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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Samara Silva Soares - 2018.pdf: 2389318 bytes, checksum: 06b87e95368f7089f20eac8dea5806bb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-01 / Water modeling is a great tool for water resources management, since it allows a simulation of future water sources, better defining the capacity of assimilation through the limits of source releases for extractions of certain fugacies to subsidize the licensing of service with the competent entities. Thus, the main objective of the present work was the model for dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), pH, temperature, organic nitrogen (Norg) and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4) through numerical simulations with the The QUALQKW e evaluates the quality of dry blood dry-larvae of zebrafish (Danio rerio) in a stretch of the BoisGoiás river, to verify how the water quality conditions of the study stretch with the quality classes of the solution CONAMA 357/2005. "In order to do so, the quality monitoring data and the hydraulic nature of the study were obtained in four years, in October and November of 2015 and in January and March of 2016, thus, the input data for the QUAL2Kw model. the two campaigns were carried out in February and September 2017 to conduct the ecotoxicity tests and the physical-chemical and microbiological results as well as trace metal analysis. In general, the calibration parameters are adjustable, especially for a solution of The date is most recent in 2015, where OD accounts persist below 5 mg / L over a long stretch and the BOD and NH4 also do not conform to the legal approach of CONAMA Resolution 357/05 In most of the series, BOD remained above 5 mg / L for at least 5 km in length, disagree with the legislation for exceeding the distance of the mixing zone, located on average at 1.5 ± 0.5 km from the point of l In the second half of 2015, uncertainty analyzes were performed for the OD, where only 9.4% of the simulations are more important than 5 mg / L and sensitivity analyzes by the Monte Carlo Simulation. the coefficient of deoxygenation and reapersion, in each of the sample channels, evidencing a significance of the reuse coefficient in the determination of OD concentrations. The quality and the ecotoxicity of the water of the section studied in February and September of 2017, after the effluent discharge point, was carried out in some of its parameters of water and some metals during the year as a whole, iron, lead and water. Cancer, and consequently, the success of seafood in the development of zebrafish embryos. Thus, the present work was done with the model QUAL2Kw presented as a good tool for the execution of nominal tests in the value of 0,808 ± 0,005 for all the sample management. The Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis demonstrates that it is possible to present the results in a probabilistic way, knowing or assuming risks that are disregarded by the deterministic approach. / A modelagem da qualidade da água é uma importante ferramenta para a gestão dos recursos hídricos, uma vez que possibilita simular situações futuras do uso da água, definindo melhor a capacidade de assimilação do curso d’água por meio dos limites de lançamentos de fontes pontuais ou para extrações de determinadas vazões para subsidiar o licenciamento de atividades junto aos órgãos competentes. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo obter um modelo para o oxigênio dissolvido (OD), demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), pH, temperatura, nitrogênio orgânico (Norg) e nitrogênio amoniacal (NH4) através de simulações numéricas com o modelo QUAL2Kw e avaliar a qualidade da água através de análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas juntamente com ensaios de ecotoxicidade utilizando o estágio embrio-larval de zebrafish (Danio rerio) em um trecho do rio dos Bois – Goiás, para verificar as condições de qualidade da água do trecho de estudo frente às classes de qualidade da Resolução CONAMA 357/2005. Para tanto, os dados de monitoramento da qualidade da água e características hidráulicas do trecho estudado foram obtidos em quatro campanhas amostrais, em outubro e novembro de 2015 e janeiro e março de 2016, fornecendo assim, os dados de entrada para calibrar o modelo QUAL2Kw. Além disso, foram realizadas duas campanhas amostrais em fevereiro e setembro de 2017 para a realização dos ensaios de ecotoxicidade e dos parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos, bem como as análises de metais traços. De forma geral, os resultados da calibração apresentaram um bom ajuste, principalmente para a variável de oxigênio dissolvido. A situação mais crítica ocorreu no mês de outubro de 2015, onde as concentrações de OD persistem abaixo de 5 mg/L por um longo trecho de extensão e a DBO e o NH4 também apresentaram não conformidade em relação ao atendimento legal da Resolução CONAMA 357/05. Em todas as campanhas amostrais a DBO manteve-se acima de 5mg/L por no mínimo 5 km de extensão, estando em desacordo com a legislação por ultrapassar a distância da zona de mistura, situada em média à 1,5 ± 0,5 km do ponto de lançamento total de efluentes. Foram ainda realizadas análises de incerteza para o OD enfatizando o cenário crítico do mês de outubro de 2015 , em que, apenas 9,4 % das simulações conduziram a um ODmín maior que 5 mg/L e análises de sensibilidade pela Simulação Monte Carlo para o coeficiente de desoxigenação e reaeração, em cada campanha amostral, evidenciando a significância do coeficiente de reaeração na determinação das concentrações de OD. Quanto à qualidade e ecotoxicidade da água do trecho estudado em fevereiro e setembro de 2017, após o ponto de lançamento de efluentes, houve aumento nas concentrações de alguns parâmetros de qualidade da água e de alguns metais traços analisados como fósforo total, ferro, chumbo e cobre, e consequentemente maiores efeitos significativos no desenvolvimento de embriões de zebrafish. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho permitiu concluir que o modelo QUAL2Kw apresentou-se como uma boa ferramenta para simulação de lançamentos pontuais no rio dos Bois apresentado um bom ajuste no ato da calibração, com o valor de RMEQ médio de 0,808 ± 0,005 para todas as campanhas amostrais. A realização da análise de incerteza por simulação Monte Carlo demonstrou que é possível apresentar os resultados em forma probabilística, conhecendo o risco assumido que é desconsiderado pela abordagem determinística.

<p>Treatment wetlands been showed efficient for reducing pollutant in waste water. In Lajeado – RS, Brazil the landfill has poor leachate water treatment. It is necessary to supplement the treatment plant because they need to reduce BOD, COD and nitrate of the water going to recipient. A subsurface flow wetland (SSF) can be a good choice.  In order to be able to design an efficient SSF it is important to understand how the grain sizes of a substrate affect the reducing of pollutants in waste water. This study focus on two substrate, sand with grain size of 0 - 3 mm and gravel with the grain size of 10 - 20 mm. To see the grain size reduces BOD, COD and nitrate best, the experiment used eight pilot scales SSF for leachate water treatment, four filled with sand and four filled with gravel. Two different flows, four with batch and four used continuous flow; two of each was planted with <em>Thypa angustifolia</em> <em>L</em>. Samples were taken from each wetland every week during a four week period. The results showed that the wetlands with the fine- grained substrate; sand gave the better reduction of BOD, COD and TKN (total kjeldahl kväve). It also showed great reduction in color. Important to notice in this study is the lack of time; more samples are required to be able to establish a pattern.</p>

Bakgrund Det finns ännu inga etablerade officiella gränsvärden för övervikt och fetma som är baserade på proportionen fettmassa (FM%) utan de gränsvärden som finns är utgår body mass index (BMI) eller midjemått. Syfte Att utveckla modeller för att prediktera FM, procentuellt och i kg, utifrån antropometriska mått hos unga och medelålders (20-49 år) svenska män. Vidare syftar uppsatsen till att undersöka vilka värden för FM% som motsvarar 25 kg/m2 och 30 kg/m2 i BMI och samt för 94 cm och 102 cm i midjemått. Metod Männen har rekryterats med hjälp av en mödravårdscentral, kvinnohälsan, i Linköping i samband med ett projekt om utveckling av barnfetma. Totalt 136 män undersöktes med Bod Pod, en maskin som mäter kroppssammansättning med hög validitet. Vidare mättes antropometriska mått såsom vikt, längd och midjemått vid mättillfället. Resultat Regressionsmodellerna med midjemått och BMI (r=0,94) samt midjemått (r=0,94) var de som var signifikant högst korrelerade till FM (kg). De regressionsmodellerna som förklarade mest av variansen i FM% var de med 1) M/L (midja/längd), midjemått och BMI 2) M/L och 3) midjemått som oberoende variabler (r=0,86-0,88). Ett BMI på 25 kg/m2 och 30 kg/m2 motsvaras av 23, respektive 32 FM%. Motsvarande värden för midjemått 94 och 102 cm var 25, respektive 31 FM%. Slutsats Midjemått och M/L (midjemått/längd) är bäst för att prediktera mängden fettmassa (FM), både i procent och kg. BMI 25 kg/m2 motsvarar 23±1 i FM% och BMI 30 kg/m2 korresponderas av 32±2 i FM%. / Introduction Currently, no official cut-offs regarding overweight and obesity based on proportion fat mass (FM%) are available. Existing cut-offs are instead derived from body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. Aim To develop equations to predict FM, in percent and kg, from anthropometric measures in young and middle aged (20-49 years of age) Swedish men. Also, this paper aims to investigate which values for FM% that corresponds to firstly 25 kg/m2 and 30 kg/m2 in BMI and secondly to 94 cm and 102 cm in waist circumference. Methods The men in the study were recruited in collaboration with a maternity clinic, kvinnohälsan, in Linköping. In total, 136 men were measured by the means of Bod Pod, a device that measures body composition in a valid manner. Anthropometric measures such as weight, height and waist circumference were measured. Results The regression models with waist circumference and BMI (r=0,94) and waist circumference (r=0,94) were significantly strongest related to FM (kg). The regression models who explained most of the variability in FM% were the ones with 1) W/H (waist circumference/height), waist circumference and BMI 2) W/H and 3) waist circumference as independent variables. A BMI of 25 kg/m2 and 30 kg/m2 corresponds to a FM% of 23 and 32, respectively. Corresponding values for waist circumference (94 and 102 cm) were 25 FM% and 31 FM%, respectively. Conclusion Waist circumference and W/H were the best variables to predict fat mass, both in percent and kg. BMI 25 kg/m2 corresponds to a FM% of 23±1 while BMI 30 kg/m2 is equivalent to 32±2 in FM%.

The aim of this thesis was to answer a number of questions about the environmental consequences of aircraft de-icing. A further aim was to suggest how the environmental consequences due to the release of de-icing fluids can be measured and reduced. The main impact of the aircraft de-icing on the environment is due to the large oxygen demand for the degradation of glycol based de-icing fluids which are released in the environment. The effect of the increase in oxygen demand depends on where the degradation occurs in the ecosystem. In a sensitive ecosystem, the large demand of oxygen could provide an anaerobic environment which would be harmful for many types of organisms. In order to reduce the negative effects of the applied de-icing fluid, there is some type of collection system at every regular airport in Sweden. The methods of collection can be divided into two general groups, hydrological isolation or vacuum sweeper trucks. When the area used for hydrological isolation is relatively small it is called a central de-icing pad. This thesis investigates which methods are being used at 16 of the Swedish airports with the most intense de-icing activity. Of all of these airports, only one does not use vacuum sweeper trucks. Six of the airports use central de-icing pads and five use hydrological isolation of a larger area. The investigation of the efficiency of each method showed no significant differences. This is due to the lack of accurate measurements and that different measurement methods are employed at different airports. This thesis also examines which methods for measuring the efficiency are being used, their weaknesses and what alternatives methods are available. Suggestions are also given to minimize the environmental consequences of aircraft de-icing, taken into account both leakage of the de-icing fluid and its judicious use. The case study of Stockholm-Bromma Airport includes a more detailed investigation of the de-icing activities and a rough mass balance is established. The aim of establisheing the mass balance is to determine the extent of collection of the de-icing fluids, their runoff to the storm water system or arrival at a diffuse sink. The results show that even if the collection is low, only a small part of the de-icing fluids reaches the storm water system. A relatively large part goes to the diffuse sinks where the de-icing fluids degrade on the soil surface or percolate into the soil. In the case study there is also an investigation of the probable impacts on the surrounding environment due to aircraft de-icing at Stockholm-Bromma Airport and suggestions are made how to reduce the impact. / Det primära syftet med examensarbetet har varit att besvara ett antal frågeställningar om flygplansavisningens miljöpåverkan. Frågeställningar som behandlar hur flygplansavisningens miljöpåverkan kan uppskattas/mätas samt reduceras. Den miljöpåverkan flygplansavisningen ger upphov till består främst av den syreförbrukning som orsakas vid nedbrytningen av den använda, glykolbaserade avisningsvätskan. Hur stor denna miljöbelastning blir beror till stor del av var nedbrytningen äger rum. I känsliga ekosystem ger syreförbrukningen upphov till syrefattiga miljöer vilket många organismer missgynnas av. För att reducera de negativa effekter som använd avisningsvätska kan ge upphov till sker på alla svenska reguljära flygplatser ett tillvaratagande av den använda avisningsvätskan. Uppsamlingsmetoderna som används kan uppdelas i två huvudprinciper. Den ena är att området där avisning sker begränsas hydrologiskt och den andra metoden är uppsamling med ”vakuum-sugbil”. Den hydrologiska avgränsningen kan göras för ett mindre område och benämns då som en stationär avisningsyta. Examensarbetet utreder vilka uppsamlingsmetoder för avisningsvätska som används på 16 av de svenska flygplatserna med mest avisningsaktivitet. Vid de undersökta flygplatserna används ”vakuum-sugbil” på alla utom en. På sex av flygplatserna används stationära avisningsplatser och större avgränsade områden för uppsamling finns vid fem flygplatser. Ingen signifikant skillnad i effektivitet (uppsamlingsgrad) kunde påvisas mellan de olika uppsamlingsmetoderna. Anledningen till detta kan ligga i att mätmetoderna skiljer sig mellan de olika flygplatserna och att det är mycket svårt att mäta eller uppskatta effektiviteten. Examensarbetet utreder även vilka mätmetoder som används, deras svagheter samt alternativ till dessa. Förslag ges även till allmänna åtgärder för att minimera flygplansavisningens miljöpåverkan ur såväl utsläppssynpunkt som för resursåtgång. En fallstudie av Stockholm-Bromma flygplats ger en betydligt djupare utredning än för övriga flygplatser och en grov massbalans upprättas för den använda glykolen. Massbalansen upprättas för man ska kunna avgöra hur stora mängder av den använda avisningsvätskan som samlas upp, lämnar flygplatsen via dagvattennätet eller når diffusa sänkor. Resultaten visar att även om uppsamlingsgraden är liten är belastningen på dagvattennätet ringa. En stor andel når de s.k. diffusa sänkorna och bryts ner på markytan eller perkolerar ner genom marken. I fallstudien utreds även den troliga påverkan på vattenrecipienter och omkringliggande närmiljö. Förslag ges även på hur man på bästa sätt skall reducera den miljöpåverkan som den använda avisningsvätskan ger upphov till.

Treatment wetlands been showed efficient for reducing pollutant in waste water. In Lajeado – RS, Brazil the landfill has poor leachate water treatment. It is necessary to supplement the treatment plant because they need to reduce BOD, COD and nitrate of the water going to recipient. A subsurface flow wetland (SSF) can be a good choice.  In order to be able to design an efficient SSF it is important to understand how the grain sizes of a substrate affect the reducing of pollutants in waste water. This study focus on two substrate, sand with grain size of 0 - 3 mm and gravel with the grain size of 10 - 20 mm. To see the grain size reduces BOD, COD and nitrate best, the experiment used eight pilot scales SSF for leachate water treatment, four filled with sand and four filled with gravel. Two different flows, four with batch and four used continuous flow; two of each was planted with Thypa angustifolia L. Samples were taken from each wetland every week during a four week period. The results showed that the wetlands with the fine- grained substrate; sand gave the better reduction of BOD, COD and TKN (total kjeldahl kväve). It also showed great reduction in color. Important to notice in this study is the lack of time; more samples are required to be able to establish a pattern.

In this report, the application of Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Square (PLS)  regression analyzing methods used to understand the relationship of interdependent loads in municipal wastewater treatment plant. Two different wastewater treatment plants were chosen for analysis of  the relationship between interdependent loads. Firstly, the collected data of incoming wastewater and outgoing water from both Västerås and Eskilstuna wastewater treatment plants were analyzed to find some relationship or correlation between contents and compare the data of both the plants. Secondly, the correlated contents were used to generate the regression model for predicting the value in the future, in this report we have focussed only on ammonium nitrogen value for regression model. The PCA study shows the variation between incoming and outgoing wastewater’s characteristics  given by  Västerås and Eskilstuna plant. / BOD, ammonium nitrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus

The objective of the present study was to explore the correlation between resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition and physical activity in active and inactive men and women aged 20-30 years. In total, 13 active and 10 inactive women and 8 active and 5 inactive men were enrolled in this study. RMR was measured using an indirect respiratory calorimeter and body composition was obtained using a BodPod, anthropometric measurements (measurements of waist, weight, skin fold thickness etc.) and bioelectrical impedance analysis. From the BodPod were information obtained about fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) and from the bioelectrical impedance analysis were data obtained about the total body water (TBW). By combining the data from these methods a three-compartment model could be produced. This gives a better value of the body composition. By using anthropometric measurements the muscle mass (MM) could be calculated. FFM measurements correlate best with RMR for both active men and women and for inactive women. For the inactive men MM correlates best with RMR. In conclusion, comparing the groups as a whole it is seen that the FFM correlates best with RMR for both women and men. Since the muscles are the metabolically active part of FFM it is concluded that muscles affects the RMR value and muscles can in turn be influenced by training.

The body composition of female collegiate athletes was measured using the Bod Pod® device. The sample consisted of 75 student athletes, aged 18 to 22 years old. Five sports at the university level were represented, including basketball, gymnastics, soccer, swimming & diving, and soccer. Participants were measured at the preseason and postseason periods. Overall, participants in all five sports were not found to change significantly in total body mass, fat mass, fat free mass, percent body fat, or body mass index from the preseason period to the postseason period at the alpha = 0.05 level. On average, the members from each of the different teams were found to be significantly different from each other for one or more variables. In general, basketball and volleyball players were found to be similar in body composition. The average member on the swimming & diving, soccer, and gymnastics teams was found to vary from the average team member on each of the other teams.

System of HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) is the main and unbroken system in the field of food safety. There is a duty for food producers in the Czech Republic to implement a system of critical control points into their business. It means to identify points (critical) in the process of production where can be the highest hazard for food safety, to monitor these points, to control and register data regularly. Production of safety food, protection of consumers, and also protection of a producer is the principle and result of proper and functional system of HACCP. Documents, an indivisible part of system of HACCP, were drafted for a selected company. Analysis of hazards was also done with the result of setting control points (CP) and two of critical control points (CCP) in a production step of cooling and packing.

The thesis deals with the optimization of the production of a particular industrial enterprise, Armaturka Vranová Lhota plc, with the use of cost and revenue functions for three analyzed industrial valves. In the literary section it provides basic theoretical and methodological foundations on the issue, including definitions of essential terms. The emphasis here is on determination of cost functions and classification of costs, revenues function and optimal size of a company's output in the short term. This section also describes the use of econometric models. The practical part is focused on drawing up individual models of the analyzed products. Based on the developed econometric models, respectively their incremental characteristics, the optimization of production was carried out. In the conclusion section, the results obtained from the individual productions are compared with the real value of industrial valves production.