This master thesis compares the main differences between CAS and IFRS in the field of long-lived assets. The aim of the thesis is to analyze differences between CAS and IFRS in the field of long-lived assets and apply these differences to the example of the concrete entity. The thesis is divided into two major parts, the first part is a theoretical part and the second part is a practical part . The theoretical part focuses on long-lived tangible and intangible assets according to CAS and IFRS. At the end of the theoretical part there is a comparison and the main differencies between both accounting systems. The practical part describes specific accounting examples, comparing the impacts of individual accounting operations of long-lived assets of CAS and IFRS. These operations concern chosen items of long-lived assets, income statement and balance sheet. It describes the impacts of these accounting operations on the income statement and the balance sheet.

The objective of this thesis is to compare financial statements prepared under Czech law (?ČÚL? or ?CZ GAAP?) and financial statements prepared under international accounting standards IAS/IFRS. The theoretical part elaborates on the formal comparison of financial statements prepared under ČÚL and under IAS/IFRS and the objective of the comparison is the contents, form and methods used for preparing financial statements under the two legislations. General accounting in the Czech Republic is governed by Act 563/1991 Coll., on Accounting and IAS/IFRS is similarly governed by the Framework. The other part discusses some selected IAS/IFRS standards that are applied in a certain company and they are compared with Czech accounting standards. The practical part of the thesis discusses the transformation of the financial statements prepared under ČÚL to financial statements under IAS/IFRS in a certain company. As a result of such transformation, certain lines disclosed under the balance sheet and the income statement show different figures and they have impact on the closing amounts and the profit/loss of the company. The outcome of the practical part are reports prepared under ČÚL and under IAS/IFRS and in the end I assess the influence of different methods used on the reported data. I focused only on two most important parts of financial statements, i.e. balance sheet and income statement.

The thesis is focused on the selected systems of indicators of bankruptcy models and credibility models, that are applied on the specific enterprise. On the basis of collected data from balance sheet and statement of profit and loss there is calculated the financial health during five year period and than the explanatory power of these systems of indicators is made, whether the used systems of indicaters have the same explanatory power of different.

The thesis is based on the following of my bachelor thesis, which deals with ,, Accounting shutter in the selection accounting entity.? Now the theme will be extended by the comparison process accounts in the selected entity according to Czech accounting legislation (CAL) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). In the practical part of the application will again be chosen by an entity of international trucking company KAFKA TRANSPORT, a. s. The main aim of my thesis is based on theoretical knowledge, to assess the selected items of balance sheet and profit and loss for the selected companies their reporting in the case of CAL and IFRS. International Accounting Standards that are world-renowned accounting system, which also binds to an entity operating in the Czech Republic.

Accounting entities are obliged to do book-keeping according to valid laws, public orders and standards, so that at the end of every accounting period a financial statement could be made, which will provide truthful and honest image about the books and financial situation at the company. The highpoint of the work of every accountant is to correctly prepare a financial statement on time. The financial statement consists of a balance sheet, statements of profits and losses and attachements. Some companies can voluntarily, and some are obligated to, compile an overview of cash flows and an overview of the changes of the capital. All these statements/overviews are included in the financial statement and must be published in the business register. The statements provide information about the financial and property structure of a given accounting entity. They are an important source of information for all the stakeholders. The company management needs to have information about the financial state of the company, so that it can carry out the right decisions and also compare their accounting statements with the competition. Other users of the financial statement can be banks, creditors, employees and business partners, who also use the financial statement for the needs of their own analyses. The aim of this diploma thesis is an analysis of financial statements and their predicative ability in a particular accounting entity. In order to do so, a detailed analysis of the balance sheet and the profit and loss statement in a given time period will be done. Then, methods of financial analysis will be used, which will focus on important parts of these statements in greater detail. In order to check the financial health of the company, one bankruptcy predicting model and one financial health predicting model will then be applied on a given accounting entity. In the last part of the diploma thesis, 3 detection models from creative book-keeping will be used to identify possible manipulation with accountant data. In the conclusion, all the discovered data will be drawn up into a comprehensive summary and possible suggestions will be proposed to the company management.

Bakgrund och problemdiskussion: Inom intäktsredovisning råder det en problematik om när en intäkt ska redovisas samt till vilket belopp. Den 1 januari 2018 träder den nya intäktsredovisningsstandarden IFRS 15 i kraft och ersätter alla tidigare standarder som behandlade intäkter. IFRS 15 har ett fokus mot ett balansorienterat synsätt gentemot de tidigare standarderna som hade ett fokus mot ett resultaträkningsorienterat synsätt. Syfte: Denna studie ämnar sig åt att ge en överblick kring den omfattning bolag påverkas av IFRS 15. Syftet med studien är även att undersöka de berörda bolagens intäktsströmmar för att ge en förklaring till varför vissa intäktsströmmar påverkas samt inte påverkas. Metod: Studien har utgått från ett kvantitativt tillvägagångssätt där vi har samlat in empiriska data från börsnoterade bolags finansiella rapporter. Även bolagens analyser kring IFRS 15 betraktades för att kunna analysera intäktsströmmarna. I studien har vi använt oss utav variablerna nettoomsättning, bruttomarginal och rörelsemarginal för att mäta effekterna av IFRS 15. Resultat: Studiens resultat visade att majoriteten av bolagen inte kommer att få en kvantifierbar påverkan av IFRS 15. Endast en liten del av populationen i studien fick en kvantifierbar påverkan av IFRS 15. En stor del av populationen hamnade i bortfall eftersom de inte har hunnit analysera effekterna av IFRS 15. / Background and problem discussion: In revenue recognition, there’s a big problem about when a revenue should be recognised and to what amount. The new revenue recognition standard enters into force 1 january 2018 and supersedes all the previous standards that treated revenue. IFRS 15 focuses on a balance-sheet oriented approach compared to the previous standards that focused on an income-statement approach. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to contribute an overview on how companies are affected by IFRS 15. This study also aims to investigate the revenue streams of the companies concerned by IFRS 15 by explaining why a certain revenue streams are affected and not affected. Method: The study is based on a quantitative approach where we collected empirical data from publicly traded companies’ financial reports. We also collected the companies’ analysis of IFRS 15 to analyze the revenue streams. In the study, we used the variables net sales, gross margin and operating margin to measure the effects of IFRS 15. Result: The study’s results showed that most the companies wouldn’t have a quantifiable impact by IFRS 15. Only a small portion of the population in the study received a quantifiable impact by IFRS 15. A large proportion of the population were classified as statistical loss since they haven’t started to analyze the effects yet.

The master thesis compares the differences between Czech Accounting Legislation and International Financial Reporting Standards regarding long-term assets. The thesis is divided into two major parts, such as theoretical and practical The theoretical part of the master thesis comprises theoretical information concerning issues of long-term assets. Firstly, there is the definition of long-term assets, then the ways of acqusition, valuation, depreciation and elimination are described from the point of view of the Czech Accounting Legislation. According to the International Financial Reporting Standards long-term assets are defined by two main standards which deal with their issues. The aim of the theoretical part is to analyse differences between the Czech Accounting Legislation (CAL) and the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in the field of long-term assets. In this part of the master thesis the key differences between these two accounting systems are to be found and described. The aim of the practical part is to apply the differences between CAL and IFRS on the particular subject. The theoretical findings are applied on the concret examples on which is explained how accounting transactions affect profits and balance sheet both in terms of the Czech Accounting Legislation and the International Financial Reporting Standards.

Submitted by Nathalie dos Santos Silva (nathass@gmail.com) on 2018-09-26T14:32:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação final c ficha.pdf: 2465918 bytes, checksum: f48edd64a1f13d747b89668b7fb3fab5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2018-09-26T14:57:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação final c ficha.pdf: 2465918 bytes, checksum: f48edd64a1f13d747b89668b7fb3fab5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-09-26T17:04:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação final c ficha.pdf: 2465918 bytes, checksum: f48edd64a1f13d747b89668b7fb3fab5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-26T17:04:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação final c ficha.pdf: 2465918 bytes, checksum: f48edd64a1f13d747b89668b7fb3fab5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-24 / This dissertation examines the impacts of monetary shocks on investment decisions of firms located in Brazil to test the presence of the financial accelerator. Because of this, after a brief review of the literature, limiting the scope of transmission via the balance sheet channel, a panel consisting of Brazilian firms from 2005 to 2017 were tested. Regression control variables include control of the effect of the BNDES on the financial leverage of firms. After tests performed under reasonable levels of significance, the resources generated internally by the firm's operations were the only variable that impacted the investments. The literature that discusses the impact of BNDES on the Brazilian capital market is also revisited in order to corroborate the results obtained in the tests. / O presente trabalho examina os impactos de choques monetários sobre decisões de investimentos de firmas localizadas no Brasil para testar se existe a presença do acelerador financeiro. Para isto, após uma breve revisão da literatura, limitando o escopo de transmissão via canal do balanço, um painel contendo firmas brasileiras de 2005 a 2017 foi testado. Dentre as variáveis de controle da regressão, inclui-se o controle do efeito do BNDES sobre a alavancagem financeira das firmas. Após testes realizados sob níveis de significância razoáveis, os recursos gerados internamente pelas operações das firmas é a única variável que impacta os investimentos. A literatura que discute o impacto do BNDES no mercado de capitais brasileiro também é revisitada de modo a corroborar os resultados obtidos nos testes.

This thesis assesses UK banking liquidity regulation and supervision and the Basel liquidity requirements, and models banks' liquidity risk. The study reveals that the FSA's risk-assessment framework before 2008 was too general without specifically considering banks' liquidity risk (as well as its failures on Northern Rock). The study also lists the limitations of the FSA's banking liquidity regimes before 2008. The thesis reviews whether the FSA's new liquidity regimes after 2008 would have coped with UK banks' liquidity risks if they have been applied properly. The fundamental changes in the FSA's liquidity supervision reflect three considerations. First, it introduces a systemic control requirement by measuring individual fifirm's liquidity risk with a market-wide stress or combination of idiosyncratic and market-wide stresses. Second, it emphasizes the monitoring of business model risks and the capability of senior managers. Third, it allows both internal and external managers to access more information by increasing the liquidity reporting frequencies. The thesis also comments on the Basel Liquidity Principles of 2008 and the two Liquidity Standards. The Principles of 2008 represents a substantial revision of the Principles of 2000 and reflect the lessons of the fifinancial market turmoil since 2007. The study argues that the implementation of the sound principles by banks and supervisors should be fexible, but also need to be consistent to make sure they understand banks' liquidity positions quite well. The study also explains the composition of the Basel liquidity ratios as well as the side effect of Basel liquidity standards; for example, it will reshape interbank deposit markets and bond markets as a result of the increase in demand for `liquid assets' and `stable funding'. This thesis uses quantitative balance sheet liquidity analysis, based upon modified versions of the BCBS (2010b) and Moody's (2001) models, to estimate eight UK banks' short and long-term liquidity positions from 2005 to 2010 respectively. The study shows that only Barclays Bank remained liquid on a short-term basis throughout the sample period (2005-2010); while the HSBC Bank also proved liquid on a short-term basis, although not in 2008 and 2010. On a long-term basis, RBS has remained liquid since 2008 after receiving government support; while Santander UK also proved liquid, except in 2009. The other banks,especially Natwest, are shown to have faced challenging conditions, on both a short-term and long-term basis, over the sample period. This thesis also uses the Exposure-Based Cash-Flow-at-Risk (CFaR) model to forecast UK banks' liquidity risk. Based on annual data over the period 1997 to 2010, the study predicts that by the end of 2011, the (102) UK banks' average CFaR at the 95% confidence level will be -£5.76 billion, Barclays Bank's (Barclays') CFaR will be -£0.34 billion, the Royal Bank of Scotland's (RBS's) CFaR will be -£40.29 billion, HSBC Bank's (HSBC's) CFaR will be £0.67 billion, Lloyds TSB Bank's (Lloyds TSB's) CFaR will be -£4.90 billion, National Westminister Bank's (Natwest's) CFaR will be -£10.38 billion, and Nationwide Building Society's (Nationwide's) CFaR will be -£0.72 billion. Moreover, it is clear that Lloyds TSB and Natwest are associated with the largest risk, according to the biggest percentage difference between downside cash flow and expected cash flow (3600% and 816% respectively). Since I summarize a bank's liquidity risk exposure in a single number (CFaR), which is the maximum shortfall given the targeted probability level, it can be directly compared to the bank's risk tolerance and used to guide corporate risk management decisions. Finally, this thesis estimates the long-term United Kingdom economic impact of the Basel III capital and liquidity requirements. Using quarterly data over the period 1997:q1 to 2010:q2, the study employs a non-linear-in-factor probit model to show increases in bank capital and liquidity would reduce the probability of a bank crisis significantly. The study estimates the long-run cost of the Basel III requirements with a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), which shows holding higher capital and liquidity would reduce output by a small amount but increase bank profitability in the long run. The maximum temporary net benefit and permanent net benefit is shown to be 1.284% and 35.484% of pre-crisis GDP respectively when the tangible common equity ratio stays at 10%. Assuming all UK banks also meet the Basel III long-term liquidity requirements, the temporary net benefit and permanent net benefit will be 0.347% and 14.318% of pre-crisis GDP respectively. Therefore, the results suggest that, in terms of the impact on output, there is considerable room to further tighten capital and liquidity requirements, while still providing positive effects for the United Kingdom economy.

The Master´s thesis is concentrated to create long-term financial plan in the selected company. There are determined the goals of thesis in the first chapter, next part is focused on the theoretical basis of financial planning. The third part contains an analysis of the company and in the last part is described creation of the financial plan for years 2014 – 2016 and its evaluation.