Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a cancer of B cells and is the most common leukemia in North America. Current therapies are fraught with challenges, and drug resistance and disease relapse remain common occurrences. Therefore, novel therapies and novel therapeutic strategies are needed to improve CLL therapy. Better yet, therapies targeted at specific weaknesses of CLL cells will ensure maximum efficacy and minimum adverse toxicity. To this end, this thesis focuses on targeting the susceptible BCR pathway and lysosome-mediated cell death pathway using gefitinib and lysosomotropic agents, respectively. Firstly, the novel use of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib was explored. This drug was most effective in aggressive ZAP-70+ CLL cells and cell lines. A similar inhibitor, erlotinib, had no effect in CLL. Gefitinib inhibited phosphorylation of Syk and ZAP-70, prevented downstream kinase activation, and supressed the pro-survival BCR response. ZAP-70 is implicated in the mechanism of action of gefitinib as introduction of ZAP-70 into a B cell line increased their sensitivity to gefitinib. Secondly, the novel strategy of targeting lysosomes was explored. The lysosomotropic drugs siramesine, nortriptyline, desipramine, mefloquine, and tafenoquine were all found to induce cytotoxicity and lysosome permeabilization. Lysosome permeabilization was accompanied with lipid peroxidation and followed by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Compared with healthy B cells, CLL cells were more sensitive to this cell death pathway. This was potentially due to the overexpression of SPP1 and overproduction of sphingosine, which destabilized lysosomes. Lastly, this thesis explored the clinical utility of these targeted therapies. Both gefitinib and siramesine were more effective in CLL cells than patient T cells. Furthermore, they retained efficacy amid protective stromal cells. Clinical correlations revealed that gefitinib and siramesine were effective in CLL cells with poor prognostic features. Siramesine was more effective in male cells and in previously-treated cells. Gefitinib was most effective in young patients. Overall, work presented herein demonstrates the efficacy of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib and lysosomotropic agents in primary CLL cells. This work investigates the altered biology of the BCR pathway and lysosomes in CLL cells, and takes advantage of these weaknesses using targeted therapies. / October 2016

Specific and sensitive recognition of foreign agents is a critical attribute of the overall effective immune system required for maintaining host protection against challenge from pathogenic cells. In the humoral arm of the immune system, this recognition attribute is carried out by the cell surface bound immunoglobulin-like receptors (BCR) and its soluble forms i.e. antibodies. Over several million years of evolution, the immune system has adopted several strategies for diversifying the antibody sequence and thus its ability to recognize an astronomical variety of molecules through the combinatorial assembly of a small number of DNA segments or genes. Among these immunoglobulin gene diversification strategies, antibody somatic VDJ recombination and junctional diversity are the fundamental mechanisms in generating a broad range of antibody specificities. Understanding how the genetic diversity of antibodies is affected in health and disease is critical for a wide range of medical applications, from vaccine evaluation to diagnostics and therapeutics discovery. Because of the very large number of distinct antibodies encoded by the more than 100 billion B cells in humans, it is essential to use high throughput next generation sequencing technologies in order to obtain an adequate sampling of the sequences and relative abundance of different antibodies expressed by B cells in clinical samples. The process requires rigorous methods for first, experimentally determining the sequences of antibodies in a sample and for second, informatics tools designed for distilling this information for practical purposes. This dissertation describes a variety of experimental approaches and informatics tools developed for the determination and mining of the antibody repertoire. The information from this work has led to major conclusions regarding the nature of the antibody repertoire in healthy individuals, in volunteers following vaccination, and in HIV-1 patients. / text

The PIM family kinases promote growth and survival of tumor cells and are expressed in a wide variety of human cancers. Their potential as therapeutic targets, however, is complicated by overlapping activities with multiple other pathways and remains poorly defined in most clinical scenarios. Here we explore activity of the new pan-PIM inhibitor PIM447 in a variety of lymphoid-derived tumors. We find strong activity in cell lines derived from the activated B-cell subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (ABC-DLBCL). Sensitive lines show lost activation of the mTORC1 signaling complex and subsequent lost activation of cap-dependent protein translation. In addition, we characterize recurrent PIM1 protein-coding mutations found in DLBCL clinical samples and find most preserve the wild-type protein's ability to protect cells from apoptosis but do not bypass activity of PIM447. Pan-PIM inhibition therefore may have an important role to play in the therapy of selected ABC-DLBCL cases.

No description available.

No description available.

The most common human leukemia is B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), which is characterized by a progressive accumulation of abnormal B-lymphocytes in blood, bone marrow and secondary lymphoid organs. Typically disease progression is slow, but as the number of leukemic cells increases, they interfere with the production of other important blood cells, causing the patients to be in an immunosuppressive state. To study the basis of this immunoregulation, we used cells from the transgenic Eμ-TCL1 mouse, which spontaneously develop B-CLL due to a B-cell specific expression of the oncogene, TCL1. Previously we showed that Eμ-TCL1 CLL cells constitutively produce an anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10. Here we studied the role of IL-10 in CLL cell survival in vitro and the development of CLL in vivo. We found that neutralization of IL-10 using anti-IL-10 antibodies or blocking the IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) using anti-IL-10R antibodies did not affect the survival of CLL cells in vitro. On the other hand, adoptively transferred Eμ-TCL1 cells grew at a slower rate in IL-10R KO mice vs. wild type (WT) mice. There was a significant reduction in CLL cell engraftment in the spleen, bone marrow, peritoneal cavity and liver of the IL-10R KO compared to WT mice. Further studies revealed that IL-10 could be playing a role in the tumor microenvironment possibly by affecting anti-tumor immunity. This was seen by a reduction in the activation of CD8+ T cells as well as a significantly lower production of IFN-γ by CD4+ T cells purified from CLL-injected WT mice compared to those purified from CLL-injected IL-10R KO mice. Also CLL-primed IL-10R null T cells were more effective than those from similarly CLL-primed wild type mice in controlling CLL growth in immunodeficient recipient mice. These studies demonstrate that CLL cells suppress host anti-tumor immunity via IL-10 production. This led us to investigate possible mechanisms by which IL-10 is produced. We found a novel role of B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway in constitutive IL-10 secretion. Inhibition of Src or Syk family kinases reduces the constitutive IL-10 production by Eμ-TCL1 cells in a dose dependent manner. We identified the transcription factor Sp1 as a novel regulator of IL-10 production by CLL cells and that it is regulated by BCR signaling via the Syk/MAPK pathway.

La LLC est caractérisée par une forte hétérogénéité de présentation clinico-biologique avec description de formes indolentes (IGVH mutes, ZAP-70-) et de formes agressives (IGVH non mutes, ZAP-70+). Le BCR et les voies de signalisation en aval ont fait l’objet d'une étude transcriptionnelle de la réponse à une forte stimulation du BCR, que nous avons poursuivi par une approche protéomique. La MW est un syndrome lymphoprolifératif chronique dont la physiopathologie reste actuellement mal comprise même si une mutation récurrente a été récemment décrite. Nous avons pu montrer que l’analyse globale de 48 profils protéomiques permettait de distinguer les cellules de LLC M et UM avant toute stimulation. Parmi les protéines différentiellement exprimées, on peut citer notamment la protéine HCLS1, dont le rôle a déjà été explore dans la LLC. De plus, la stimulation du BCR induit une réponse protéomique spécifique dans les cellules de LLC agressives, correspondant a des variations d’expression de protéines impliquées dans la signalisation cellulaire, la régulation de la réponse immunologique, le métabolisme protéique, la croissance cellulaire et l’apoptose. La diminution d’expression de 2 protéines, RAD23B et PDCD4, après stimulation du BCR de cellules de LLC agressives a été confirmée par Western-Blot chez 19 patients. Cette technologie DIGE permettant également l’étude de différents isoformes protéiques (et notamment d’isoformes de phosphorylation), nous avons observe des modifications d’état de phosphorylation de plusieurs protéines impliquées dans le cytosquelette après stimulation du BCR (lamines, vimentine….). Une étude protéomique par électrophorèse bidimensionnelle E2D DIGE sur des cellules primaires de sang et de moelle issues de patients porteurs de MW non préalablement traités, en comparaison a d’autres syndromes lymphoprolifératifs tels les lymphomes de la zone marginale (LZM) ou la LLC, a permis de mettre en évidence un profil protéomique spécifique des cellules de MW. Parmi les spots polypeptidiques différentiellement exprimés, est à souligner la sous-expression de la protéine Ku70 chez les patients porteurs de MW par rapport aux autres lymphoproliférations. La confirmation de cette sous-expression de Ku70 a été validée au niveau transcriptionnel par PCR classique et au niveau protéique par Western-Blot dans une plus grande cohorte de patients. La mise en évidence de ces protéines d'intérêt dans l'agressivité et la physiopathologie de ces néoplasies lymphoïdes ouvrent la voie à de nouvelles études portant sur la régulation de ces molécules / CLL is characterized by a strong heterogeneity of clinical and biological presentation with indolent forms (mutated IgVH, ZAP-70-) and aggressive forms (unmutated IgVH, ZAP-70 +). BCR and the downstream signaling pathways have been the subject of a study of the transcriptional response to a strong stimulation of the BCR. We continued with a proteomic approach. WM is a chronic lymphoproliferative disorder whose pathophysiology remains poorly understood, although a recurrent mutation has recently been described. We have shown that the overall 48 proteomic profiles analysis allowed to distinguish between CLL cells M and UM before stimulation. Among the differentially expressed proteins include HCLS1 including protein, whose role has already been explored in CLL. Furthermore, stimulation of the BCR induces a specific response in proteomics aggressive LLC cells, corresponding to protein expression changes involved in cellular signaling, regulation of the immune response, protein metabolism, cell growth and apoptosis. The decrease in expression of two proteins, and RAD23B PDCD4 after stimulation aggressive cells was confirmed by Western blotting in 19 patients. This DIGE technology also allows the study of different protein isoforms (especially phosphorylation isoforms), we observed phosphorylation state changes more involved in the cytoskeleton after stimulation of RCC (rolled, vimentin ....). A proteomic study by two-dimensional electrophoresis E2D DIGE on primary cells of blood and marrow from carriers MW previously untreated patients, in comparison to other lymphoproliferative disorders such as marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) or CLL, helped to highlight a specific proteomic profile of cell MW. Among the spots differentially expressed polypeptide is to highlight the under-expression of Ku70 protein in patients MW compared with other lymphoproliferative disorders. The confirmation of this under-expression of Ku70 was confirmed at the transcriptional level by conventional PCR and at the protein level by Western blotting in a larger cohort of patients. We were able to highlight specific proteomic profiles aggressive forms and identification of differently expressed proteins allowed to identify new proteins involved in aggressiveness and pathophysiology of diseases, opening the way for new studies will focus on the regulation of these molecules of interest

Die systemische Autoimmunerkrankung Systemischer Lupus Erythematodes (SLE) ist durch die Produktion von autoreaktiven Antikörpern charakterisiert. In wie weit veränderte B-Zellrezeptor (BZR) Signalwege oder Co-Rezeptoren in diesem Prozess involviert sind, ist noch nicht ausreichend im humanen SLE untersucht worden. Aus diesem Grund wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit eine detaillierte Analyse des inhibitorischen Co-Rezeptors CD22, der Kinase Syk und Akt in B-Zellen des peripheren Blutes von SLE Patienten durchgeführt. SLE Patienten zeigten eine Dysbalance in BZR abhängigen Signalwegen, welche eine B-Zellsubpopulationen unabhängige Reduktion der p-Syk/p-Akt Ratio versursacht. Diese Verschiebung könnte zu einer defekten negativen Selektion und somit zur Bildung von autoreaktiven Zellen führen, die wiederum durch Überlebensvorteile persistieren könnten. Zusätzlich wurde im peripheren Blut von SLE Patienten eine bislang nicht bekannte CD27 Syk++ B-Zellpopulation nachgewiesen. Diese wies, trotz des fehlenden Gedächtnismarkers CD27, Gedächtnismerkmale auf und könnte für die bekannte erhöhte Plasmazell-induktion in SLE Patienten verantwortlich sein. Somit konnte Syk als intrazellulärer Marker einer Gedächtnispopulation identifiziert werden. Des Weiterem stellt die Wiederherstellung der Balance von Syk- und Akt Phosphorylierung nach BZR Aktivierung einen erfolgsversprechenden Therapieansatz bei SLE Patienten dar, um die Entstehung und das Überleben von autoreaktiven B- und Plasmazellen besser kontrollieren zu können. / Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a severe systemic autoimmune disease in which loss of tolerance to nucleic acids results into the production of autoreactive antibodies (Ab) Therefore, B cells might play a key role in the pathogenesis of this disease. However, abnormalities of BCR associated co receptors and downstream kinases with potential implications in selection processes are rare for human SLE. Thus, a comprehensive analysis of the inhibitory BCR co-receptor CD22, the spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and the pro-survival serine kinase Akt has been undertaken to gain new insights into potential BCR signaling disturbances in this autoimmune disease. This data indicate that B cells from SLE patients display an intrinsically disturbed balance of BCR related signaling pathways, resulting in a B cell subset independent reduced p-Syk/p-Akt ratio. This may lead to a diminished BCR dependent negative selection and enhanced survival of SLE B cells, permitting the emergence of autoreactive B and plasma cells. Furthermore, SLE patients exhibit an increased frequency of a novel CD27-Syk++ B cell subset with memory features, enhanced tonic BCR signaling and the capacity to differentiate in auto-Ab secreting cells. The current study provides evidence that the use of intracellular markers, such as Syk, could permit a more precise delineation of CD27- memory B cell subsets in autoimmune diseases since the conventional used memory marker CD27 has some limitations. In addition, the balance between the BCR associated kinases Syk and Akt might be a promising therapeutic target to reduce the occurrence of autoreactive B and plasma cells.

3BP2 is a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain- and Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing adapter protein that has been linked through genetic evidence to a rare human disease called cherubism 146. 3BP2 was originally cloned in a screen to identify c-Abl SH3 binding proteins 23,24. In overexpression studies, 3BP2 has been implicated as a positive regulatory adapter molecule coupled to immunoreceptor on T cells 67,69,70, B cells 68, NK cells 71-73 and mast cells 74,75. It was also evident that 3BP2 forms complexes with a number of signaling molecules, such as Zap-70, LAT, phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1), Grb2, Cbl, and Fyn in Jurkat cells 67 and Vav1, Vav2, PLC-γ, and Syk in Daudi B cells 68. Despite the growing body of biochemical data to support the importance of 3BP2 in cells of the hematopoietic lineage, a clear picture of the biological function of 3BP2 has yet to emerge. To elucidate the in vivo function of 3BP2, our laboratory has generated 3BP2 gene-deficient mice through homologous recombination 452. The 3BP2-deficient (3BP2-/-) mice were born at the expected Mendelian frequency and were fertile and viable. 3BP2-/- mice accumulate splenic marginal-zone (MZ) B cells, possess a reduced frequency of peritoneal B-1 B cells, and have a diminished thymus-independent type 2 (TI-2) antigen response. 3BP2-/- B cells demonstrate diminished proliferation and cell survival following cross-linking of the B-cell receptor (BCR). Following BCR ligation, 3BP2 might be recruited to BCR complex through its inducible interaction with BCR costimulatory molecule CD19. In the absence of 3BP2, the activation of BCR downstream effectors such as MAPK Erk1/2, JNK, and c-Abl is normal; however, 3BP2 deficiency leads to defects in Syk phosphorylation and calcium flux. In addition to defects in peripheral B cell activities, 3BP2 deficiency contributes to defects in neutrophil activities. In response to the chemotactic peptide, fMLF, 3BP2-/- neutrophils fail to establish directional migration in vitro. There is a defect in the accumulation of filamentous actin at the leading edge of migrating 3BP2-/- neutrophils which might be responsible for the random movement of these cells under shallow gradient of fMLF. In vivo, there is a delay in the recruitment of circulating neutrophils to the site of chemically induced inflammation in 3BP2-/- mice. Compared to wildtype neutrophils, 3BP2-/- neutrophils fail to properly produce superoxide anion (O2-) following fMLF stimulation. Defects in both directional migration and superoxide production of 3BP2-/- neutrophils might contribute to the reduction in bacteria clearance and the increased mortality in 3BP2-/- mice post Listeria Monocytogenes infection. In Chapter 1 of this thesis, I have reviewed basic structures and functions of the domain modules found in adapter proteins. In addition, I have reviewed the findings from numerous reports on the function of 3BP2 in different cell types. A discussion of the physical appearance and some of the initial characterization of 3BP2-deficient mice (3BP2-/-) we have generated in our laboratory are included in Chapter 1. The second part of Chapter 1 consists of an introduction on B cell receptor signaling pathway and B-cell development and activation. A discussion of G protein-coupled receptor-mediated neutrophil functions can also be found in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 contains all the methods and materials used in my study. Chapter 3 includes the characterization of peripheral B cell compartment of 3BP2-/- mice as well as the role of 3BP2 downstream of B-cell antigen receptor and in T-independent immune response. In chapter 4, I present data from experiments designed to examine the role of 3BP2 downstream of a G protein-coupled receptor, fMLF receptor, of neutrophils. I also show the requirement of 3BP2 in the clearance of Listeria Monocytogenes. In chapter 5, I propose two models for 3BP2 action based on the findings in B cells and neutrophils and discuss future areas for investigation.

3BP2 is a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain- and Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing adapter protein that has been linked through genetic evidence to a rare human disease called cherubism 146. 3BP2 was originally cloned in a screen to identify c-Abl SH3 binding proteins 23,24. In overexpression studies, 3BP2 has been implicated as a positive regulatory adapter molecule coupled to immunoreceptor on T cells 67,69,70, B cells 68, NK cells 71-73 and mast cells 74,75. It was also evident that 3BP2 forms complexes with a number of signaling molecules, such as Zap-70, LAT, phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1), Grb2, Cbl, and Fyn in Jurkat cells 67 and Vav1, Vav2, PLC-γ, and Syk in Daudi B cells 68. Despite the growing body of biochemical data to support the importance of 3BP2 in cells of the hematopoietic lineage, a clear picture of the biological function of 3BP2 has yet to emerge. To elucidate the in vivo function of 3BP2, our laboratory has generated 3BP2 gene-deficient mice through homologous recombination 452. The 3BP2-deficient (3BP2-/-) mice were born at the expected Mendelian frequency and were fertile and viable. 3BP2-/- mice accumulate splenic marginal-zone (MZ) B cells, possess a reduced frequency of peritoneal B-1 B cells, and have a diminished thymus-independent type 2 (TI-2) antigen response. 3BP2-/- B cells demonstrate diminished proliferation and cell survival following cross-linking of the B-cell receptor (BCR). Following BCR ligation, 3BP2 might be recruited to BCR complex through its inducible interaction with BCR costimulatory molecule CD19. In the absence of 3BP2, the activation of BCR downstream effectors such as MAPK Erk1/2, JNK, and c-Abl is normal; however, 3BP2 deficiency leads to defects in Syk phosphorylation and calcium flux. In addition to defects in peripheral B cell activities, 3BP2 deficiency contributes to defects in neutrophil activities. In response to the chemotactic peptide, fMLF, 3BP2-/- neutrophils fail to establish directional migration in vitro. There is a defect in the accumulation of filamentous actin at the leading edge of migrating 3BP2-/- neutrophils which might be responsible for the random movement of these cells under shallow gradient of fMLF. In vivo, there is a delay in the recruitment of circulating neutrophils to the site of chemically induced inflammation in 3BP2-/- mice. Compared to wildtype neutrophils, 3BP2-/- neutrophils fail to properly produce superoxide anion (O2-) following fMLF stimulation. Defects in both directional migration and superoxide production of 3BP2-/- neutrophils might contribute to the reduction in bacteria clearance and the increased mortality in 3BP2-/- mice post Listeria Monocytogenes infection. In Chapter 1 of this thesis, I have reviewed basic structures and functions of the domain modules found in adapter proteins. In addition, I have reviewed the findings from numerous reports on the function of 3BP2 in different cell types. A discussion of the physical appearance and some of the initial characterization of 3BP2-deficient mice (3BP2-/-) we have generated in our laboratory are included in Chapter 1. The second part of Chapter 1 consists of an introduction on B cell receptor signaling pathway and B-cell development and activation. A discussion of G protein-coupled receptor-mediated neutrophil functions can also be found in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 contains all the methods and materials used in my study. Chapter 3 includes the characterization of peripheral B cell compartment of 3BP2-/- mice as well as the role of 3BP2 downstream of B-cell antigen receptor and in T-independent immune response. In chapter 4, I present data from experiments designed to examine the role of 3BP2 downstream of a G protein-coupled receptor, fMLF receptor, of neutrophils. I also show the requirement of 3BP2 in the clearance of Listeria Monocytogenes. In chapter 5, I propose two models for 3BP2 action based on the findings in B cells and neutrophils and discuss future areas for investigation.