Orientador: Marcos Rogério André / Banca: Rosangela Zacarias Machado / Banca: Paulo Eduardo Neves Ferreira Velho / Resumo: Doenças transmitidas por vetores artrópodes tem se tornado cada vez mais importantes para a saúde humana e animal. Neste sentido, o papel dos animais selvagens como reservatórios na transmissão destas enfermidades vem sendo investigado. A ordem Chiroptera é considerada o segundo maior grupo de mamíferos no mundo, hospedando importantes patógenos zoonóticos, tais como vírus e bactérias. Bartonella spp. e Mycoplasma spp. são bactérias que parasitam eritrócitos de diferentes espécies de mamíferos, incluindo humanos, podendo causar manifestações clínicas diversas. O presente estudo objetivou pesquisar a ocorrência e analisar filogeneticamente Bartonella spp. e Mycoplasma spp. em quirópteros amostrados no Brasil. Para tal, foram colhidas 325 amostras de sangue e/ou tecidos (fígado, coração e baço) de 162 quirópteros pertencentes a 19 espécies distribuídas em quatro famílias distintas de cinco estados: Mato Grosso, Pará, Paraná, São Paulo e Tocantins. Destas, três amostras mostraram-se negativas para o gene endógeno de referência (GAPDH), sendo excluídas das análises. Portanto, do total de 322 amostras, 17 (5,28%) mostraram-se positivas para Bartonella spp. por meio da PCR em tempo real baseada no gene nuoG. A quantificação de um fragmento do gene nuoG de Bartonella spp. por microlitro variou de 4,4 x 10⁰ a 6,95 x10³ cópias/μL nas amostras de sangue e teciduais dos quirópteros. Ainda, 45 amostras (13,97%) mostraram-se positivas para hemoplasmas por meio da PCR convencional baseada ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Vector-borne diseases have become increasingly important to human and animal health. The role of wild animals as reservoirs in the transmission of these diseases has been investigated. The Chiroptera Order is considered the second largest group of mammals in the world, hosting important zoonotic virus and bacteria. Bartonella spp. and Mycoplasma spp. are bacteria that parasites different mammals species' erythrocytes, including humans, causing different clinic manifestations. The present work aimed at investigating the occurrence and assessing the phylogenetic positioning of Bartonella spp. and Mycoplasma spp. in bats sampled in Brazil. A total of 325 blood and/or tissue (liver, spleen and heart) samples were collected from 162 bats belonging to 19 species distributed in four different families from five states: Mato Grosso, Pará, Paraná, São Paulo and Tocantins. Three samples showed negative results in the conventional PCR based on GAPDH gene and excluded from analysis. Seventeen (5,28%) out of 322 bats' samples were positive to qPCR for Bartonella spp. based on nuoG gene. The quantification of a Bartonella spp. nuoG gene fragment per microlitro in bats' blood and tissues ranged from 4,4 x 10⁰ a 6,95 x10³ copies/μL. On the other hand, 45 (13,97%) samples were positive to cPCR assays for hemoplasmas based on 16S rRNA gene. Seven sequences were obtained for Bartonella spp. (nuoG [n=3], gltA [n=2], rpoB [n=1], ftsZ [n=1]), and five 16S rRNA sequences were obtained for Mycoplasm... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The lineage that gave rise to mammals split from other basal amniotes, approximately 300 million years ago. Since then, mammals have evolved many sensory novelties, including high-frequency hearing and echolocation. Sensitivity to high frequencies is particularly well developed in many echolocating mammals; for example, the upper hearing limit of several laryngeal echolocating bat species are estimated to be approximately ten times that of humans. In order to process the high frequency sounds produced during echolocation, the inner ears of laryngeal echolocating bats have undergone substantial modifications. Despite the evolutionary significance of laryngeal echolocation, it is unknown how many times it evolved within bats. Its occurrence on most, but not all, bat lineages suggests it either evolved once with secondary loss, or independently on multiple lineages. Distinguishing between these possibilities is complicated by morphological diversity and convergence. Furthermore, the genetic basis underpinning echolocation remains largely unknown. To elucidate the evolutionary history of this key trait in bats, a combined molecular and morphological approach was taken. Firstly, for two mammalian ‘hearing genes’ sequence convergence, phylogenetic signal and selection pressures were examined across echolocating and non-echolocating mammal species. Secondly, substitution rates of Conserved Non-coding Elements associated with genes regulating ear development were compared across mammals. Finally, as mammalian inner ear development is controlled by many genes, the gross structure of the bony labyrinth was studied in order to examine the combined genetic effect. Structural variation of bat cochleae and vestibular systems was examined using micro-computed tomography reconstructions, and related to ecological data. Subsequent analyses found evidence of convergence at the molecular level, in terms of amino acid substitutions, and also the morphological level, in terms of inner ear morphology. No evidence of degeneration, supporting loss-of-function in Old World fruit bats was found. Conversely, evidence of differential evolution pressures acting on the two echolocating bat lineages was found, which supports multiple origins of laryngeal echolocation in bats.

An instructor's power in the classroom is constructed and sustained through communication. The aim here is to examine how a teacher's power can be negotiated through a lens of servant leadership in hopes of furthering modes in which communication scholars can train future teachers to utilize their power in the classroom. I hypothesize that a teacher utilizing a servant leadership framework employs more pro-social behavioral alteration techniques (BATs). Participants were asked to answer an online survey with questions regarding a chosen instructor's attributes of servant leadership and behavioral alteration messages (BAMs). My hypothesis was partially supported in that that are perceived to use persuasive mapping a specific dimension of servant leadership engage in significantly more pro-social BATs; however, instructors with higher levels of emotional healing engage in significantly more anti-social BATs. Additionally, the gender of the participant and rank of the instructor evaluated influenced students' perceptions of compliance-gaining strategies. The discussion examines the specific dimensions of servant leadership as they relate to power and explores future directions for research examining professional development and training for future faculty and the need to examine gender of participant and instructors with an experimental research design.

Submitted by Giselle Souza da Paz null (giselle.spaz@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-02-24T03:10:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação.pdf: 1081711 bytes, checksum: 854b92b0e4655258cb81dd326f478bd5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-03-02T18:12:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 paz_gs_me_bot.pdf: 1081711 bytes, checksum: 854b92b0e4655258cb81dd326f478bd5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-02T18:12:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 paz_gs_me_bot.pdf: 1081711 bytes, checksum: 854b92b0e4655258cb81dd326f478bd5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-16 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Atualmente dentre as doenças emergentes a maioria são zoonoses, e os morcegos desempenham papel importante como fonte de infecção e transmissão de agentes infecciosos. Histoplasmose e criptococose são doenças fúngicas relatadas em diversas espécies animais, podendo seus agentes serem isolados de grutas, cavernas, solo e fezes de animais. Paracoccidioidomicose, doença fúngica mais importante no Brasil, acomete principalmente populações de baixa renda, na zona rural e já foi relatada em animais silvestres e domésticos. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar a detecção molecular dos fungos Histoplasma capsulatum, Cryptococcus spp. e Paracoccidioides brasiliensis em quirópteros no município de Botucatu e região, SP. O delineamento do estudo foi de série de casos, a partir de morcegos recolhidos e enviados pela Vigilância Epidemiológica municipal de 12 cidades da região Centro-Oeste de São Paulo para o diagnóstico de raiva, no período de abril de 2015 a maio de 2016. Foram coletados pulmão, baço, fígado e intestino de 172 quirópteros, e avaliados pelas técnicas de nested-PCR e cultivo microbiológico. A prevalência encontrada para H. capsulatum foi de 8,14% (14/172), com um morcego positivo somente no cultivo microbiológico, 12 na técnica de nested-PCR, e um animal positivo em ambos os métodos. Dois morcegos foram positivos para Cryptococcus spp. e dois para P. brasiliensis pela técnica de nested-PCR. Como auxílio do software Autocad® foi realizado georreferenciamento dos pontos de recolhimento dos animais, verificando quirópteros positivos em escolas, praças, residências e hospitais. Conclui-se que a presença de morcegos positivos para fungos patogênicos em áreas urbanas, é um risco para a saúde pública, visto que estes animais podem favorecer a manutenção e transmissão de patógenos em ambientes caseiros. Medidas de manejo ambiental devem ser orientadas a população pelo Serviço de Vigilância Epidemiológica Municipal, visando diminuir a população de morcegos em ambientes domésticos e minimizar os riscos de transmissão de fungos patogênicos. / Currently, among the emerging diseases, most are zoonosis, and baths play an important role as source of infection and transmission of infectious agents. Histoplasmosis, criptococcosis and paracoccidioidomicosis are fungal diseases reported in several animal species, and their agents can be isolated in grottos, caverns, soils and feces of animals. Paracoccidioidomycosis, the most important fungal disease in Brazil, affects mainly low-income populations in rural areas and has been reported in wild and domestic animals. Thus, the objective of the present study was performing the molecular detection of the fungi Histoplasma capsulatum, Cryptococcus spp. and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in bats from the city of Botucatu and region, state of São Paulo.The study was delineated with a series of cases, from bats collected and sent by the Municipal Epidemiologic Surveillance of 12 cities from the Midwest region of São Paulo for the rabies diagnosis, within the time period from April 2015 to May 2016. Lung, spleen, liver and intestine were collected from 172 bats and assessed by nested-PCR and microbiological cultive techniques.The prevalence found for H. capsulatum was 8.14% (14/172), with one positive bath only by culturing the fungus, 12 in the nested-PCR technique and a positive animal in both methods. Two bats were positive for Cryptococcus spp. and two for P. brasiliensis by nested-PCR. With the aid of Autocad® software, the georeferencing of the animals’collection spots was performed, verifying positive bats in schools, squares, residences and hospitals. We conclude that the presence of positive baths for pathogenic fungi in urban areas is a risk to public health, since these animals can help on the maintenance and transmission of pathogens in domestic environments. Environmental management measures must be conducted to the population by the Municipal Service of Epidemiologic Surveillance, with the purpose of decreasing the baths population in domestic environments and minimizing the risk of transmitting pathogenic fungi. / FAPESP: 2014/23234-0

Orientador: Wagner André Pedro / Banca: Adriano Lúcio Peracchi / Banca: Nélio Roberto dos Reis / Resumo: O gênero Artibeus é composto atualmente de três subgêneros, sendo um subgênero usado para as maiores formas e os outros dois para as menores formas do grupo. O nível de parentesco entre as espécies do gênero é ainda alvo de muitas controvérsias. Nesse estudo foram analisados 187 indivíduos de quatro espécies de pequenos Artibeus brasileiros em quatro instituições diferentes, com o objetivo de separá-los, morfológica, morfometrica e biogeograficamente. Os animais foram examinados, através da retirada de 13 medidas corporais e 11 cranianas, com relação a sua distribuição geográfica e com eventuais características morfológicas; o teste estatístico multivariado, nos mostrou uma clara separação entre duas das quatro espécies em questão, sendo A. concolor a maior e a A. anderseni a menor delas; características morfológicas, como a coloração na borda e na região inferior da orelha, variação na coloração ventral e variação no número de molares inferiores resultaram em mais diferenças entre as espécies do estudo, inclusive separando as duas espécies sobrepostas nas análises quantitativas. Assim, as quatro espécies do trabalho são separadas com confiança e uma chave de identificação para esses animais é fornecida. / Abstract: The genus Artibeus is composed of three subgenera: Artibeus is larger in size but Dermanura and Koopmania are smaller in size. The relationships between the species are unstable, which has resulted in much systematic controversy. In this study, we analyzed 187 specimens of the four species of small-sized Artibeus found in Brazil and deposited in four different institutions. Individuals were morphometrically examined by recording measurements of 11 external and 13 cranial characters to assess morphological and geographic variation. The multivariate analysis resulted in distinct difference between two of the four species with A. concolor the largest and A. anderseni the smallest in size. Morphological characters, such as coloration of the edge and inferior region of the ears, variation in ventral coloration and number of lower molars, enabled the differentiation of the two overlapping species in the quantitative analysis. The four species can be separated with certainty and a key for their identification is provided. / Mestre

A histoplasmose, uma micose sistêmica, é um importante problema de saúde pública, de distribuição mundial e uma infecção muito comum em regiões endêmicas. A infecção é causada pelo fungo dimórfico Histoplasma capsulatum varo capsulatum, que cresce como fungo filamentoso em solo, guano de morcegos e aves, ou como uma levedura parasitária intracelular. A ocorrência de morcegos é relatada em quase todo o mundo e estes contribuem para manutenção deste fungo na natureza. Na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, morcegos ocorrem em todas as regiões e em várias situações: usando sótãos e forro de telhado como abrigos ou adentrando residências, entre outras. Entre agosto de 2003 a dezembro de 2008, foram encaminhados ao Setor de Micologia do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses da cidade de São Paulo 2427 morcegos. Amostras de fígado e baço desses morcegos foram removidos em condições estéreis e inoculados, ambos, em Agar infusão de cérebro e coração (BHI) e em Agar Sabouraud Dextrose, incubados a 25°C e 37°C. As colônias suspeitas foram reincubadas em Agar Mycosel e identificadas pela morfologia e pela reversão em ML-gema (Mueller Hinton Broth com L-cisteína e gema de ovo) a 37°C. O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer a prevalência do H. capsulatum em morcegos presentes na cidade de São Paulo e em outras cidades do Estado. Os 87 isolados de H. capsulatum (3,58%) foram todos de morcegos da família Molossidae, de hábito alimentar insetívoro, pertencentes a quatro gêneros e cinco espécies sendo 74 Molossus molossus, 10 Nyctinomops macrotis, 1 Tadarida brasiliensis, 1 Molossus rufus e 1 Eumops glaucinus. Para 3 espécies (Molossus rufus, Nyctinomops macrotis e Eumops glaucinus) trata-se do primeiro relato. Dos 2427 morcegos, 1728 morcegos eram procedentes da cidade de São Paulo (71,2%) e 699 morcegos eram originários de cidades do Estado de São Paulo (28,8%). Cinco cidades apresentaram espécimes positivos: 70 procedentes da cidade de São Paulo (80,5%) e 17 de outros municípios do Estado (19,5%): 4 de Jundiaí, 10 de Guarulhos, 2 de Osasco e 1 de Mogi Mirim. Para a análise das 61 amostras de fezes de morcegos recebidas, foram utilizadas as técnicas de inoculação em camundongo e semeadura em placa de Petri contendo meio de Agar Mycosel incubadas a 37°C. Uma amostra positiva para H. capsulatum foi isolada do Agar Mycosel. Os resultados mostram que o H.capsulatum esta presente na população de morcegos presentes em áreas urbanas do Estado de São Paulo. Este fato é importante, porque morcegos contaminados podem ser fonte de disseminação e risco para pessoas ou animais adquirirem a infecção. O conhecimento da história natural da histoplasmose em áreas urbanas pode ter um importante papel no estabelecimento de estratégias de prevenção. / Systemic histoplamosis is an important health problem worldwide and a very common infection in endemic areas. Its causative agent, the thermodimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum varo capsulatum, grows in bat guano or bird droppings rich soils as filamentous fungi, or as parasitic intracellular yeast cells in hosts. Bats can be found in almost ali the world and contribute to the maintenance of this fungus in nature. In many cities in Brazil, bats are found in urban areas and in many situations: house basements and/or roofs, fallen in the soil or even inside the houses, among others. Between August 2003 and December 2008, 2,427 bats, 1,728 from São Paulo City (71.2%) and 699 from other cities from São Paulo State, were sent to the Micology Section of Centro de Controle de Zoonoses of São Paulo City. The purpose of this work was to establish the prevalence of H.capsulatum in bats of São Paulo City and other cities from São Paulo State. Samples of spleen and liver from the animais were removed in sterile conditions and inoculated in Brain Heart Infusion Agar and in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar, incubated at 25°C and 37°C. The suspicious colonies were inoculated in Mycosel Agar and were identified by the morphology, as well as by the temperature¬reversion after incubation in ML-egg yolk (Mueller Hinton Broth, with L-cysteine and hen egg yolk) at 37°C. Ali 87 positive samples (3.58%) were isolated from insectivorous bats from Molossidae family, belonging to four genus and five species: 74 samples were from the specie Molossus molossus, 10 from Nyctinomops macrotis, 1 from Molossus rufus, 1 from Tadarida brasiliensis, and 1 from Eumops glaucinus. For three of these species (Nyctinomops macrotis, Molossus rufus and Eumops glaucinus) this is the first report of H. capsulatum isolation. Seventy positive bats were from São Paulo (80.5%), ten from Guarulhos City, four from Jundiaí City, two from Os asco City and one from Mogi Mirim City. Sixty-one samples of feces were analised by mouse inoculation test and inoculation in Petri dishes containing Mycosel Agar. Our results showed that the H. capsulatum is present in bat populations Iiving in urban areas. This is an important fact since H. capsulatum contaminated bats can be a source of contamination for people or animais in contact with them. The knowledge of the natural history of histoplasmosis in urban areas may be important for the establishment of prevention strategies.

Includes bibliographical references.

Bats are generalist predators of night flying insects, including many crop pests. Pecan nut casebearer (Acrobasis nuxvorella), hickory shuckworm (Cydia caryana), and several stink bug species are some of the most damaging crop pests in pecan orchards. Attracting bats to agricultural areas using bats houses may reduce the numbers of these pests and, consequently, their economic impact. This study uses quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) of mitochondrial DNA found in the guano of bats living in bat houses on organic pecan orchards to document the consumption of pecan nut casebearer, hickory shuckworm, and corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea), which is one of the most destructive pests of many crops throughout the world. This study also uses direct sequencing of insect remains in bat fecal pellets to identify species of stink bugs consumed by bats in bat houses. Evidence that bats prey upon crop pests supports the hypothesis that bats are both economically and ecologically beneficial to pecan farmers and provides incentives for bat conservation.

Bats are generalist predators of night flying insects, including many crop pests. Pecan nut casebearer (Acrobasis nuxvorella), hickory shuckworm (Cydia caryana), and several stink bug species are some of the most damaging crop pests in pecan orchards. Attracting bats to agricultural areas using bats houses may reduce the numbers of these pests and, consequently, their economic impact. This study uses quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) of mitochondrial DNA found in the guano of bats living in bat houses on organic pecan orchards to document the consumption of pecan nut casebearer, hickory shuckworm, and corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea), which is one of the most destructive pests of many crops throughout the world. This study also uses direct sequencing of insect remains in bat fecal pellets to identify species of stink bugs consumed by bats in bat houses. Evidence that bats prey upon crop pests supports the hypothesis that bats are both economically and ecologically beneficial to pecan farmers and provides incentives for bat conservation.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 64 p. : ill., maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 58-64).