A observação recorrente que alguns pianistas, professores de piano e compositores fazem sobre a presença da escrita de Domenico Scarlatti em alguns movimentos das Sonatas de Beethoven, sugere que há alguma relação estética entre estes compositores até então não devidamente esclarecida. A primeira questão que aparece é como Domenico Scarlatti pôde chamar a atenção de Beethoven, considerando que Scarlatti foi um compositor italiano que saiu de Nápoles para Lisboa e finalmente Madrid, onde compôs as suas 555 Sonatas para o teclado, dedicadas à sua empregadora, rainha Maria Bárbara da Espanha. Beethoven, nascido em 1770, um século após Scarlatti, de outro lado, permaneceu em Viena e arredores por praticamente toda a sua vida profissional. Este trabalho busca investigar proximidades estéticas entre a composição para teclado de Domenico Scarlatti contidas na edição de Carl Czerny e as 32 Sonatas para piano de Beethoven. Busca também esclarecer aspectos da biografia de Domenico Scarlatti e a trajetória das cópias manuscritas de suas 555 Sonatas pela Europa, uma vez que trazem inovações formais e estéticas para sua época. Parte destas Sonatas chegou à Viena através de duas coleções de cópias manuscritas, chamadas de coleção Viena I e Viena II. Através destes manuscritos e das cópias que foram feitas a partir deles, Carl Czerny realizou sua edição. Admite-se que Beethoven tenha tido alguma familiaridade com esta edição das Sonatas de Scarlatti, uma vez que Czerny foi, durante muitos anos, seu aluno e amigo próximo. A metodologia utilizada para aferir semelhanças entre Scarlatti e Beethoven se baseia em duas abordagens. A primeira fundamenta-se na análise comparativa tradicional - não automatizada - sobre procedimentos composicionais de ambos os compositores. A segunda utiliza-se de recursos computacionais para identificar e quantificar a presença de fragmentos melódicos extraídos das Sonatas de Scarlatti da edição de Czerny nas Sonatas de Beethoven, com auxílio da tecnologia do toolkit music21, software desenvolvido pelo Massachusetts Institute of Technology a partir de 2010 e disponível através da página de internet http://web.mit.edu/music21/. Seu uso, neste trabalho, aponta para novas possibilidades de abordagem na análise musical cujos resultados e conclusões são obtidos a partir de parâmetros distintos da análise musical tradicional. As análises comparativas tradicionais evidenciaram semelhanças importantes entre os procedimentos composicionais de Scarlatti e Beethoven como, por exemplo, o uso dos silêncios, das mudanças inesperadas de andamento e de caráter. A partir do software construído com a utilização do toolkit music21 para a busca dos fragmentos scarlattianos nas Sonatas de Beethoven, obteve-se resultados de grande relevância, identificando sequencias intervalares idênticas, encontradas nas Sonatas de Beethoven e não verificadas em Mozart, cujas Sonatas foram submetidas ao mesmo método. / A recurrent observation that some pianists, piano teachers and composers make about the presence of Domenico Scarlatti\'s writing in some movements of Beethoven Sonatas, suggests that there is some aesthetic relationship between these composers that was not properly clarified. The first question that appears is how Domenico Scarlatti music could draw the attention of Beethoven, considering that Scarlatti was an Italian composer who left Naples to Lisbon and finally Madrid, where he composed his 555 keyboard sonatas, dedicated to his employer, Queen Maria Barbara of Spain. Beethoven, born in 1770, a century after Scarlatti, on the other hand, remained in and around Vienna virtually his entire professional life. This research investigates aesthetic similiarities between Domenico Scarlatti keyboard Sonatas contained in Carl Czerny edition and the 32 piano Sonatas of Beethoven. It also intends to clarify aspects of Domenico Scarlatti\'s biography and the trajectory of his 555 keyboard Sonatas that bring formal and aesthetics innovations for his time. Part of these Sonatas has come to Vienna in two manuscript copy collections called Vienna I and Vienna II. Through these two manuscript collections and the copies made out of them, Carl Czerny organized his own edition of the Scarlatti Sonatas. It has been admitted that Beethoven was familiar with these Sonatas, considering his long friendship with Czerny. The methodology used to establish similarities between Scarlatti and Beethoven composition is based on two approaches. The first is founded on the traditional comparative analysis - not automated - on compositional procedures of both composers. The second approach makes use of computational resources to identify and quantify the presence of melodic fragments, extracted from Scarlatti Sonatas of Czerny edition, on Beethoven sonatas, with the aid of the toolkit music21, technology developed by MIT in 2010 and available on the internet page http://web.mit.edu/music21/. Its use in this work points to new possibilities for musical analysis whose results and conclusions are obtained from different parameters of traditional musical analysis. The traditional comparative analyzes has revealed important similarities between the compositional procedures of Scarlatti and Beethoven, for example, the use of silences, unexpected changes of timing and character. From the software built using the toolkit music21 to search for melodic fragments of Scarlatti Sonatas on Beethoven piano Sonatas, it has yielded results of great relevance, as the indentification of identical musical intervallic sequences, found in Beethoven Sonatas and not verified on Mozart, whose Sonatas were submitted to the same method

A observação recorrente que alguns pianistas, professores de piano e compositores fazem sobre a presença da escrita de Domenico Scarlatti em alguns movimentos das Sonatas de Beethoven, sugere que há alguma relação estética entre estes compositores até então não devidamente esclarecida. A primeira questão que aparece é como Domenico Scarlatti pôde chamar a atenção de Beethoven, considerando que Scarlatti foi um compositor italiano que saiu de Nápoles para Lisboa e finalmente Madrid, onde compôs as suas 555 Sonatas para o teclado, dedicadas à sua empregadora, rainha Maria Bárbara da Espanha. Beethoven, nascido em 1770, um século após Scarlatti, de outro lado, permaneceu em Viena e arredores por praticamente toda a sua vida profissional. Este trabalho busca investigar proximidades estéticas entre a composição para teclado de Domenico Scarlatti contidas na edição de Carl Czerny e as 32 Sonatas para piano de Beethoven. Busca também esclarecer aspectos da biografia de Domenico Scarlatti e a trajetória das cópias manuscritas de suas 555 Sonatas pela Europa, uma vez que trazem inovações formais e estéticas para sua época. Parte destas Sonatas chegou à Viena através de duas coleções de cópias manuscritas, chamadas de coleção Viena I e Viena II. Através destes manuscritos e das cópias que foram feitas a partir deles, Carl Czerny realizou sua edição. Admite-se que Beethoven tenha tido alguma familiaridade com esta edição das Sonatas de Scarlatti, uma vez que Czerny foi, durante muitos anos, seu aluno e amigo próximo. A metodologia utilizada para aferir semelhanças entre Scarlatti e Beethoven se baseia em duas abordagens. A primeira fundamenta-se na análise comparativa tradicional - não automatizada - sobre procedimentos composicionais de ambos os compositores. A segunda utiliza-se de recursos computacionais para identificar e quantificar a presença de fragmentos melódicos extraídos das Sonatas de Scarlatti da edição de Czerny nas Sonatas de Beethoven, com auxílio da tecnologia do toolkit music21, software desenvolvido pelo Massachusetts Institute of Technology a partir de 2010 e disponível através da página de internet http://web.mit.edu/music21/. Seu uso, neste trabalho, aponta para novas possibilidades de abordagem na análise musical cujos resultados e conclusões são obtidos a partir de parâmetros distintos da análise musical tradicional. As análises comparativas tradicionais evidenciaram semelhanças importantes entre os procedimentos composicionais de Scarlatti e Beethoven como, por exemplo, o uso dos silêncios, das mudanças inesperadas de andamento e de caráter. A partir do software construído com a utilização do toolkit music21 para a busca dos fragmentos scarlattianos nas Sonatas de Beethoven, obteve-se resultados de grande relevância, identificando sequencias intervalares idênticas, encontradas nas Sonatas de Beethoven e não verificadas em Mozart, cujas Sonatas foram submetidas ao mesmo método. / A recurrent observation that some pianists, piano teachers and composers make about the presence of Domenico Scarlatti\'s writing in some movements of Beethoven Sonatas, suggests that there is some aesthetic relationship between these composers that was not properly clarified. The first question that appears is how Domenico Scarlatti music could draw the attention of Beethoven, considering that Scarlatti was an Italian composer who left Naples to Lisbon and finally Madrid, where he composed his 555 keyboard sonatas, dedicated to his employer, Queen Maria Barbara of Spain. Beethoven, born in 1770, a century after Scarlatti, on the other hand, remained in and around Vienna virtually his entire professional life. This research investigates aesthetic similiarities between Domenico Scarlatti keyboard Sonatas contained in Carl Czerny edition and the 32 piano Sonatas of Beethoven. It also intends to clarify aspects of Domenico Scarlatti\'s biography and the trajectory of his 555 keyboard Sonatas that bring formal and aesthetics innovations for his time. Part of these Sonatas has come to Vienna in two manuscript copy collections called Vienna I and Vienna II. Through these two manuscript collections and the copies made out of them, Carl Czerny organized his own edition of the Scarlatti Sonatas. It has been admitted that Beethoven was familiar with these Sonatas, considering his long friendship with Czerny. The methodology used to establish similarities between Scarlatti and Beethoven composition is based on two approaches. The first is founded on the traditional comparative analysis - not automated - on compositional procedures of both composers. The second approach makes use of computational resources to identify and quantify the presence of melodic fragments, extracted from Scarlatti Sonatas of Czerny edition, on Beethoven sonatas, with the aid of the toolkit music21, technology developed by MIT in 2010 and available on the internet page http://web.mit.edu/music21/. Its use in this work points to new possibilities for musical analysis whose results and conclusions are obtained from different parameters of traditional musical analysis. The traditional comparative analyzes has revealed important similarities between the compositional procedures of Scarlatti and Beethoven, for example, the use of silences, unexpected changes of timing and character. From the software built using the toolkit music21 to search for melodic fragments of Scarlatti Sonatas on Beethoven piano Sonatas, it has yielded results of great relevance, as the indentification of identical musical intervallic sequences, found in Beethoven Sonatas and not verified on Mozart, whose Sonatas were submitted to the same method

Not available / text

Not available / text

Not available / text

Not available / text

This thesis examines the history and origins of Beethoven's E minor Piano Sonata and examines the possibility of the programmatic conception of the work. Dedicated to Beethoven's friend Count Moritz Lichnowsky, the sonata may have been inspired by the Count's illicit affair with his future wife, the singer and actress Josefa Stummer. Providing a thorough Schenkerian analysis of both movements, the inner harmonic structure of the composition is revealed and explained. The author also investigates and details the unpublished original analyses of the composition by Heinrich Schenker, Erika Elias, and Hans Weisse. Both English and German language sources are incorporated into a comprehensive examination of Beethoven's Piano Sonata, op. 90.

Beethoven's complex manipulation of formal structures, especially his tendency to build important connections and transformative continuities between non-adjacent sections of musical works, may be seen to function as an attempt to control and sometimes to distort the listener's perception of both the narrative process of musical directionality, as well as the subjective interpretation of time itself. Temporal distortion often lies at the heart of Beethoven's complex contrapuntal language, demonstrated equally through the composer's often enigmatic disruption of phrase-periodic gestures, as well as by occasional instances of overtly incongruous temporal shifts. The "Krakow" collection of compositional sketches for Beethoven's String Quartet in E-Flat, Op. 127, provides a number of instances of "non-linear" or "multi-linear" musical continuity. The term "Krakow" sketches, when referenced in this dissertation, specifically designates the group of Beethoven manuscripts possessed by the Biblioteka Jagiellońska in Krakow, Poland, but which formerly were held by the Royal Library in Berlin. Structural voice-leading analyses are provided for selected portions of the "Krakow" collection; these analyses are then compared to voice-leading graphs and analytical reductions of the corresponding material from Beethoven's published versions of the same musical passages. In some cases the sketches supply almost complete texts, for which critical transcriptions are included as extended examples within the dissertation. The primary analytical technique applied to both compositional sketches as well as to complete musical texts derives from Heinrich Schenker's theory of structural voice-leading and graphical reduction. An important method of critical assessment, from which a number of theoretical arguments are developed, is the contention that Beethoven's contrapuntal language, at least in regard to the op. 127 String Quartet, relies heavily upon a temporal distortion of both form and phrase-periodic gestures, requiring the listener to actively re-construct the continuity of Beethoven's subjective formal archetypes.

This paper examines the generic aspect of Beethoven's Opus 5 Cello Sonatas (1796) from structuralist and post-structuralist perspectives, and explores the works from these viewpoints in order to gain insights into how the sonatas function as autonomous musical texts rather than historiographic documents of Beethoven's biography or transitional contributions in the development of the genre of the solo sonata as it was later cultivated. The insights offered by these perspectives argue for a reconsideration of the conventional notions of "work" and "text," which underscore the doctrine of work-immanence. This perspective also offers insights that have proven elusive when the works are considered primarily in the context of the historical-biographical construct of Beethoven's three style-periods. By applying the aesthetic practice of expressive doubling prevalent at the turn of the nineteenth century to Beethoven's Opus 5 Sonatas, a deeper understanding of the constellation of the duo sonatas in accompanied keyboard literature will be attained. Also, by illuminating the relational nature of meaning realized within a textual framework, this study attempts to enlarge the restricted scope of interpretation conventionally imposed on the Opus 5 sonatas.

Ce mémoire se propose d’aborder le concept adornien de matériau musical selon deux de ses moments essentiels : l’intégration et la désintégration. Dans un premier temps, il s’agira d’analyser la critique de l’Aufklärung, selon laquelle la rationalité éclairée, par la domination progressive de la nature, se transforme en son contraire, le mythe. Cette analyse servira de base théorique pour la compréhension du concept de matériau. Dans un deuxième temps, il conviendra d’examiner la tendance progressiste—exemplifiée dans la sonate classique de Beethoven—vers l’intégration du matériau musical, comprise comme un moment dans le processus plus large de rationalisation sociale identifié par Max Weber. Dans un troisième temps, il conviendra d’examiner la tendance régressive—exemplifiée dans les œuvres du Beethoven tardif, de Mahler et de Berg—vers la désintégration du matériau musical, une tendance qui reflète les aspects noirs de l’Aufklärung, à savoir la fragmentation sociale et la réification. Enfin, nous évaluerons quelques commentaires critiques soulevant des doutes quant à la validité d’un concept de matériau musical basé sur une philosophie de l’histoire qui, malgré ses distances, ne s’échappe pas de ses origines hégéliennes. / This thesis will examine integration and disintegration in Adorno’s concept of musical material. Chapter one will analyze the dialectic of the Enlightenment, according to which rationality, through the progressive domination of nature, turns into its opposite, myth. This analysis will serve as the theoretical basis for understanding Adorno’s concept of material. Chapter two will examine the progressive tendency—exemplified in Beethoven’s classical sonata—towards the integration of musical material, understood as a moment in the larger process of social rationalization identified by Max Weber. Chapter three will examine the regressive tendency—exemplified in the works of late Beethoven, Mahler and Berg—toward the disintegration of musical material, a tendency correlative with Enlightenment’s dark side, with social fragmentation and reification. The thesis will conclude by discussing a few criticisms which cast doubt on the validity of understanding musical material on the basis of a philosophy of history which, despite its distances, remains bound to its Hegelian origins.