This investigation was conducted in the rural community of Cuambo, located in the northeast of the province of Imbabura, in the Mira river basin of Salinas parish, at 1530 meters above sea level and with an average temperature of 19.5° C. The main objective of this investigation was to analyze the effect of using amaranth (Amaranthus) leaf flour in the creation of feeds for broiler chickens. The field work occurred during 12 months and consisted of two phases: A. Creation of the feed: This proceeded from the cultivation, cutting, and drying of amaranth until the obtaining of the flour and later the feed, with the respective formulation and acquisition of primary materials. B. Broiler chicken production: This occurred in the coop of the community's school, previously prepared for taking in the chicks. The study lasted 8 weeks. A completely random design (CRD) with five treatments and four repetitions per treatment was used, with 10 chickens per experimental unit. ANOVA analysis and Tukey and orthogonal comparisons were applied. The factor under study was the percentage of amaranth leaf flour in a basic diet. The treatments were as follows: T0 = Control diet for broiler chickens T1 = 16.7% amaranth leaf flour T2 = 35% amaranth leaf flour T3 = 54% amaranth leaf flour T4 = 78% amaranth leaf flour Analyzed variables: Weekly weight increase, Weekly food conversion, Accumulated food conversion, Total food consumption, Efficiency index, Yield, Skin pigmentation at the end of the treatments, Organoleptic analysis, Mortality, Economic analysis. From the results obtained, we conclude that the feed from treatment 1 (T1) is the best because it gave the most efficient results in terms of weight increase, food conversion, efficiency index, yield, and production cost. In the organoleptic analysis, T2 received more points regarding appearance, color, and texture; T1 received the best points in odor. The most acceptable treatments are T2 and T1, with the most points. In production cost, T4 was the least expensive, but it is not recommended for use because the chickens had poor results in the studied variables.

Deep learning has gained traction in thermal engineering due to its applications to process simulations, the deeper insights it can provide and its abilities to circumvent the shortcomings of classic thermodynamic simulation approaches by capturing complex inter-dependencies. This works sets out to apply probabilistic deep learning to power plant operations using historic plant data. The first study presented, entails the development of a steady-state mixture density network (MDN) capable of predicting effective heat transfer coefficients (HTC) for the various heat exchanger components inside a utility scale boiler. Selected directly controllable input features, including the excess air ratio, steam temperatures, flow rates and pressures are used to predict the HTCs. In the second case study, an encoder-decoder mixturedensity network (MDN) is developed using recurrent neural networks (RNN) for the prediction of utility-scale air-cooled condenser (ACC) backpressure. The effects of ambient conditions and plant operating parameters, such as extraction flow rate, on ACC performance is investigated. In both case studies, hyperparameter searches are done to determine the best performing architectures for these models. Comparisons are drawn between the MDN model versus standard model architecture in both case studies. The HTC predictor model achieved 90% accuracy which equates to an average error of 4.89 W m2K across all heat exchangers. The resultant time-series ACC model achieved an average error of 3.14 kPa, which translate into a model accuracy of 82%.

The objective of this study is to investigate the eect of dierent fuels on two uidized bed boiler systemsat the energy company Soderenergi's site in Igelsta, called IKV and IGV P3. Today, recovered wastewood (RWW) is the major fuel share fed into the boilers. However, with an insecure fuel supply in thefuture, other fuel types must be considered. Based on knowledge from previous fuel usage in the boilers,an evaluation of how other potential fuel mixtures may eect the operation is conducted. The additionalfuels considered in the fuel blends are; stem wood chips, cutter shavings, solid recycled fuel (SRF) andrubber.With elemental analysis of the fuels and established key numbers, the previous fuel mixtures are evaluated.The indications by the guiding parameters are compared with experienced problems and the formercondition of the boilers, and the risk limits for the key numbers are adjusted to a suitable level. Thepotential mixtures are evaluated with the key numbers and the updated limits. In addition to the keynumbers, the heavy metal concentration, the heating value, the moisture content and the ash content ofthe fuel blends are included in the evaluation. The considered damages in the boilers caused by the fuelblends are corrosion, sintering and fouling.The damage level from the current fuel usage for IKV and IGV P3 is fairly low. The results from theanalyzed fuel mixtures show an increased damage risk in the boilers. Additionally, adjustments of theboiler systems are required by some of the analyzed fuel mixtures. In general, the corrosion risk andthe heavy metal content will increase in comparison with today's fuel. The fouling and slagging are aswell expected to increase for the assessed fuel mixtures. Moreover, the result illustrates an increased ashgeneration, which demands a reconstruction of the ash cooling system for IKV. Furthermore, the increaseof LHV in the assessed fuel mixtures to IGV P3, is likely to require an increased capacity of the ue gasrecirculation pump.In the analysis of the potential fuel mixtures it is found that the corrosion risk expressed by the keynumbers is reduced with a higher share of rubber. The heavy metal content is, however, increased,leading to e.g. an enhanced risk for formation of eutectic salts, which as well are corrosive. On thecontrary, the fuel mixtures with a high risk expressed by the key numbers, have the lowest concentrationsof heavy metals. Due to the results are con icting, a balance between the risk indicated by the keynumbers and the heavy metal concentration must be considered in the evaluation. The fuel mixturesconsidered causing least damage to IKV are a mixture of 42% RWW, 48% wood fuel and 15% SRF, and amixture of 70% wood fuel, 20% SRF and 10% rubber. The fuel mixtures considered causing least damageto IGV P3 are a mixture of 85% RWW and 15% rubber and a mixture of 70% RWW and 30% SRF. / Syftet med studien var att undersoka branslets paverkan pa tva uidbaddpannor, IKV och IGV P3, hos energiforetaget Soderenergi. Idag ar det huvudsakliga branslet i dessa pannor returtra (RT). Med en standigtrorlig branslemarknad kravs kunskap av alternativa branslen. Baserat pa tidigare bransleanvandning,har paverkan fran potentiella bransleblandningar pa pannan undersokts. Utover returtra ar stamveds is,span, papper-plast-tra (SRF) och gummi med i de analyserade blandningarna.Med elementaranalyser pa branslen och etablerade nyckeltal utvarderades de tidigare anvanda branslena.Indikationen fran nyckeltalen ar jamford med upplevda problem och risknivaerna for nyckeltalen arandrade till passande nivaer. De framtida bransleblandningarna analyserades med hjalp av nyckeltalenoch de uppdaterade risknivaerna. Utover nyckeltalen analyserades tungmetallhalten, varmevardet, fukthaltenoch askhalten i bransleblandningarna. De pannskador orsakade av bransleblandningarna somundersokts ar korrosion, sintring och paslag.Det nuvarande branslet till IKV och IGV P3 ger en relativt lag skadeniva. Resultaten fran de analyseradebransleblandningarna visar att skaderisken i pannorna kommer att oka och forandringar av pannan kankomma att kravas. Generellt kommer korrosionsrisken och tungmetallinnehallet att oka i jamforelse meddagens bransle. Okat paslag och slaggning ar ocksa forvantat. Vidare visar resultatet att askproduktionenkommer att oka, vilket gor att IKVs kylsystem for bottenaskan kommer behovas byggas ut. LHV for deanalyserade bransleblandningarna for IGV P3 okar, vilket innebar att kapaciteten for returgas aktarnatroligen maste okas.I jamforelsen av de olika bransleblandningarna visas att korrosionsrisken, forutspadd av nyckeltalen,minskar med en hogre andel gummi. Daremot okar tungmetallinnehallet, vilket leder till en okad riskfor bildning av eutektiska salter, vilka ocksa ar korrosiva. Bransleblandningarna med en indikerad hogrisk av nyckeltalen, har tvartemot den lagsta koncentrationen av tungmetaller. Eftersom resultatenar motsagande, kravs en avvagning mellan riskerna indikerade av nyckeltalen och tungmetallshalten.De bransleblandningar som ar ansedda att vara minst skadliga for IKV ar en blandning av 42% RT,48% tradbransle och 15% SRF, och en blandning av 70% tradbransle, 20% SRF och 10% gummi. Debransleblandning som ar ansedda att vara minst skadliga for IGV P3 ar en blandning av 85% RT och15% gummi, och en blandning av 70% RT och 30% SRF.

Thesis (MScEng (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / A small scale steam jet ejector experimental setup was designed and manufactured. This ejector setup is of an open loop configuration and the boiler can operate in the temperature range of Tb = 85 °C to 140 °C. The typical evaporator liquid temperatures range from Te = 5 °C t o 10 °C while the typical water cooled condenser presure ranges from Pc = 1 . 70 kPa t o 5. 63 kPa (Tc = 15 °C to 35 °C). The boiler is powered by by two 4kW electric elements, while a 3kW electric element simulates the cooling load in the evaporator. The electric elements are controlled by means of variacs. The function ... / Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies

På uppdrag från Umeå Energi AB ska två av deras rostereldade värmepannor (panna 6 och 7) undersökas med avseende på pannverkningsgraden. Umeå Energi genomför i dagsläget månadsvisa kontroller av pannverkningsgraden beräknade med den direkta metoden. Denna beräkningsmetod är dessvärre ganska otillförlitlig, vilket medför att en noggrannare undersökning av pannverkningsgraden krävs. Av denna anledning så beräknades pannverkningsgraden med den indirekta beräkningsmetoden, vilket resulterade i ett mer tillförlitligt resultat där även pannans förlustfaktorer bestämdes. Pannverkningsgraden beräknades och analyserades med hänsyn till de ingående förlustfaktorerna vid samma nyttiga effekt för båda pannorna. För att genomföra detta arbete så undersöktes först de rådande standarderna inom området, detta för att välja ut den mest lämpliga standarden för detta arbete beträffande kriterier och viktiga beräkningsfaktorer. De viktigaste provtagningarna och analyserna som dessa standarder berörde gällde bränsle, aska och rökgaser. För att genomföra alla provtagningar skapades ett provtagningsschema. Provtagningarna genomfördes på båda pannorna vid två olika provtagningstillfällen, därefter skickades proverna på analys och pannverkningsgraden kunde sedan beräknas.Resultatet som detta arbete resulterade i är att panna 6 har något högre pannverkningsgrad än panna 7, 89,3 respektive 82,8 %. Detta medför att förlustfaktorerna står för 10,7 samt 17,2 % för panna 6 respektive panna 7, där den överlägset största förlustfaktorn är rökgasförlusterna. Denna förlustfaktor beror till stor del på rökgasernas temperatur och fukthalt. Rökgasförlusterna uppgår till 9,5 samt 16,3 % på panna 6 respektive panna 7. Därefter i storleksordningen kommer askförlusterna för panna 6 (0,8 %) och värmeförlusterna för panna 7 (0,5 %). Både värmeförlusterna och askförlusterna för panna 6 respektive panna 7 uppgår till en förlustfaktor på 0,3 %. Den minsta förlustfaktorn är oförbränt i gasfas (CO) som ligger mellan 0–0,1 % för panna 6 och panna 7, detta tyder på låga halter av kolmonoxid och oförbränt i rökgaserna.De effektiviseringsförslag som detta arbete ledde fram till var att minska fukthalten och temperaturen på de utgående rökgaserna, detta genom att installera en rökgaskondenseringsanläggning som sänker rökgastemperaturen ytterligare och kondenserar ut mer fukt från rökgaserna. Detta realiseras genom att sänka kondensattemperaturen i rökgaskondenseringsanläggningen antingen genom lägre returledningstemperatur på fjärrvärmen som värmeväxlas mot kondensatet eller via en värmepump placerad mellan fjärrvärmereturen och kondensatet som arbetar med en lägre drifttemperatur än fjärrvärmen. Ett annat effektiviseringsförslag är att förbättra bränslehanteringen genom att torka bränslet innan de matas in i pannan. Slutligen skulle också en mer frekvent uppföljning av bränsleparametrar såsom värmevärde vara ett möjligt effektiviseringsförslag. Alla dessa förslag kräver dessvärre en ekonomisk och tekniskt utredning för att avgöra om dessa effektiviseringsförslag är ekonomiskt försvarbara samt tekniskt genomförbara. / On behalf of Umeå Energi AB, two of their grate fired heating boilers (boiler 6 and 7) was evaluated with respect to boiler efficiency. Currently these boiler efficiency calculations is carried out monthly by the input-output method. This calculation method is unfortunately rather unreliable, which means that a more exact examination of the boiler efficiency is required. For this reason, the boiler efficiency was calculated using the energy balance method, which gives more reliable results and also evaluates the boiler losses. Boiler efficiency was calculated and analysed with respect to the boiler losses at approximately the same useful effect for both the boilers.To perform this work the leading standards in the field were examined, which was done in order to evaluate the most appropriate standard with regard to criteria and important calculation factors. The most important samples and analyses that these standards was concerned with was fuel, ash and flue gas. To conduct all sampling, a sampling plan was created. All samplings was performed on both boilers at two sampling occasions, the samples were then sent for analysis and the boiler efficiency could then be calculated.The result from this work shows that boiler 6 has slightly higher boiler efficiency than boiler 7, 89.3 and 82.8% respectively. As a result, the boiler losses total up to 10.7 and 17.2% for boiler 6 and 7 respectively, where the flue gas losses constitutes the largest losses. The flue gas losses depends largely on the temperature of the flue gases and the moisture content. Flue gas losses sums up to 9.5 and 16.3% on boiler 6 and 7 respectively. The second largest boiler loss is ash losses on boiler 6 which sums up to 0.8% and heat losses on boiler 7 which sums up to 0.5%. The heat losses on boiler 6 and the ash losses on boiler 7 both sums up to a boiler loss of 0.3 %. The smallest loss factor is unburned in gas phase (CO) and is between 0–0.1% for boiler 6 and boiler 7, this suggests low levels of carbon monoxide and unburned in flue gases.The efficiency proposals this work resulted in was to reduce the moisture content and temperature of the outgoing flue gases, this by installing a flue gas condenser, which lowers the temperature further and condenses out more moisture from the flue gases. This is realized by reducing the flue gas condensate temperature either through lowering district heating return temperature which exchange heat with the flue gas condensate or through a heat pump that is placed between the district heating return and flue gas condensate which operates at a lower temperature than the district heating. Another efficiency proposals is to improve the fuel handling by drying the fuel before being fed into the furnace. Finally, also a more frequent follow up of the fuel parameters such as calorific value would be a possible efficiency proposal. All of these proposals require unfortunately economic and technical investigation to determine whether these efficiency proposals are economically viable and technically feasible.

The presence of deposits on the secondary side of pressurized water reactor (PWR) steam generator systems is one of the main contributors to the high maintenance costs of these generators. Formation and transport of corrosion products formed due to the presence of impurities, metals and metallic oxides in the secondary side of the steam generator units result in formation of deposits. This research deals with understanding the deposit formation and characterization of deposits by studying the samples collected from different units in secondary side system at Comanche Peak Steam Electric Station (CPSES). Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) have been used for studying the phases, morphologies and compositions of the iron oxides formed at Unit 1 and Unit 2 of secondary side of steamgenerator systems. Hematite and magnetite were found to be the dominant phases of iron oxides present in the units. Fe, Cr, O, Ni, Si, Cl and Cu were found in samples collected from both the units. A qualitative method was developed to differentiate iron oxides using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) based on temporal response of iron oxides to a high power laser beam. A quantitative FTIR technique was developed to identify and quantify iron oxides present in the different components of the secondary side of the steam generator of CPSES. Amines are used in water treatment to control corrosion and fouling in pressurized water reactors. CPSES presently uses an amine combination of dimethylamine (DMA), hydrazine and morpholine to control the water chemistry. Along with the abovementioned amines, this study also focuses on corrosion inhibition mechanismsof a new amine DBU (1, 8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-ene). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization curves were used to study the interaction mechanism between DBU solution and inconel alloys 600 and 690 at steamgenerator operating temperatures and pressures. Of all the amines used in this study (DMA, DBU, ETA, and morpholine), DMA was more effective at keeping the passive film formed on the alloy 600 surface from failing at both ambient and high temperatures. Morpholine was found result in higher corrosion resistance compared to the other amines in case of alloy 690.

Engenheiros têm introduzido um melhor suporte para procedimentos de monitoramento de condições complexas através da aplicação de sistemas descentralizados inteligentes usando uma variedade de técnicas de inteligência artificial. Agora é largamente reconhecido que estes problemas decorrentes da complexidade funcional do monitoramento de condições podem ser resolvidos com arquiteturas que contenham muitos módulos distribuídos e inteligentes, que interajam dinamicamente, os quais são chamados de agentes inteligentes. A tecnologia baseada em agentes tem gerado muita agitação nos últimos anos por causa da promessa de ser um novo paradigma na hora de definir os conceitos para modelar e implementar sistemas de controle. O objetivo do presente estudo é implantar esta tecnologia no controle de uma caldeira de recuperação com a finalidade de gerenciar e integrar produção, qualidade e segurança no processo. A caldeira de recuperação tem dois objetivos bem definidos, cada um com suas restrições operacionais: (1) geração de vapor vivo a ser utilizado no processo, e, (2) redução de reagentes inorgânicos para recuperar sulfeto e carbonato de sódio, necessários no ciclo do processo de fabricação de celulose. Cada um destes objetivos é um sistema com funções independentes dentro da caldeira, mas que, no entanto tem seus desempenhos interligados entre si através das variáveis comuns existentes no processo. Esta é exatamente a definição de um sistema agente, ou melhor, de um Sistema Multi-Agente (SMA), no qual não existe uma otimização e sim a busca de uma solução possível. O modelo dinâmico da Caldeira foi simulado em Matlab(TM) Simulink(TM) baseado no modelo matemático da caldeira de recuperação de licor negro B&W (Babcock&Wilcox). O SMA foi desenvolvido utilizando a linguagem de programação JAVA e a plataforma de agentes JADE. / Engineers have been introducing better support for procedures of monitoring complex conditions through the application of intelligent decentralized systems, implementing a variety of artificial intelligent techniques. Nowadays it is vastly known that these problems that are consequence of the functional complexity of monitoring conditioning can be solved trough architectures, built by many intelligent distributed modules, which interact dynamically, known as intelligent agents. Technology based on agents have been creating excitement over the last years because of its promise of being a new paradigm that can be used to define modeling and implementing concepts for control systems. The goal of this thesis is to implement this new technology on controlling a recovery boiler, aiming to manage and integrate production, quality and security to the process. The operation of the recovery boiler has two well defined objectives, each one with its operational constraints: (1) steam production, an important asset in the pulp and paper process, and, (2) reduction of inorganic reagents to recover sulfate and sodium carbonates, the necessary chemicals in the Kraft pulp production. Each one of these functions, is an independent system inside the recovery boiler, however they have their performances connected to each other by common variables present in the process. This is exactly the definition of an agent system, in other words, a definition of a Multi-Agent System (MAS), for which there is not an optimization, but the search for the best possible outcome. The recovery boiler dynamic model was simulated using Matlab(TM) Simulink(TM) based on the mathematic model of B&W (Babcock&Wilcox) recovery boiler of black liquor. The MAS was implemented using JAVA(TM) programming language and JADE(TM) agent platform.

Intresset för biobränsleproducerad energi har ökat i takt med att kunderna blivit mer miljömedvetna. På grund av detta har efterfrågan på briketter ökat samtidigt som träindustrin har haft det svårt i en sviktande konjunktur. Därför har ett examensarbete utförts i samarbete med E.ON Värme Sverige AB där undersökningar på bränslebyte i pannor avsedda för torra bränslen till fuktigare, stamvedflis har utfört. För denna undersökning har begränsningar införts på övre och undre effekt i form av uppehållstid och slutförbränningstemperatur. Intervallen är enbart beräknade på stamvedflis med 30 och 40 % fukthalt. Undersökning visar att det går bra att elda stamvedsflis i briketteldade pannor utan att emissionerna ökar så pass mycket att villkoren för anläggningarna överskrids om lasten hålls inom vissa intervall. Det möjliga effektintervallet ökar med minskad fukthalt på bränslet. Undersökningen har visat att det är bränslets kvalitet som är den mest begränsande faktorn. / The interest in bioenergy has increased with increased environmental awareness. The increasing demand on biofuels and the decreasing availability of the rawmaterials for making refined biofuels such as wood briquettes and wood pellets have caused the prices of these biofuels to increase. This report is performed in collaboration with E.ON Värme Sverige AB and its purpose is to investigate the possibilities for a change of fuels in existing boilers designed for refined biofuels, from wood briquettes to wood chips. To be able to calculate a power interval where it would be possible to use wood chips with moisture contents of 30 and 40% by weight respectively, we had to make some assumptions regarding maximum flue gas flow, minimum retention time and the lowest temperature regarding complete combustion of CO. Our calculations show that it is possible to use woodchips with a moisture content of 30 % w/w without any significant problems in all our boilers. When the moisture content is increased to 40 % w/w the interval for possible power output becomes more narrow. The amount of dust that is being emitted from the boilers does not exceed the limits regulated by environmental law, unless the thermal load of the boiler is too high. The single most important factor for a successful change of fuel from wood briquettes to woodchips is that the fuel quality is good.

<p>Intresset för biobränsleproducerad energi har ökat i takt med att kunderna blivit mer miljömedvetna. På grund av detta har efterfrågan på briketter ökat samtidigt som träindustrin har haft det svårt i en sviktande konjunktur. Därför har ett examensarbete utförts i samarbete med E.ON Värme Sverige AB där undersökningar på bränslebyte i pannor avsedda för torra bränslen till fuktigare, stamvedflis har utfört.<strong></strong></p><p>För denna undersökning har begränsningar införts på övre och undre effekt i form av uppehållstid och slutförbränningstemperatur. Intervallen är enbart beräknade på stamvedflis med 30 och 40 % fukthalt.</p><p>Undersökning visar att det går bra att elda stamvedsflis i briketteldade pannor utan att emissionerna ökar så pass mycket att villkoren för anläggningarna överskrids om lasten hålls inom vissa intervall. Det möjliga effektintervallet ökar med minskad fukthalt på bränslet.</p><p>Undersökningen har visat att det är bränslets kvalitet som är den mest begränsande faktorn.</p> / <p>The interest in bioenergy has increased with increased environmental awareness. The increasing demand on biofuels and the decreasing availability of the rawmaterials for making refined biofuels such as wood briquettes and wood pellets have caused the prices of these biofuels to increase. This report is performed in collaboration with E.ON Värme Sverige AB and its purpose is to investigate the possibilities for a change of fuels in existing boilers designed for refined biofuels, from wood briquettes to wood chips.</p><p>To be able to calculate a power interval where it would be possible to use wood chips with moisture contents of 30 and 40% by weight respectively, we had to make some assumptions regarding maximum flue gas flow, minimum retention time and the lowest temperature regarding complete combustion of CO.</p><p>Our calculations show that it is possible to use woodchips with a moisture content of 30 % w/w without any significant problems in all our boilers. When the moisture content is increased to 40 % w/w the interval for possible power output becomes more narrow. The amount of dust that is being emitted from the boilers does not exceed the limits regulated by environmental law, unless the thermal load of the boiler is too high.</p><p>The single most important factor for a successful change of fuel from wood briquettes to woodchips is that the fuel quality is good.<strong></strong></p>

Failure of carbon steel boiler tubes from waterside has been reported in the utility boilers and industrial boilers for a long time. In industrial boilers, most waterside tube cracks are found near heavy attachment welds on the outer surface and are typically blunt, with multiple bulbous features indicating a discontinuous growth. These types of tube failures are typically referred to as stress assisted corrosion (SAC). For recovery boilers in the pulp and paper industry, these failures are particularly important as any water leak inside the furnace can potentially lead to smelt-water explosion. Previous research shows that metal properties, environmental variables, and stress conditions are the major factors influencing SAC crack initiation and propagation in carbon steel boiler tubes. A significant volume of work has also been published to show that the use of carbon steel in high temperature water applications strongly depends upon the formation and stability of a protective magnetite oxide film on the waterside of boiler tubes. This present study is aimed at evaluating above stated variables individually and interactively to identify SAC crack initiation and crack propagation behavior in carbon steel boiler tubes. Other goal of this research is to understand the mechanism of bulbous SAC crack formation under industrial boiler operating conditions, thus to figure out a practical way to predict and prevent SAC type failures in the industrial boilers.