L'infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) est associée à la survenue de lymphomes B chez des patients infectés et l’incidence de certains lymphomes reste élevée même chez les individus infectés dont la fonction immunitaire est reconstituée sous traitement antirétroviral combiné. La contribution du VIH-1 à l'oncogenèse des cellules B reste donc énigmatique. Le VIH-1 induit un stress oxydant et des dommages à l'ADN (DA) dans les cellules infectées via de multiples mécanismes. Cependant il n'infecte pas les lymphocytes B. En revanche, la protéine virale Tat qui circule dans le sang des individus infectés est capable de pénétrer spontanément dans des cellules non infectables par VIH. Nous avons détecté des niveaux élevés d’espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ROS), principalement mitochondriales, et des DA dans les cellules B d'individus infectés par le VIH. Nous avons ainsi émis l'hypothèse que Tat pourrait induire des DA oxydants dans les cellules B et favoriser ainsi l'instabilité génétique et la transformation maligne de ces cellules.Dans des cellules B isolées à partir du sang périphérique de donneurs sains et incubées en présence de protéine Tat recombinante, un stress oxydant a été induit, la capacité antioxydante a diminué avec la diminution de taux du glutathion, le facteur de transcription NF-κB a été activé, et sont apparus des DA accompagnés d'aberrations chromosomiques. En outre, tous les effets induits par Tat dépendaient de son activité transcriptionnelle. Dans le but de mieux comprendre le(s) mécanisme(s) d’action de Tat chez les patients séropositifs, des extraits bruts de plantes endémiques du Liban ont été utilisés pour leur potentiel antioxydant. L’effet pro-oxydant de Tat a été contrecarré, le stress oxydant inhibé ainsi que les DA induits par la protéine virale. En conclusion, nous proposons que les dommages oxydants causés à l’ADN et les aberrations chromosomiques induites par Tat correspondent à de nouveaux facteurs oncogéniques favorisant le développement de lymphomes B chez les individus infectés par le VIH-1. / An infection with the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with Bcell lymphomas in infected patients. The incidence of some lymphomas remains elevated in HIVinfected individuals whose immune function has been reconstituted under combined antiretroviral therapy. Its contribution to B-cell oncogenesis cells remains enigmatic. HIV-1 is known to induce an oxidative stress and DNA damage (DD) in infected cells via multiple mechanisms. However, it does not infect B lymphocytes. This contrasts with the viral transactivator protein Tat which circulates in the blood of infected individuals and spontaneously penetrates even non infectable cells. We have detected high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mainly from mitochondria, and DDs in Bcells of HIV-infected individuals. We have thus hypothesized that Tat could induce oxidative DD in B-cells thereby promoting genetic instability and malignant transformation in these cells.In B-cells isolated from peripheral blood of healthy donors and incubated in the presence of purified recombinant protein Tat, an oxidative stress has been induced, the antioxidant capacity was decreased due to diminished glutathione levels, the transcription factor NF-κB was activated, and DD and chromosomal aberrations induced. All the effects induced by Tat were shown to depend on its transcriptional activity. To better understand the mechanism(s) of action of this viral protein, crude extracts from endemic plants of Lebanon were tested for their antioxidant potential. The prooxidative effect of Tat was inhibited, as well as the DD and chromosoml aberrations induced by the viral protein. In conclusion, we propose that the oxidative DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations induced by the Tat protein correspond to novel oncogenic factors that favor the development of B-cell lymphomas in HIV-1 infected individuals.

Long-term renal graft acceptance still requires long-term immunosuppressive therapy, which is accompanied by many adverse effects. Contrarily insufficient immunosuppression could lead to graft rejection and its failure. Therefore, research continues for biomarkers that reflect a patient's immunological status and thus allowing for individualized immunosuppressive therapy. In our study we showed lower incidence of acute rejection in kidney transplant recipients treated with rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (rATG) or basiliximab induction within the first three months after transplantation. The rATG induction caused profound decrease of recipient's peripheral blood T and NK cells, as well as transcripts that are exclusively expressed by these cell types together with expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) among CD4+ T cells. In rATG group the increase of two transcripts associated with rejection (MAN1A1 and TLR5) was also observed in early post-transplant period. After the basiliximab induction we transiently detected CD4+CD25low/-FoxP3+ cell population along with disappearance of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Tregs. Basiliximab induction resulted in a transient increase in CD4+FoxP3+ Tregs, accompanied by the highest peripheral expression levels of markers associated with operational tolerance (FOXP3 and TCAIM)....

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which enter the host cells through interactions between the receptor-binding domain (RBD) on the S-protein and the ACE-2 receptor on the host cell. A novel type of vaccine strategy is peptide vaccines, with great potential as a faster and more selective approach to conventional vaccine development. This study focuses on the possibility of generating an antibody response through synthetic peptides harboring B cell epitopes.  Aim: This project aims to investigate the potential of immunogenic peptides to generate an antibody response when used as synthetically produced peptides. As proof-of-concept, the project studies the interactions between previously identified monoclonal antibodies with defined B cell epitopes and the corresponding peptide sequences.  Method: The interactions are evaluated by different ELISA experiments. The candidate peptides are additionally investigated on their binding to polyclonal serum with established S reactive antibodies. Furthermore, the project includes synthesis of one peptide by solid phase peptide synthesis. Results: The ELISA experiments presented no interaction between the synthetic peptides and the monoclonal antibodies or human sera.  Conclusion: The project fulfilled its aim to study the interaction between the B cell epitopes and the monoclonal antibodies. However, no binding was observed. Despite the many advantages in production and stability, development of B cell epitope vaccines come with many challenges. Future will entail if synthetic peptides harboring B cell epitopes can be used as vaccines, or if peptide vaccines will be a focus when a T cell response is to be induced.

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c-MYC est un proto-oncogène surexprimé dans les lymphomes de Burkitt et une cible importante pour le traitement de ces maladies. La protéine à domaine BTB/POZ MIZ-1 est un partenaire direct de la protéine c-MYC. En effet, c-MYC via son structure hélice-boucle-hélice se lie précisément à la séquence entre le 12e et 13e doigt de zinc de MIZ-1. Notre groupe a démontré que l’expression de la protéine MIZ-1 tronquée de son domaine POZ (MIZ-1ΔPOZ) peut ralentir la lymphomagenèse. Pourtant, l’interaction directe entre c-MYC et MIZ-1 n’est pas affectée par la délétion du domaine POZ de MIZ-1. Ceci suggère que MIZ-1 est important pour l’activité oncogénique de c-MYC. Il a été observé que l’expression de MIZ-1ΔPOZ diminue le nombre de cellules B pré-tumorales dans les modèles murins de lymphomes Eμ-Myc et Igλ-Myc. De plus, les niveaux protéiques très élevés de c-MYC dans les cellules B Eμ-Myc sont diminués lorsque MIZ-1ΔPOZ est exprimé. Toutefois, l’activité du protéasome ne semble pas être responsable de la diminution de c-MYC. Une analyse des interactions protéiques de MIZ-1 par BioID effectuée par notre groupe a montré que MIZ-1 et MIZ-1ΔPOZ interagissent avec PP1ɣ, TOX4 et PNUTS, trois protéines du complexe PTW/PP1 qui est un complexe transcriptionnel dont c-MYC fait partie. Des résultats de co-IP confirment cette interaction ce qui suggère que MIZ-1 pourrait influencer l’activité de ce complexe. De plus, une lignée cellulaire dans laquelle MIZ-1ΔPOZ est exprimé a été établie ce qui permettra d’approfondir l’étude des interactions protéiques de MIZ-1 avec le complexe PTW/PP1 et d’étudier l’effet de MIZ-1ΔPOZ sur l’activité transcriptionelle de ce complexe. Une meilleure compréhension du mécanisme d’action de MIZ-1 sur c-MYC permettra de mieux comprendre son rôle dans un contexte pathologique, ce qui pourrait permettre le design de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques. / c-MYC is a proto-oncogene overexpressed in Burkitt's lymphoma and an important target for the treatment of these diseases. The BTB/POZ domain protein MIZ-1 is direct a partner of c- MYC. Indeed, c-MYC via its helix-loop-helix structure binds precisely to the sequence between the 12th and 13th zinc finger of MIZ-1. We demonstrated that expression of MIZ-1 that lacks its POZ domain (MIZ-1ΔPOZ) can impair lymphomagenesis. However, the direct interaction between c-MYC and MIZ-1 is not affected by the deletion of the MIZ-1 POZ domain. This suggests that MIZ-1 is important for the oncogenic activity of c-MYC. We observed that expression of MIZ-1ΔPOZ decreases the number of pre-tumor B cells in lymphomas mouse models such as Eμ-Myc and Igλ-Myc. The high c-MYC protein levels observed in Eμ-Myc B cells are decreased when MIZ-1ΔPOZ is expressed. However, proteasome activity does not seem to be responsible for the decrease of c-MYC. After the analysis of MIZ-1 protein interactions by BioID, our group found that MIZ-1 and MIZ-1ΔPOZ interact with PP1ɣ, TOX4 and PNUTS, three proteins of the PTW/PP1 complex which also interact with c-MYC. Co-IP results confirmed these interactions suggesting that MIZ-1 could influence the activity of this complex. In addition, a MIZ- 1ΔPOZ cell line was established which will allow further studies of MIZ-1ΔPOZ protein interactions with the PTW/PP1 complex as well as its effect on the transcriptional activity of this complex. A better characterization of the mechanism of action of MIZ-1 on c-MYC will lead to a better understanding of its role in a pathological context, which could be the basis of new therapeutic approaches.

Rituximab (R) is increasingly incorporated in reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) in patients with B-cell malignancies, not only to improve disease control, but also to prevent graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). There are no randomized prospective data to validate this practice, although single center data and the CIBMTR analysis have shown promising results. We aimed at validation of these findings in a large registry study. We conducted a retrospective analysis using the EBMT registry of 3,803 adult patients with B-cell malignancies undergoing alloHCT (2001–2013) with either rituximab (R-RIC-9%) or nonrituximab (RIC-91%) reduced intensity regimens respectively. Median age and median follow up were 55 years (range 19.1–77.3) and 43.2 months (range 0.3–179.8), respectively. There was no difference in transplant outcomes (R-RIC vs RIC), including 1-year overall survival (69.9% vs 70.7%), 1-year disease-free survival (64.4% vs 62.2%), 1-year non-relapse mortality (21% vs 22%), and day-100 incidence of acute GVHD 2-4° (12% vs 12%). In summary, we found that addition of rituximab in RIC regimens for B-cell malignancies had no significant impact on major transplant outcome variables. Of note, data on chronic GVHD was not available, limiting the conclusions that can be drawn from the present study.

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