized four products of the reduction of DB 291 with sodium dithionite (in vitro), named non- chlorinated 2- phenylbenzotriazoles (non-ClPBTAs). The absorbance spectra do not present the peak corresponding to the band of azo bond (λ= 613 nm), indicating that the reduction of this bond occured. Mass spectra and 1H NMR show that the products are two pairs of tautomers with m/z 465 [M+H]+ and m/z 449 [M+H]+. These compounds were acetylated with pyridine/acetic anhydride and their mass spectra indicate the addition of an acetyl group to the molecules and formation of products with m/z 507 [M+H]+ e m/z 491 [M+H]+. After reaction of these compounds with dGuo we have got two products with m/z 632 [M+H]+ and m/z 683 [M+H]+, which are possible adducts. Starting from the non chlorinated compound with m/z 449, obtained through the dye reduction with sodium dithionite, we have synthesized the chlorinated analogous (PBTA) after chlorination reaction. Mass spectrum confirms formation of the chlorinated product with m/z 483 [M+H]+. The DB 291 dye was also incubated with nitroreductase NADH. HPLC/ESI/MS analyses indicate the formation of a non chlorinated PBTA (m/z 449). Since non- chlorinated PBTAs are more mutagenic to S. typhimurium strains (with S9 mix) than the parent phenylbenzotriazole dye, enzymatic conversion of this type of dye non chlorinated PBTAs may be an important way for its bioactivation.

Wastewaters from textile industry contain organic dyes, which cannot be easily treated by biological methods. Therefore, pretreatment by an advanced oxidation process (AOP) is needed in order to produce more readily biodegradable compounds and to remove color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) simultaneously. In this research, ozone (O3) is combined with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for the advanced oxidation of an azo dye solution, namely aqueous solution of Acid Red 151, which is called as &ldquo / Peroxone process&rdquo / . The aim of the study is to enhance the ozonation efficiency in treating the waste dye solution. The effects of pH, initial dye and initial ozone concentrations and the concentration ratio of initial H2O2 to initial O3 on color and COD removals were investigated. Also, the kinetics of O3-dye reaction in the presence of H2O2 was approximately determined. As a result of the experimental study, it was seen that an increase in the initial dye concentration at a constant pH and initial ozone concentration did not change the COD % removal significantly, from a statistical analysis of the data. The results obtained at pH values of 2.5 and 7 gave higher oxidation efficiencies in terms of color and COD removals compared to those at pH of 10. The best initial molar ratio of H2O2 to O3 was found to be 0.5, which yielded highest treatment efficiency for each pH value studied. The results of the excess dye experiments suggest that the ozonation of Acid Red 151 follows an average first order reaction with respect to ozone at pH=2.5 and pH=7 whereas it is around 0.56 at pH=10. By Initial Rate Method, the orders with respect to individual reactants of O3 and dye were determined as one, the total order of the reaction being two for all the studied pH. As a conclusion, a further study of the peroxone process at a pH of 10 can be recommended to determine the reaction kinetics and mechanism at this pH, where radicals play an important role.

por fatores químicos e físicos, promovendo infecções hospitalares relacionadas ao uso de cateteres e demais instrumentos hospitalares, elevando os índices de mortalidade e morbidade de pacientes. Portanto, garantir a correta desinfecção capaz de impedir contaminações e infecções em ambientes hospitalares é de extrema importância. Para este fim, neste estudo explorou-se a seleção de uma substância capaz de marcar e ser biocida contra biofilmes fúngicos em superfícies de aço inox, a partir de nove candidatos benzimidazóis fluorescentes, com códigos NB1 a NB9 e oito sais imidazólicos de corantes azóicos, denominados C4MImErioCr, C10MImMO, C16MImMO, (C10)2MImMO, C4MImMO, C10MImORANGEII, C16MImORANGEII e (C10)2MImORANGEII. Desenvolveu-se para este fim um roteiro metodológico para determinar quais destas substancias são capazes de marcar e eliminar biofilmes de forma eficaz e segura. Os métodos utilizados para avaliar as substâncias foram (1) a Concentração Mínima Inibitória (MIC) conforme protocolo do CLSI M27-A3, (2) microscopias verificando capacidade das substâncias em marcar células, (3) ensaios com deposição sobre superfície do corpo de prova (placas de aço inox) com biofilme, (4) verificação da atividade biocida sobre biofilmes utilizando microscopias e (5) ensaios de citotoxicidade. Essas substâncias foram testadas frente a nove cepas de Candida spp., incluindo C. tropicalis, C. albicans e C. parapsilosis Na avaliação das substâncias, SI de corantes azóicos inibiram o crescimento celular de fungos, já o benzimidazol fluorescente NB7 apresentou atividades simultâneas de detecção e ação biocida sobre o biofilme. Todas as cepas testadas foram sensíveis a essa substância. Além disso, os biofilmes formados pelas cepas ATCC 18804 (C. albicans,) ATCC 22019 (C. parapsilosis) e ATCC 750 (C. tropicalis) na superfície de aço inox 304 sofreram ação biocida, quando expostas por 15 segundos a NB7, sendo um potencial sanitizante. / Biofilms provide an environment capable of protecting microbial cells from damage by chemical and physical factors of the immune system, and hinder the penetration of various antimicrobial agents, promoting nosocomial infections related to catheters, increasing mortality and morbidity of patients. Therefore, it is important to ensure proper hygiene to prevent contamination and infections in hospital environments. For this purpose, this study explored the identification of a substance that both detects and have biocide activity against fungal biofilms on stainless steel surfaces. Both nine fluorescent benzimidazole substances, coded NB1 to NB9 and eight imidazolium salts of azo dyes, named denominados C4MImErioCr, C10MImMO, C16MImMO, (C10)2MImMO, C4MImMO, C10MImORANGEII, C16MImORANGEII e (C10)2MImORANGEII were tested as candidates. These substances were tested applying a methodology developed to determine if a substance is able detecting and have biocide activity against fungal biofilms. Overall, this study involved the following methods: (1) Minimum Inhibitory concentration test following the CLSI protocol (M27-A3; the substances were tested against nine fungal strains, including C. tropicalis, C. albicans and C. parapsilosis.), (2) microscopy to determine the marker capacity, (3) spraying tests of the substances on surfaces (stainless steel) with fungal biofilms, (4) tests to verify the capability of the substances to both stain and were biocide against fungal biofilms, applying microscopic techniques and (5) cytotoxicity tests Within the set of seventeen substances, benzimidazole derivative NB7 was identified with the desired capabilities, staining and biocide activity against fungal biofilms at the same time. All tested fungal strains were sensible to this substance. A biocide activity was identified on the biofilms of ATCC 18804 (C. albicans), ATCC 22019 (C. parapsilosis) and ATCC 750 (C .tropicalis), grown on stainless steel 304, when exposed fifteen seconds to substance NB7. Although this substance showed being cytotoxic, it represents a promising candidate for sanitization purposes, including medical tools.

por fatores químicos e físicos, promovendo infecções hospitalares relacionadas ao uso de cateteres e demais instrumentos hospitalares, elevando os índices de mortalidade e morbidade de pacientes. Portanto, garantir a correta desinfecção capaz de impedir contaminações e infecções em ambientes hospitalares é de extrema importância. Para este fim, neste estudo explorou-se a seleção de uma substância capaz de marcar e ser biocida contra biofilmes fúngicos em superfícies de aço inox, a partir de nove candidatos benzimidazóis fluorescentes, com códigos NB1 a NB9 e oito sais imidazólicos de corantes azóicos, denominados C4MImErioCr, C10MImMO, C16MImMO, (C10)2MImMO, C4MImMO, C10MImORANGEII, C16MImORANGEII e (C10)2MImORANGEII. Desenvolveu-se para este fim um roteiro metodológico para determinar quais destas substancias são capazes de marcar e eliminar biofilmes de forma eficaz e segura. Os métodos utilizados para avaliar as substâncias foram (1) a Concentração Mínima Inibitória (MIC) conforme protocolo do CLSI M27-A3, (2) microscopias verificando capacidade das substâncias em marcar células, (3) ensaios com deposição sobre superfície do corpo de prova (placas de aço inox) com biofilme, (4) verificação da atividade biocida sobre biofilmes utilizando microscopias e (5) ensaios de citotoxicidade. Essas substâncias foram testadas frente a nove cepas de Candida spp., incluindo C. tropicalis, C. albicans e C. parapsilosis Na avaliação das substâncias, SI de corantes azóicos inibiram o crescimento celular de fungos, já o benzimidazol fluorescente NB7 apresentou atividades simultâneas de detecção e ação biocida sobre o biofilme. Todas as cepas testadas foram sensíveis a essa substância. Além disso, os biofilmes formados pelas cepas ATCC 18804 (C. albicans,) ATCC 22019 (C. parapsilosis) e ATCC 750 (C. tropicalis) na superfície de aço inox 304 sofreram ação biocida, quando expostas por 15 segundos a NB7, sendo um potencial sanitizante. / Biofilms provide an environment capable of protecting microbial cells from damage by chemical and physical factors of the immune system, and hinder the penetration of various antimicrobial agents, promoting nosocomial infections related to catheters, increasing mortality and morbidity of patients. Therefore, it is important to ensure proper hygiene to prevent contamination and infections in hospital environments. For this purpose, this study explored the identification of a substance that both detects and have biocide activity against fungal biofilms on stainless steel surfaces. Both nine fluorescent benzimidazole substances, coded NB1 to NB9 and eight imidazolium salts of azo dyes, named denominados C4MImErioCr, C10MImMO, C16MImMO, (C10)2MImMO, C4MImMO, C10MImORANGEII, C16MImORANGEII e (C10)2MImORANGEII were tested as candidates. These substances were tested applying a methodology developed to determine if a substance is able detecting and have biocide activity against fungal biofilms. Overall, this study involved the following methods: (1) Minimum Inhibitory concentration test following the CLSI protocol (M27-A3; the substances were tested against nine fungal strains, including C. tropicalis, C. albicans and C. parapsilosis.), (2) microscopy to determine the marker capacity, (3) spraying tests of the substances on surfaces (stainless steel) with fungal biofilms, (4) tests to verify the capability of the substances to both stain and were biocide against fungal biofilms, applying microscopic techniques and (5) cytotoxicity tests Within the set of seventeen substances, benzimidazole derivative NB7 was identified with the desired capabilities, staining and biocide activity against fungal biofilms at the same time. All tested fungal strains were sensible to this substance. A biocide activity was identified on the biofilms of ATCC 18804 (C. albicans), ATCC 22019 (C. parapsilosis) and ATCC 750 (C .tropicalis), grown on stainless steel 304, when exposed fifteen seconds to substance NB7. Although this substance showed being cytotoxic, it represents a promising candidate for sanitization purposes, including medical tools.

A presente investigaÃÃo teve como objetivo estudar o efeito do nitrato na remoÃÃo de cor de efluente tÃxtil em reatores anaerÃbios suplementados ou nÃo com mediadores redox. Dois reatores anaerÃbios em paralelo foram operados com um tempo de detenÃÃo hidrÃulica (TDH) de 10 horas, com etanol como co-substrato. O experimento em fluxo contÃnuo foi dividido em trÃs etapas apÃs a obtenÃÃo de condiÃÃes estÃveis de operaÃÃo. Na primeira etapa, os reatores receberam o afluente contendo o corante azo Reactive Red 2 (RR2) em concentraÃÃes variadas. Na segunda fase, um dos reatores foi inoculado com o mediador redox AQDS para testar seu efeito na aceleraÃÃo dos processos de remoÃÃo de cor. Finalmente na terceira fase do experimento, ambos os reatores (suplementado e livre de AQDS) foram inoculados com nitrato em concentraÃÃes variadas. Os resultados provaram que os reatores eram eficientes na remoÃÃo de cor, em que o composto etanol mostrou-se um eficiente doador de elÃtrons para sustentar a reduÃÃo do corante azo sob condiÃÃes anaerÃbias. O mediador redox AQDS aumentou as taxas de reduÃÃo do corante azo, mas o seu efeito nÃo foi tÃo marcante comparado com os experimentos conduzidos anteriormente. Contrariamente Ãs hipÃteses levantadas de que a adiÃÃo de nitrato poderia interferir nas taxas de remoÃÃo de cor e propriedades catalÃticas do mediador redox, nÃo foi verificado nenhum efeito deste composto. Tal observaÃÃo sugeriu que a presenÃa do nitrato em esgotos tÃxteis nÃo diminuirà a capacidade dos reatores anaerÃbios, suplementados ou nÃo com mediador redox, em descolorir corantes azo. Finalmente, os experimentos em batelada avaliaram o efeito do gradiente de concentraÃÃo do doador de elÃtrons (etanol) nas taxas de remoÃÃo de cor, os quais indicaram que as taxas eram proporcionais Ãs concentraÃÃes de etanol testadas e que o mediador redox AQDS teve um efeito mais marcante na cinÃtica de descoloraÃÃo. / The present investigation aimed to study the effect of nitrate on colour removal of dyes in anaerobic bioreactors supplemented or not with redox mediators. Two anaerobic bioreactors in parallel were operated at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 10 h, with ethanol as co-substrate. The contÃnuous flow experiment was divided in three steps after steady-state conditions were reached. In the first step, the reactors were fed with an affluent containing the azo dye Reactive Red 2 (RR2) tested in different concentrations. In the second step, one of the reactors was supplemented with the redox mediator AQDS, in order to evaluate its effect on the decolourisation process. Finally, in the third step of the experiment, both reactors (AQDS-supplemented and AQDS-free) received different concentrations of nitrate. The results showed that the reactors were efficient on colour removal, in which the compound ethanol was a good electron donor to sustain colour removal under anaerobic conditions. The redox mediator AQDS increased the decolourisation rates, but its effect was not so evident compared to the previous investigations. Contrary to the raised hypothesis that the nitrate addition could decrease decolourisation rates and catalytic properties of the redox mediators, no effect of nitrate was observed in the bioreactors, suggesting that the presence of nitrate in textile wastewaters will not decrease the capacity of anaerobic reactors supplemented or not with redox mediators to decolourize azo dyes. Finally, batch experiments evaluated the effect of an electron donor concentration gradient on colour removal, which indicated that the decolourisation rates were proportional to the concentration of ethanol tested and the redox mediator AQDS had a more evident effect on the colour removal kinetics.

Les effluents industriels sont constitués de molécules de natures très diverses, plus ou moins réfractaires aux classiques traitements biologiques. Les normes de rejets évoluant régulièrement vers des contraintes de plus en plus sévères, il semble aujourd'hui nécessaire de proposer des solutions complémentaires pour atteindre de hauts rendements d'épuration. Le premier procédé mis en oeuvre dans ce travail est l'adsorption sur charbon actif. Le caractère novateur de cette technique se situe dans l'utilisation de charbons actifs fabriqués à partir de boues de stations d'épuration d'eaux usées. La seconde méthode est un procédé hybride innovant combinant adsorption et photocatalyse avec TiO2. Les eaux industrielles ciblées sont les effluents colorés, représentés par la tartrazine, et les effluents phénolés représentés par le phénol, l'acide p-hydroxybenzoïque, le p-chlorophénol er le p-nitrophénol. Pour traiter par adsorption les eaux chargées en phénols, plusieurs charbons actifs commerciaux et six charbons de boues ont été utilisés. Il ressort de cette première étude que, malgré leurs faibles surfaces spécifiques, certains charbons de boues présentent des performances très satisfaisantes. Le procédé séquentiel combinant adsorption et photocatalyse a été réalisé avec plusieurs matériaux: un tissu Ahlstrom contenant du charbon et du TiO2, un charbon actif avec dépôt de TiO2 par MOCVD puis un mélange de charbon actif et TiO2 en poudre. Des résultats prometteurs ont été obtenus pour dégrader la tartrazine, en particulier avec le TiO2 déposé sur charbon actif montrant que la proximité de sites d'adsorption et photocatalytique améliore les performances de l'oxydation / In order to explore a new sequential process for water treatment its two steps, adsorption on activated carbon and in situ photocatalytic oxidative regeneration, were investigated successively. Several commercial activated carbons (AC) and sewage sludge based activated carbons (SBAC) were tested with several phenols and one dye as pollutants. Despite low BET surface SBAC exhibits convenient adsorption properties. Photocatalysis on TiO2 was carried out with several materials to achieve activated carbon adsorption- egeneration process: a multilayer tissue with fixed granular AC and TiO2 on a sheet, a composite with TiO2, CVD deposited on AC, and AC-TiO2 powder mixture for comparison. Promising results were obtained especially with TiO2 deposited on AC proving the vicinity of adsorption and photocatalytic sites to be beneficial

Avaliou-se o emprego de sistema biológico de tratamento em reator anaeróbio de leito estruturado em fluxo ascendente (RAnLE) para remoção do corante Direct Black 22 (DB22) e íons sulfato (65 e 200 mg.L-1, respectivamente), principais constituintes de efluente têxtil de indústrias de jeans da região de Caruaru, PE. Etanol foi utilizado como doador de elétrons na concentração de 1000 mg.DQO.L-1. As médias de remoção de DQO, sulfato e corante foram respectivamente 80,28 ± 6,62%, 78,66 ± 4,04% e 68 ± 5%. Cerca de 3% do sulfeto produzido foi identificado em solução, 10% esteve presente na forma gasosa e aproximadamente 87% precipitou em forma de cristais metálicos inorgânicos ou em enxofre elementar por exposição ao ar atmosférico ou por ação redutora do corante DB22, contribuindo para remoção de cor na transformação do corante em aminas aromáticas. Os ácidos graxos presentes no efluente tratado totalizaram 121 ± 34 mg.L-1, com predominância de ácido acético (95 ± 17 mg.L-1), sem prejuízo da capacidade tamponante do sistema, que apresentou aumento na alcalinidade pela ocorrência da sulfetogênese e pela característica básica das aminas aromáticas, produzidas por meio da quebra da ligação azo do corante, revelando absorção em diferentes comprimentos de onda na região do ultravioleta, denotando a produção de diferentes estruturas aromáticas. O efluente têxtil simulado foi mais tóxico do que seu correspondente tratado para ambas as situações (crônico e agudo) nos testes de toxicidade com Ceriodaphnia dúbia (crônica) e Daphnia magna (aguda), atestando o potencial dos reatores anaeróbios na destoxificação do corante azo Direct Black 22 para as espécies abordadas. Os testes de citotoxicidade in vitro empregando células McCoy (linhagem contínua de fibroblastos) em exposição ao efluente têxtil sintético tratado no RAnLE apresentaram um comportamento dose-dependente. O efluente diluído 3 vezes inibiu 50% das células. Por outro lado, não foi possível verificar um comportamento dose-dependente considerando as diferentes concentrações de DB22. Entretanto, houve diferença estatística significativa na viabilidade celular para as concentrações de DB22 de 0,016, 0,065, 0,2 e 0,26 mg.mL-1. Os resultados demonstram a necessidade do uso de diferentes testes de toxicidade a vários organismos, de forma a complementar os resultados obtidos pelos testes convencionais. Eletromicrografias da biomassa revelaram a presença de arqueias metanogênicas, demonstrando a capacidade de coexistência de comunidades sulfetogênicas e metanogênicas, dado o valor observado de DQO/sulfato de 5. O sequenciamento metagenômico em apontou grande abundância relativa de bactérias redutoras de sulfato (BRS), superior a 50%. Os bioensaios em batelada com o lodo de fundo e o lodo em suspensão do RAnLE apontaram que a biomassa aderida foi mais apta a suportar a carga tóxica proveniente do corante e das aminas aromáticas. A estrutura do RAnLE permitiu o estabelecimento de biomassa aderida e biomassa suspensa, concorrendo ambas para melhor desempenho do sistema. / The present work assessed the employment of an anaerobic up-flow fixed-structured bed (AUFFSB) reactor, which aimed to remove the main constituents of a simulated textile effluent with azo dye Direct Black 22 (DB22) and sulphate ions (65 and 200 mg.L-1, respectively), main constituents in residual waters generated by denim industry in Caruaru, PE. Ethanol was employed as electron donor (1000 mg.COD.L-1). Medium removals for COD, sulphate and dye concentration were respectively 80.28 ± 6.62%, 78.66 ± 4.04% and 68 ± 5%. Circa 3% of produced sulphide was identified in the effluent, 10% in gaseous state and approximately 87% precipitated either as metallic inorganic crystals, as elemental sulphur due to exposition to atmosphere, or due to the azo bound reduction of DB22, which contributed to colour removal in the generation of aromatic amines from the azo dye. The volatile fatty acids totalized 121 ± 34 mg.L-1 while acetic acid was the predominant one (95 ± 17 mg.L-1). Nevertheless, such concentrations did not impair the buffering capacity of the system, which had increased alkalinity due to the occurrence of sulphidogenesis and of the alkaline characteristic of the aromatic amines, which were produced from azo bound cleavage, revealing absorption in different wavelengths in the UV zone, inferring that different aromatic structures were formed. As for the toxicity, the simulated textile effluent was more toxic before treatment than after treatment for both bioessays employing Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia magna, (chronic and acute toxicity), attesting the potential of anaerobic reactors to detoxify azo dye DB22. The in vitro cytotoxicity tests using McCoy cells (fibroblasts of a continuous lineage) exposed to simulated textile effluent treated on the anaerobic bioreactor presented a dose-dependent behaviour. The effluent diluted 3 times showed inhibition to 50% of the cells. On the other hand, it was not possible to verify a dose-dependent behaviour considering the different concentrations of DB22. However, there was significant statistical difference on cell viability for DB22 concentrations of 0.016, 0.065, 0.2 and 0.26 mg.mL-1. The results pointed to the need of diverse toxicity tests to various organisms in order to complement the results obtained by conventional used ones. Micrographs revealed the presence of methanogenic archeas, denoting the possibility of coexistence between sulphidogenic and methanogenic communities, considering the observed COD/sulphate ration of 5. Metadata obtained from metagenomic sequencing revealed high relative abundance of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB), which was superior to 50%. Batch bioessays showed that biomass in supporting material is more capable of enduring the toxic load from DB22 and aromatic amines. The AUFFSB structure enabled that suspended biomass developed along with fixed biomass, thus both collaborated for a better system performance.