This thesis focuses on the issues related to the requirements of the financing development projects. In the first part, the basic concepts the area of the development process (developer, development, development process) and also the players, and specification of financial opportunities of these projects. The second part (case study) deals with the specific nature of the residential development project. The aim of the report is describe the pre-development phase of a selected development project in conjunction with the setting of cash flows of the project and any supporting documentation to the application for a bank loan. In conclusion, the thesis explains the specifics of project loans and other useful products, not only banking institutions.

The diploma thesis deals with the problems of external financing company LAZAM CZ s. r. o. The first, theoretical, part contains general discussion about the possibilities of external financing of the company, mainly through credit drawing one of the banks operating in the Czech Republic. The method is literature review. Second, analytic, part then solves selection of company and it’s product, which is suitable for company LAZAM CZ s. r. o. It is used several methods of evaluating the situation of the company and it’s surroundings. The analysis and used methods are aimed to fulfill the main goal set thesis.

The thesis discusses the theme “Financing development projects”. The first part deals with theoretical terms related to the issue. It also describes the process of activities related to the developer’s business. The second part is focused on a specific development project - Jundrovská administrative building, where the whole process of financing with own developer’s resources is explained and described. The third part is focused on proposal of other financing alternatives. This part specifies a bank loan as another possible form of financing a development project. The conclusion evaluates diversity of the development project process depending on the form of financing.

Diploma thesis deals with the issue of choosing the right form of financing in the risk and uncertainty conditions - by bank loan or finance leasing. The leasing principle, contemporary condition of the Czech leasing market and the factors influencing the price of the financial leasing are reviewed at first. Then the attention is transfered to bank loans and their diversification. To finish the theorical data I´m featuring the methods of comparing both forms of financing and defining the risks. The aim of diploma thesis is choosing which of two forms of financing is preferable for the enterprise who wants to buy new goods vehicle for its business.

Выпускная квалификационная работа (магистерская диссертация) посвящена использованию залога в практике организации кредитных отношений, что предполагает наличие специального механизма его применения. Залоговый механизм есть процесс подготовки, заключения и исполнения договора о залоге. Залоговый механизм возникает в момент рассмотрения кредитной заявки как условие заключения кредитного договора. Он сопровождает весь период пользования ссудой. Реальное обращение к исполнению залогового механизма возникает на за­вершающей стадии движения кредита - погашении ссуды - и лишь в отдельных случаях, когда клиент не может погасить ссуду выручкой или доходом. / Final qualification work (master thesis) on the use of collateral in the practice of organization of credit relations, which implies the existence of a special mechanism for its application. The collateral mechanism is a process for the preparation, conclusion and execution of the pledge agreement. The collateral mechanism occurs at the time of loan application as a condition of the loan agreement. It accompanies the entire period of a loan. The real enforceability of the pledge mechanism occurs at the final stage of movement of the loan - the repayment of a loan, and only in some cases when the client cannot repay the loan proceeds or income.

本文主要研究日本央行實施緊縮性貨幣政策時，日本銀行業貸款組合變動與對實質經濟影響之關係，透過比較貨幣性衝擊、單純產出衰退及總和需求衰退對於銀行貸款組合的影響，以分析銀行在貨幣政策所發揮的功能。經VAR模型實證結果顯示，日本國內貨幣緊縮會使短期實質產出衰退、價格上升；銀行對於家計部門消費信用以及購屋貸款的放款減少、對企業的放款則增加。進一步檢驗不同規模企業貸款發現，銀行對大型企業的放款較為寬鬆，而對於中小企業的放款增幅較不明顯。另一方面，考慮信用標準擴散指數的VAR模型分析發現，日本國內的貨幣緊縮政策使銀行對於家計單位信用標準趨於嚴格的程度最大，再來依序為中型企業、小型企業及大型企業。這些實證結果支持銀行信用管道的存在，也說明銀行在貨幣傳遞機制中扮演重要的角色。 / The paper mainly studies the relationship between the change of Japanese bank loan portfolios and its substantial effect on economy during implementation of monetary tightening policy by Japan authority. Through comparison of monetary impacts, as well as the effects of the downturns in both output and real demand on bank loan portfolios, with the downturns are generated in a way that they produce the same dynamic real output and final demand path as that from a monetary downturn. The empirical results of VAR model reveal that the domestic monetary tightening in Japan would cause decrease in short-term real output and price level rise. General banks offer less consumption credits and house loans for households, but turn to increase loans for enterprises. When further examining the loans for enterprises of different scales, the paper finds that the banks take a looser attitude in offering loans to large-scale enterprises than to small and medium enterprises (SMEs), whose loans seem to have insignificant increase. On the other hand, after analysis of VAR model that considers the credit standard diffusion index, it is found that because of the domestic monetary tightening policy of Japan, the banks’ practices in their offer of credits appear to be strictest to households, and then less strict to SMEs and large enterprises. These facts prove the existence of credit channels of banks, and show the important roles that banks take in monetary transmission mechanism.

到目前為止，國內外對信用分配的實證研究，大抵不脫以總體資料(aggregate datas)說明在貨幣政策的傳導機制中「信用管道」(credit channel)的存在，但要以此解釋信用分配的現象則略顯不足，我們需要的是更直接的證據：那就是在信用管道背後，銀行用來壓抑地雷公司借款的「篩選工具」(Screening Devices)！ 本文便以分析整理個別公司借款資料的方式進行實證研究，首度將樣本區分為「地雷公司」與「正常公司」，以及「金融風暴前、後」的不同時期，並以「臨界放款利率」作為判斷標準。 本文得到以下三點結論： 1. 在三種樣本期間，地雷公司與正常公司所面對的放款供給曲線，幾乎都有後彎現象（除正常公司在金融風暴前例外），表示信用分配現象的確存在，且銀行以利率為信用篩選工具。 2. 在全部樣本期間與金融風暴後，地雷公司所面對的臨界放款利率均較正常公司為低，表示銀行對地雷公司與正常公司的臨界放款利率的確有異，且銀行成功以「數量」壓抑地雷公司借款。 3. 地雷公司與正常公司在金融風暴後，臨界放款利率均有所降低，且地雷公司臨界放款利率降幅（與全部樣本期間相較）較正常公司高出11個百分點，表示「金融風暴」的確會影響銀行授信態度，且對地雷公司影響較大。 實證結果與研究假說一致，並符合我們的直覺。

This study will validate several key results from previous studies of bank loan announcement effects by using the data from Hong Kong market following the 1997 Asian crisis. Banks are believed to play a unique role in financial market which could effectively reduce the problem of information asymmetry and moral hazard. Banks could access borrowers’ inside information which is not available to other participants. Thus bank loan announcements convey valuable information to the market, and market response of the stock price should be positive. However, because of the significant reform in both financial market and information market, the valuation of bank loan announcement conveyed need to be reconsidered. This study investigates whether banks are still “unique” in the financial market or whether they are like middlemen between borrowers and investors. Data used in this study is collected from the Hong Kong Stock Exchange Index, and a standard event study with the market model is applied in the research to conduct the empirical analysis. The results suggest bank loan announcements are associated with significantly higher positive abnormal returns than non-bank loan announcements. Based on the market model of event study, market response is found to be significantly positive for loan syndication, short maturity loan and borrower’s debt ratio, and negatively related to firm size and loan size. Bank loans with refinancing and capital expenditure and no specific purpose have significantly higher positive abnormal returns, and borrowers with property and industrial industry type have more significant positive abnormal returns compared to other industry type. The findings also suggest the Hong Kong stock market is efficient in both strong and semi-strong form for bank loan announcements. A strong evidence of information leakage problem is found for non-bank loan announcements. The results are generally consistent with the existing literature.

財務報表為制訂授信決策之重要資訊來源，而穩健會計可增加公司財務報表的資訊品質。本研究實證探討當公司採行穩健會計時，是否可降低銀行融資超貸之可能性，使銀行願意為了穩健財務報表的效益，而降低公司需支付的債務融資成本。 本研究以1997至2008年之5,507筆觀察值為研究樣本，依Beaver and Ryan（2005）之分類，將穩健會計衡量指標分為非條件式穩健會計與條件式穩健會計，分析公司會計穩健程度對銀行融資利率的影響，並探討公允價值會計是否會影響條件式穩健會計與銀行融資利率之關聯性。 本研究之主要實證結果顯示，非條件式穩健會計與條件式穩健會計皆與銀行融資利率呈負向關係；公允價值會計之採用與銀行融資利率呈負向關係，且正向影響條件式穩健會計與銀行融資利率之關聯性。非條件式穩健會計與銀行給予融資超貸之風險呈負向關係，但條件式穩健會計與銀行給予融資超貸風險之關聯性並不一致。額外之測試顯示，主要實證發現不因改採其他方式衡量銀行融資利率，或以稅前息前淨利取代稅前息前折舊前淨利衡量超貸風險而有改變。 / Financial statement is one of important resources to credit decisions making. Conservatism increases the quality of financial statement. Based on the definition of types of accounting conservatism, unconditional and conditional, proposed by Beaver and Ryan (2005), and the use of a sample of 5,507 firm-year financial data from 1997 to 2008, this study investigates conservatism effects on the over-loan risks from borrowers through bank loan pricing. The primary empirical findings indicate that a significantly negative association exits between unconditional (conditional) conservatism and bank loan pricing. In addition, a significantly negative association exits between fair-value accounting and bank loan pricing, and the adoption of fair-value accounting affect the association between conditional conservatism and bank loan pricing. Moreover, the result also shows that a significantly negative association exits between unconditional conservatism and the over-loan risks. The analysis of additional tests indicates that the primary findings held when alternative measurements of interest rates are used for proxy variables for bank loan pricing and EBIT is used for proxy variables for EBITDA.

This thesis disserts on real estate development projects. The main targets are analysis of current situation in the field of real estate development and suitable ways of financing such projects. As a result this text should bring a detailed insight into how real estate development projects are managed and evaluated.