Magister Artium (Psychology) - MA(Psych) / This study is a quantitative investigation into anglers’ environmental behaviours, as associated with the human-nature relationship, within the context of sustainability and conservation psychology. Although much has been researched around pro-environmental behaviours that link to the household (such as energy use and recycling behaviours) and materialism (buying environmentally friendly products), there is comparatively little to show for variables associated with pro-environmental decision-making that relates to the protection of nature. One such environmental problem involves the disregard for environmental laws protecting marine life. The study aimed to extend this line of research by looking at certain environmental fishing behaviours in a sample of recreational False Bay anglers, and using their relationship with nature (i.e. the degree to which the self recognises an interconnectedness between humans and the natural world) to explain these behaviours. Participants were required to sign a consent form, and participated anonymously in the study, particularly due to the sensitive nature of the information they disclose. A convenience sample of 99 anglers was assessed. ANOVA yielded significant biographical differences in NR with regards to particular age, level of education and residential area groups. Logistic regression analysis indicated that Nature Relatedness had significant predictive capacity for these environmental behaviours ( = 0.061), although the Nature Relatedness subscales did not. In conclusion it was speculated that NR might not offer a deep explanation for environmental behaviours in this group, considering a weak correlation between NR and behaviour (r = -.186) and the inability of the NR subscales to predict behaviour. Further research in this area is needed to provide more conclusive results.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / This thesis examines how recent South African government fisheries policies have affected the livelihoods and food security of small-scale fishers, using the Kalk Bay fishing community in Cape Town, South Africa, as a case study. Fish has for generations provided food security for the fishers of Kalk Bay and their families. This food security has been both through catching fish for direct consumption and selling fish for income. Fish is an excellent source of nutrition, supplying easily digestible protein, as well as vital macro and micro nutrients essential for development and growth, thereby providing nutritional security. In South Africa, the right to food has been identified by the South African government as a primary policy objective. The Constitution of South Africa also guarantees access to food for citizens of the country primarily through providing access to food sources and livelihoods. This mini-thesis argues that despite the stated objectives of the government, the development and implementation of policy in the fisheries sector has not supported the right to food. Research was conducted through in-depth interviews with government representatives, fishing activists and fishers with a direct interest in Kalk Bay, as well as a survey completed in the Kalk Bay fishing community. The findings were examined through a sustainable livelihoods perspective, with a focus on access rights as a necessity to access livelihoods. The results clearly indicate that households in Kalk Bay who have traditionally pursued livelihoods and food security through fishing are often no longer able to do so. Small-scale fishers were completely omitted from the Marine Living Resources Act of 1998. This has resulted in the removal of access rights to marine resources which has led to these traditional fishers no longer being able to access their historical livelihoods and provide food security. These fishers have experienced further disenfranchisement from policies that were promised to empower the citizens of South Africa at the beginning of the new democracy in South Africa. As a result of a loss of access to livelihoods, small-scale fishers in South Africa launched a class action against the government. This legal action was won by the fishers and a judgement was given that the government was to amend the Marine Living Resources Act (1998), and a fisheries policy ensuring the inclusion of small-scale fishers was to be written. This thesis also addresses the attitudes towards and challenges of the newly adopted “Policy for small-scale fisheries in South Africa” of the fishing community of Kalk Bay. The evidence suggests that although small-scale fishers are now included, there are still notable challenges that could derail its successful implementation. A key challenge is the uncertainty by any parties about the quantity and value of marine resources to be allocated to the small-scale sector. It is unclear how much, if any, of the allocation is coming from the large scale industrial sector. This could result in continued challenges to the small-scale sector in terms of being able to access livelihoods and maintain food security.

Under the guidance of the new coastal management policies within South Africa this thesis advocates a more integrated, co-operative approach to local coastal management. The project aimed to acquire baseline information on the local nearshore fishery and resource state and to propose a set of indicators that could be incorporated into the new management strategy. To gather the required information the project was split into two parts: 1) An assessment of the local linefisheries and 2) A comparative study of the reef fish community structure between exploited and unexploited reefs. The local linefisheries were assessed through the use of launch records, commercial catch records, access point and boat based surveys. A questionnaire was used to gather data on catch and effort, fisher demographics, fisher attitudes towards and knowledge of the current management regulations, assess the efficacy of the fisheries inspectorate and highlight spatial areas of fishing pressure. A total of 252 interviews and catch inspections were conducted. Total effort for the ski-boat fishery estimated from the access point survey was 890 boat days.year⁻¹ or 3560 fisher days. year⁻¹ compared to 736 boat days.year⁻¹ or 2944 fisher days. year⁻¹ recorded in the launch records. Effort was seasonal with greater pressure occurring over the summer holiday period. Analysis of the catch showed that Merluccius capensis, Argyrozona argyrozona, Argyrosomus inodorus, Chrysoblephus laticeps and Atractoscion aequidens were the most frequently caught species. The overall CPUE was 3.00±5.54kg.fisher⁻¹.day⁻¹ or 4.71±4.117 fish.fisher⁻¹.day⁻¹. Estimated targeted CPUE was 0.91±0.67kg.fisher⁻¹.day⁻¹ or 0.97±0.77 fish.fisher⁻¹.day⁻¹ for C. laticeps, 8.47±8.57kg.fisher⁻¹.day⁻¹ or 1.24±1.16 fish.fisher⁻¹.day⁻¹ for A. aequidens and 2.05±3.78kg.fisher⁻¹.day⁻¹ or 1.10±1.80 fish.fisher⁻¹.day⁻¹ for A. inodorus. Issues identified included poor fisher knowledge regarding linefish regulations, the low occurrence of fishery inspections and a limited degree of noncompliance. Although most fishers supported the current linefish management regulations, when tested on the size limits, bag limits and closed seasons of their target species a high proportion of fishers did not know the regulations (recreational 64%, charter 53%, commercial 42%). Furthermore only 27% of fishers had had their catch inspected whilst fishing in Plettenberg Bay and the majority of these had only been inspected once. Just over half the interviewees (60%) indicated that fishing had deteriorated within Plettenberg Bay with fewer and smaller fish being caught. The most common causes cited for this decline were commercial and recreational overfishing respectively. Underwater point counts and experimental angling were used to rapidly assess the state of the reef fish resource in Plettenberg Bay through a comparative study of the community structure between two exploited sites in Plettenberg Bay and two protected sites within the Tsitsikamma National Park. Generalized linear modeling showed that relative density of certain species was significantly different between the protected reefs inside the TNP and those exploited reefs within Plettenberg Bay. Both P. rupestris and C. laticeps had greater densities within the protected area whilst Chisquared tests showed that the size frequency distributions were significantly different with larger size-classes and the maximum size of fish greater within the reserve. These trends were noted with both the underwater visual surveys and the experimental angling. Multi-dimensional scaling and cluster analysis showed that there was an overall difference in the community structure between the study sites. It is hypothesised that through removal of key reef species and larger individuals that fishing has directly and indirectly affected the overall community structure. Within a simple framework based on ecological, institutional and social sustainability domains along with the results of the study area, a set of indicators is proposed and the sustainability of the local fishery scored within a rapid assessment matrix. The socio-economic domain scored the highest (83%) whilst the institutional domain scored the lowest (8.3%) and the ecological domain scored 25%, giving a total sustainability score of 38.8%. The results of this matrix show that at present the local fishery is non-sustainable and in need of greater management. By synthesizing papers dealing with and based on the concepts involved in Integrated Coastal Management, a structured approach is proposed to developing and implementing more holistic local coastal governance. It is envisaged that the framework to implement such an approach should be through the development of a local Coastal Management Plan and a subsidiary Bay Management Plan. Although stakeholder participation and representation is an essential component in the development of these plans, it is recommended that the local municipality should be the lead agent and incorporate the plans into the local Integrated Development and Spatial Plans thereby gaining long term local government support.

The most recent study on cetaceans in Algoa Bay, South Africa, was conducted over 14 years ago. Consequently, knowledge of the cetacean species visiting this bay is currently based on incidental observations and stranding data. A number of developments in recent years: a deepwater port, proposed oil refinery, increased boating and fishing (commercial and recreational), a proposed Marine Protected Area, and the release of a whale-watching permit, all of which may impact these animals in some way, highlight the need for a baseline study on cetaceans. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the spatial and temporal distribution, and habitat preference of cetaceans in Algoa Bay. Boat-based surveys were conducted monthly between March 2009 and July 2010. At each sighting the GPS location, species, group size and composition, and behaviour were recorded. Using GIS, the sighting data was related to data layers of geographical variables such as sea surface temperature, depth and sea-floor substrate. Approximately 365 hours of search effort were completed over 57 surveys, with a total of 346 sightings. Species observed were: southern right whales (Eubalaena australis), humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), Bryde’s whales (Balaenoptera brydei), Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus), Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis), and longbeaked common dolphins (Delphinus capensis). Southern right whales were observed during austral winter, utilising the shallow, protected areas of the bay as a mating and nursery ground. Humpback whales were also recorded extensively during winter, in more offshore waters, with a significant number of mother-calf pairs sighted. Bryde’s whales were recorded in offshore waters during summer and autumn, where they were primarily observed travelling and foraging. Bottlenose dolphins were the most prolific species sighted. They were recorded year-round throughout the inshore waters of the bay, with large group sizes (up to 500 animals), and displayed a wide variety of behaviours. Humpback dolphins were observed in extremely shallow and inshore waters (mean bottom depth of 6.6 m) along the south-west corner of the bay, in small groups of approximately three individuals. Common dolphins were the least observed species, and were mainly observed foraging in large groups of up to 800 individuals. The results of this study indicate how cetaceans utilise the bay in significantly different ways. Geographical and anthropogenic factors have influenced the spatial and temporal distribution of these animals and have resulted in habitat preferences, as well as potential key habitats, in the bay. Thus, this study has provided baseline information for future research and for better informed conservation and management strategies in Algoa Bay.

The objectives of this study were to characterise macrozoobenthic community structure of the western sector of Algoa Bay, to identify the drivers of community structure and to develop a long-term monitoring framework. Data were collected from six study sites stratified along-shore. Each site comprised three stations; most sites were located in areas directly influenced by anthropogenic activities such as inflow from storm water drains and areas where dredged spoil was dumped. Other sites included areas in close proximity to estuary mouths. Physico-chemical parameters of the water column were measured with a YSI instrument, sediment for faunal and physico-chemical analyses was sampled with a Van Veen grab, and collected macrofauna were sedated and preserved pending analysis. In the laboratory, macrofauna were identified to finest taxonomic resolution possible under dissecting and compound microscopes, and enumerated. Sediment samples for physico-chemical analyses were kept frozen pending analysis. Up to 187 species belonging to 137 genera and 105 families were identified. Univariate community parameters such as abundance and number of species varied significantly along-shore, generally increasing towards less wave-exposed sites. Multivariate analyses revealed that community assemblages were heterogeneously distributed along-shore, corresponding to areas where anthropogenic influences such as effluent discharge and commercial harbour activities prevailed. During the 2008 survey, species assemblages separated into six groups corresponding to the six sites but xvii during the 2009 survey, species assemblages separated into four groups probably due to changes in environmental parameters such as the hydrodynamic regime. In both surveys the assemblage opposite a drainage canal (Papenkuils outfall) was distinct as it was dissimilar to all other assemblages. This site was also heterogeneous over relatively small spatial scales. Important physico-chemical variables influencing community structures during the 2008 survey included bottom measurements of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, coarse sand and mud. During the 2009 survey, only bottom temperature and mud content were identified as important physico-chemical variables structuring community assemblages. The principal variable was probably the hydrodynamic regime, driving community structure at a larger scale in Algoa Bay. On a localised scale, communities were probably structured by other factors such as effluent discharges, influence of estuary mouths and activities associated with the harbour. With a lack of information on keystone species (regarded as good monitoring species) in Algoa Bay, it was proposed that groups that cumulatively comprise 50–75 percent of total abundance within communities be monitored annually. Included are amphipods, polychaetes, cumaceans, ostracods, tanaids and bivalves. It was also proposed that areas opposite estuary mouths, effluent outfalls and the dredged spoil dumpsite be monitored. This routine monitoring programme should be accompanied by periodic hypothesis driven research to assess the importance of stochastic events (e.g., upwelling) on macrozoobenthic community dynamics. Keywords: macrozoobenthos, soft-bottom, community assemblages, spatial distribution patterns, environmental drivers, long-term monitoring framework.

Several problems concerning the use of conventional synthetic flocculants has necessitated the need for alternative cost effective, safe and efficient bioflocculants from microorganisms inhabiting many environments, particularly those from unusual environments. Hence, this study assessed bioflocculant production by three marine bacteria isolated from the bottom sediment of Algoa Bay in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Analysis of the 16S rDNA sequences led to their identification as Halobacillus sp. Mvuyo, Virgibacillus sp. Rob and Oceanobacillus sp. Pinky. Several factors affecting the production and activity of the bioflocculant(s) were studied. Halobacillus sp. Mvuyo produced bioflocculant optimally with glucose (76%) and ammonium chloride (93%) as sole carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively and at neutral pH and in the presence of Ca2+. On the other hand, Virgibacillus sp. Rob preferred glucose (70.4 %) and iron sulphate (74%) as carbon and nitrogen source respectively; an alkaline pH (12.0) and Fe2+. Oceanobacillus sp. Pinky produced bioflocculant optimally when sucrose (80%) and peptone (72.4 %) were used as carbon and nitrogen source respectively, at neutral pH, and in the presence of Ca2+ cation. The chemical analyses of the partially purified bioflocculants revealed that the bioflocculants produced by Halobacillus sp. Mvuyo and Oceanobacillus sp. Pinky were glycoproteins, while that produced by Virgibacillus sp. Rob was a polysaccharide. We thus conclude that Halobacillus sp. Mvuyo, Virgibacillus sp. Rob and Oceanobacillus sp. Pinky hold promise as producers of new and efficient bioflocculant(s). We recommended development of process conditions for large scale production of the bioflocculants followed by their detailed characterization, as well as pilot scale assessment of the applicability of the purified bioflocculant in water/wastewater treatment and other industrial uses

The Crawford Bay map-area is fifty square miles on the east side of Kootenay Lake, southeastern British Columbia, and is part of a regional structural belt, the Kootenay Arc, (Hedley, 1955). It is underlain by strongly deformed and metamorphosed strata of Late Proterozoic to possible Middle Paleozoic age. Sill-like bodies and boudins of metamorphosed amphibolite, and subordinate post-kinematic granitic intrusions and basic dykes of probable Mesozoic age are present in the west part of the map-area. Lithologic succession was determined by use of primary structures in the east part of the map-area and by lithologic correlation in the more highly metamorphosed western part. Horsethief Creek Group, Lower Hamill Group, Upper Hamill Group, Mohican and Badshot Formations, and Lardeau Group comprise an apparent conformable succession. Rock-unit nomenclature is the same as used for similar strata in the Kootenay Arc of the Lardeau and Salmo areas. However, fault-bound Upper Hamill is composed of strata which do not have defined lithologic equivalents outside the map-area and more detailed study of this part of the succession is suggested. The sequence is unfossilifereous and and age of the strata is based on correlation of Badshot Formation with Badshot outside the map-area that has yielded Archeocyathids of late Lower Cambrian age. Three phases of deformation, of variable intensity, are recognized within the map-area. Phase one folds are the earliest tectonic event and delineate the main structural trend. Three major folds, outlined by stratigraphic mapping, the Plaid Lake syncline, the Washout Creek syncline, and the Crawford Bay synform, are believed to be phase one structures. Early phase folds are isoclinal "similar" with axial planes parallel to gross lithologic layering. Fold axes and related penetrative mineral lineation plunge up to 20° northward except where locally deformed by subsequent structures. Only small scale phase two folds are recognized. These are asymmetric "similar" folds with southeast trending axial planes which dip moderately to the southwest, and westward plunging fold axes. Major faults may have formed during either phase of deformation. Kinks and related quartz veins formed during phase three deformation. Folding of bedding by phase three kinks is considered to be flexural-slip. Regional metamorphism is synkinematic with phase one and two deformation. Culmination of metamorphism appears to be post-faulting and post-phase two deformation. Phase three deformation is post-metamorphic. Chlorite, biotite, garnet, diopside, and sillimanite zones delineate an increasing metamorphic gradient from east to west. Distribution coefficients, KD= Mg/Fe garnet / Mg/Fe biotite, of Mg and Fe in coexisting garnet and biotite pairs in Mohican Formation, are larger with increasing metamorphic grade from the east limb to the west limb of the Crawford Bay synform. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

Boundary Bay is a novel that explores important areas of investigation linked to education. These fields of inquiry include: literary study and the teaching of literature, aesthetics and artistic production. The novel also investigates the nature of teachers' lives in school and university settings, the nature of institutional education, societal issues affecting intellectual and creative life, the roles of the woman poet and teacher, the social structures and conventions of marriage and contemporary women, the conflicts and paradoxes of motherhood, the issues of teen suicide and homosexuality, and the transformative power of literature and artistic forms of seeing the world. As an example of arts-based qualitative research, the "art of fiction" is envisioned as an extension of human experience. The novel or literary narrative as a viable mode of representation for research is envisioned in light of the perception that ideas can be reflectively addressed through the arts in order to enlarge human understandings. Boundary Bay explores the vital roles literary fictions play in our everyday lives and in educational processes. Fictions are not the unreal side of reality or the opposite of reality: they are conditions that enable the production of possible worlds. In this sense, fiction can become a premise for epistemological positionings. The writing of Boundary Bay is informed by narratives of beginning secondary school teachers as well as the narratives of Ph.D. candidates and university educators. Boundary Bay is a novel that forms a response to the debate at the 1996 Annual American Educational Researcher's Association Meeting (AERA) between Elliot Eisner and Howard Gardner recorded in "Should a Novel Count as a Dissertation in Education?" (Saks, 1996; Donmoyer, 1996). The debate between Eisner and Gardner continued as Boundary Bay was presented at a symposium titled "Shaking the Ivory Tower: Writing, Advising and Critiquing the Postmodern Dissertation" at AERA 1999 in Montreal. The manuscript of poetry interwoven through Boundary Bay was short-listed for the 1998 CBC Canada Council Literary Awards. Boundary Bay was a semifinalist for the 1999 Robertson Davies Prize for fiction. / Education, Faculty of / Language and Literacy Education (LLED), Department of / Graduate

This dissertation examines the idea that ethnographically reported relationships between artifact classes and faunal food resource remains can be detected in an archaeological context. A detailed site report is presented for Deep Bay (DiSe 7), including analyses of the artifact and faunal assemblages, and quantitative techniques are employed to search for associations between faunal and artifact variables in this site. The results of four analyses are compared, and the recurring associations of variable pairs are interpreted in the light of ethnographic and ecological data. The various lines of evidence relevant to the most likely season of site occupation are also examined. It is concluded that some of the ethnographically reported food resource procurement patterns can successfully be detected in the archaeological record. Evidence is presented that suggests the existence of food resource procurement systems centered around herring, deer, sea mammal, and migratory waterfowl. The site was most likely occupied during the late winter and early spring, primarily for deer hunting and herring fishing, and secondarily for sea mammal and waterfowl hunting. The acquisition of molluscs is considered to be a given. This subsistence pattern appears to have varied little over the past 2000 years. It is also concluded that the same techniques could be used profitably for similar studies in the future. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

This thesis represents a zooplankton study of Tomales Bay, Marin County, California. It consists of two papers. The first paper, "The Abundance of Copepods in Tomales Bay, California" has been submitted to the California Fish and Game for publication. The second paper, "Diet Studies of the Ctenophore Pleurobrachia bachei has been submitted to Fishery Bulletin. The raw data has been compiled in the Appendix.