The thesis deals with the issue of external financing of fixed assets in manufacturing company. Attention is focused on the financial lease and the bank loan and on the comparasing of effectiveness of these chosen ways of external financing.

Master’s thesis deals with the issue of external financing of a car in trading copany in Czech republic and Austria. It comprieses proposals of optimal solutions of financing in both countries and compares conditions of both systems.

This master´s thesis focuses on selection appropriate external corporate financing. It is about comparison offers of bank loans and financial leasing for purchase of a building machine in a specific company. Main goal of this master´s thesis is find the best product from the offer.

Master´s thesis deals with project that invests into construction of retail store and tasting cellar of company Vinné sklepy Valtice, a. s. Thesis contains the assessment of company’s financial position, evaluation of investment effectiveness and the comparison of individual offers from bank institutions. The main part of thesis contains analysis of consolidated data. Based on this information has been decided whether to proceed with investment or not and then proposed an appropriate plan for financing of this project.

The thesis deals with the issue of financing development projects. The first part defines several basic concepts relevant to understanding the general issues of project financing. Generally I describe development process as an integrated chain engaged in the realization of construction of real estate for the purpose of resale or lease. Further I analyze the current situation of the developer's business. The most important part of the final chapter illustrates applying theoretical knowledge to real development project and predicts the financial flows.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第21522号 / 経博第590号 / 新制||経||288(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 矢野 剛, 教授 塩地 洋, 教授 田中 彰, 教授 三重野 文晴 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM

Många av de bostadsrättsföreningar som har stora lån redovisar negativa resultat systematiskt år efter år. Att föreningarna redovisar underskott är inte ett juridiskt problem men det kan få andra konsekvenser. Intäkterna täcker inte avskrivningarna vilket gör att föreningarna blir beroende av bankerna för att kunna underhålla sina fastigheter i framtiden.  Uppsatsens syfte är att öka förståelsen för den ekonomiska situation som nybyggda bostadsrättsföreningar befinner sig i. Frågan är hur bankerna ser på bostadsrättsföreningar som redovisar negativa resultat, vilka riskerna är och om de kommer bevilja lån till dem.  Metoden som används är semistrukturerade intervjuer med tjänstemän från banker och genom att fråga dem hur de förhåller sig till att låna ut pengar till bostadsrättsföreningar som ständigt går med underskott få en förståelse för problemet. Intervjuerna tolkas kvalitativt och sker med ett litet urval.  Resultatet av studien visar på att bankerna i dagsläget inte ser några större problem med de negativa resultaten. Dock så menar två av de intervjuade bankerna att de ser problem med att föreningarna sparar för lite. Den ena menar på att enbart det negativa resultatet inte är avgörande för om en förening får lån eller inte. Man ser fortfarande till helheten med kassaflöde och skuldkvot som grund samt ekonomiska planer och underhållsplaner. Medan den andre anser att föreningar som gör underskott sparar för lite.  Slutsatsen som dragits är att även om bankerna inte ser några större problem med den ekonomiska situation som bostadsrättsföreningar befinner sig i idag så är det något som kan förändras i framtiden. Att vara så pass ekonomiskt beroende av banken kan bli ett problem i framtiden. Utifrån institutionell teori och agentteori menar vi att det finns en risk med dagens system som innebär att både banker och föreningsstyrelser ser kortsiktigt på den ekonomiska planeringen samt att bankerna tar en för hög risk. Något som talar för att föreningarna kommer att få lån i framtiden är att bankerna har lån till föreningarna sedan tidigare där panten riskerar att tappa i värde om inte ytterligare lån beviljas för att vårda panten. Vi tror att bankerna kommer ge lån i framtiden men att avgifterna kommer att behöva höjas generellt, ju förr desto bättre och att bostadsrätterna i samband med det kommer att sjunka i värde. / Many of the housing associations with large loans systematically report negative results year after year. The fact that associations are running deficits is not a legal problem, but it can have other consequences. Income does not cover depreciation, leaving associations dependent on banks to maintain their properties in the future.  The aim of the paper is to increase understanding of the financial situation of newly built housing associations. The question is how banks view housing associations that report negative results, the risks and whether they will grant loans to them.   The method used for the interviews is semi-structured with officials from banks and by asking them how they feel about lending money to housing associations that are constantly running deficits gain an understanding of the problem. The interviews are interpreted qualitatively and a small sample is used.  The results of the study show that banks do not currently see any major problems with the negative results, but that at least two banks see problems with associations saving too little. However, one of them argues that the negative result alone does not determine whether an association receives a loan or not. They look at the overall cash flow and debt ratio as well as the financial plans and the maintenance plan. While the other believes that associations that make deficits save too little.  The conclusion is that although banks do not see any major problems with the financial situation of housing associations today, this is something that may change in the future. Being so financially dependent on the bank may become a problem in the future. Based on institutional theory and agency theory we argue that there is a risk in the current system that both banks and association boards take a short-term view of financial planning and that banks therefore take too much risk. One indication that the associations will receive loans in the future is that the banks have loans to the associations in the past where the collateral risks losing value if additional loans are not granted to maintain the collateral. We believe that banks will provide loans in the future but that fees will have to be raised in general, the sooner the better, and that the apartments therefore will fall in value.

The Thesis describes effects of the Global loan programme of the European Investment Bank on the economy of the Czech Republic. There is a general characteristic of the European Investment Bank and its financing possibilities in the first part. In the second part, there is a description of Ceska sporitelna as an intermediator of the Global loan programme. In the third part, the analysis of the European investment bank's Global loan programme from the view of the sub-conditions determined by European commission is made and also includes their comparison with conditions specified by European investment bank. In the last part the evaluation of the effects on the GDP of the Czech Republic and on the clients the ultimate receiver of the support is performed.

Small businesses account for most of all Swedish companies on the market. Difficulties for small businesses to seek capital come from the financial crisis 2008. The global crisis resulted in banks not granting loans to small business as often as before, mainly due to the banks asserting small business as high risks. Small businesses sought therefore alternative financing. The purpose of this study is to obtain a deeper understanding of what the opportunities and limitations that the small companies experience with the usage of crowdfunding as a form of financing and why they choose it over traditional financing options such as bank loans. A case study has been implemented in this paper to study small businesses seeking crowdfunding on the Swedish platform Fundedbyme. The research questions have been studied through a qualitative research with semi-structured interviews. Essential theories that were chosen to analyze this subject was information asymmetry, signaling theory, pecking order theory and previous research. In conclusion the study shows that bank loan was considered as an attractive financing alternative for small businesses because they could get larger sums of capital. Further conclusions were that small businesses chose crowdfunding because they received capital and representatives. However, crowdfunding was regarded as restrictive with unclear legislations and regulations in the crowdfunding market. A combination of crowdfunding and traditional financing form was preferred by most of the companies that was interviewed. / Småföretagen står för majoriteten av alla svenska bolag som finns på marknaden. En förändring på småföretagens finansieringsalternativ har framkommit efter finanskrisen 2008. Den globala krisen gjorde så att banker inte var lika villiga att låna ut till småföretag eftersom de ansågs vara en hög risk. Detta resulterade till att småföretag sökte kapital genom andra finansieringsalternativ som crowdfunding. Syftet med studien är att erhålla en djupgående uppfattning kring möjligheter och begränsningar som småföretagen upplever i samband med crowdfunding som finansieringsform samt vilka skillnader som upplevs av småföretagen mellan crowdfunding respektive banklån som finansieringsalternativ. En fallstudie har framförts i denna uppsats där skribenterna har valt att studera småföretag som söker crowdfunding på den svenska plattformen Fundedbyme. Forskningsfrågorna har besvarats med hjälp av en kvalitativ forskningsansats genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Studien valde väsentliga teorier för att analysera ämnet. Teorier som valdes var Informationsasymmetri, Signaleringsteori, Pecking order teorin samt tidigare forskning inom ämnet crowdfunding. Studiens slutsatser påvisade att småföretagen ansåg att banklån var ett attraktivt finansieringsalternativ eftersom företagen kunde få in större kapital. Ytterligare slutsatser tyder på att crowdfunding blev vald som finansieringsalternativ för att småföretagen fick både kapital och representanter i företaget. Småföretagen ansåg dock att crowdfunding besitter oklara lagstiftningar och regleringar. Majoritet av småföretagen föredrar en kombination av både crowdfunding och traditionella finansieringsformer.

This thesis deals with the analysis of the credit process as a form of financing from foreign sources The theoretical part of this thesis deals with the characteristics of the credit business, furthermore with explanation of the terms connected with bank loans, which are the main focus of the theoretical part. Not least, alternative forms of financing are mentioned, which banks offer next to the credits mostly by means of their branches. The practical part analyzes the process of credit offers in the chosen banking institutions, the application process of granting the loan for buying a car i.e. what an applicant has to hand in and which conditions he has to fulfill, so that the bank would in general accept his application. At the same time, some leasing companies were addressed with an application for a not {--} binding offer for the same object of financing. On the basis of performed calculations it has been found that the financing of the bank loan is more advantageous for the company than leasing and that the client gets more easily a bank loan in the bank, in which he has a checking account