The need for high resolution, continuously sustained imaging drives the interest in space-borne, distributed aperture, interferometric (amplitude, heterodyne, or intensity correlation) systems. This paper will discuss the maneuver controls for a system of multiple space-based telescopes to secure optimal image quality. Such distributed aperture systems eff ectively measure the Fourier Transform of the collected light so that the observed wave pattern is seen in the frequency plane. This Fourier Transform representation of physical spacecraft maneuvers may be interpreted as coverage regions (discs) in the frequency plane. Superior coverage of the frequency plane, which is directly related to image quality, is investigated for imaging distant objects using interferometric techniques where apertures are distributed on multiple space-based telescopes. The corresponding cost function is based on the optimality of the spacecraft maneuvers, which in turn is based on achieving a high image quality. This study builds on previous research wherein the first-order necessary conditions (FONC) were derived. The FONC are derived for specialized rectilinear motion and expanded to incorporate varying coverage disc velocities. These linearized equations are verifi ed to be consistent with those for the constant velocity case. Next, linearized first-order necessary conditions are shown to correspond closely with the fully nonlinear case. After that, the conditions for optimal overlap of the coverage paths will be given; these conditions lead to the optimal cost based on frequency plane parameters. Finally, a heuristic approach will be used to compare diff erent frequency plane coverage strategies. An analogy to painting will be presented to demonstrate adequate signal-to-noise ratio required for a desired image quality.

Ground-borne vibration from underground rail vehicles is studied analytically. A previously developed model by J.A.Forrest and H.E.M.Hunt is modified to account for different track and vehicle models. The tunnel is modeled as infinite cylindrical shell surrounded by viscoelastic soil. The track is coupled to the tunnel with supports of complex stiffness. The rails, which are modeled as infinite Euler beams, are supported by discrete sleepers with regular spacing, and railpads with complex stiffness. A modified hysteretic damping model for moving loads is applied to soil. Linearized Hertzian contact spring is included between the wheel and the rail. The solution is obtained in frequency domain using random process theory. Effects of improvements in the model are graphically presented to enable comparison with the previously developed model and measurements from literature.

<p>After decades of investigation, we still have to deal withthe problem of environmental effects of the use of de-icingsalt on roads. Lacking useful indicators of the system, westill do not know the environmental utility of ameliorativemeasures taken. The thesis aims at</p><p>i) describing the system of de-icing practices and theirenvironmental effects with special reference to the exposure ofthe roadside environment to air-borne salt and damage to Norwayspruce seedlings and ii) at proposing indicators for afollow-up system. By collecting bulk deposition and relatingthe deposition pattern to factors concerning wind androad-maintenance characteristics, the influence of thesefactors on air-borne exposure is investigated. By exposingNorway spruce (<i>Picea abies</i>(L.) Karst.) seedlings to roadsideconditions the influence ofsalt exposure on the degree ofdamage is investigated. Based on a comparison of severalsystems of monitoring, improvements are suggested by proposingnew indicators for salt use and its environmental effects.</p><p>A large part of the salt that is applied on the road surfacewill be transported by air and deposited on the ground in theroadside. While the vast majority of the salt will be depositedwithin some tens of metres of the road, some may still be windtransported several hundred metres away. The wind directionplays an important role for the deposition already at adistance of some ten metres from the road. Wind speedinfluences the distance to which the salt is transported.Chloride concentration in unwashed needles collected after thesalting season is positively related to the bulk deposition ofCl during the exposure. The degree of damage can be describedby a sigmoid curve of response to the Cl concentration inneedles. Improvements to the follow-up system are suggested byproposing indicators of the driving forces, pressures, states,impacts and possible responses as regards the undesired impactson water resources, vegetation and the roadside scenery as asocietal asset.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>road, de-icing salt, air-borne, environmentalimpact, vegetation damage, Norway spruce, seedling, follow-up,monitoring, indicator</p>

Thesis (MSc (Veterinary Tropical Diseases)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print format.

Foodborne illness continues to be a substantial public health issue in the United States, with fresh produce being one of the leading causes of outbreaks. Understanding routes of contamination of fresh produce and how pathogens survive on plant surfaces is paramount in improving food safety and reducing risk to public health. The objectives of this study were to select environmental E.coli isolates as pathogen surrogates of Salmonella typhimurium and E.coli O157:H7, assess lettuce plant contamination by spray irrigation water, and evaluate a common industry quality control (QC) E.coli strain (ATCC 25922). Selections of E.coli surrogates were made utilizing biofilm and leaf attachment data from lab scale assays. Five surrogates were found to be similar in biofilm formation and leaf attachment capabilities of the pathogens, while the common QC strain was significantly different than Salmonella in both biofilm formation and leaf attachment (p < 0.05). Persistence of surrogates, pathogens and the QC strain on lettuce plants was assessed in greenhouse scale experiments, where it was found that all isolates were above detection levels for 22 days. Die-off rates were calculated for all isolates, with the QC strain having the greatest rate of die-off in the first experiment (k = -4.52) and the second greatest in the second experiment (-2.82) while the pathogens and selected surrogates had statistically similar and lower rates of die-off. Based on this information, current policies concerning the sampling and management of irrigation waters and crops for microbial safety may be insufficient. It is recommended that sampling methods and frequencies be adjusted for irrigation waters and fresh produce, and the use of projected die-off rates not be used for the determination of time intervals needed before a crop is safe to harvest.

Les méthodes de trajectographie conventionnelles par mesures d'angle supposent que la source est en mouvement rectiligne uniforme tandis que l'observateur est manœuvrant. Dans cette thèse, nous remettons en cause cette hypothèse en proposant un autre modèle de cinématique de la source : le mouvement circulaire uniforme. Nous prouvons qu'une telle trajectoire est observable à partir d'un observateur en mouvement rectiligne uniforme. Puis, nous étudions l'apport de mesures additionnelles de fréquence ou la faisabilité de la trajectographie par mesures de distances. Le cas d'une source en mouvement rectiligne uniforme et d'un observateur manœuvrant est étudié pour ce dernier type de mesures. Chaque cas donne lieu à une analyse de l'observabilité de la trajectoire de la source et à la mise au point de l'estimateur du maximum de vraisemblance. Nous montrons que ce dernier s'avère le plus souvent efficace.

Mikromicetai turi didelę reikšmę miglinių javų sėklos kokybei. Susidarius palankioms sąlygoms sėkla plintantys grybai gali sumažinti sėklos dygimo energiją ir daigumą, susilpninti augalo šaknų sistemą, sumažinti augalų žaliąj�� masę ir derlių. Kai kurie grybai sėklai gali padaryti netiesioginę žalą - pakeisti spalvą, kvapą, deformuoti jos paviršių. Gamindami ir išskirdami į aplinką mikotoksinus, mikroskopiniai grybai menkina javų grūdų kaip maisto, pašarų realizacinę vertę. Sėklos beicavimas cheminiais preparatais neleidžiamas ekologiniuose ūkiuose. Kaip alternatyva beicavimui, javų sėklai apdoroti naudojami įvairūs fiziniai metodai. Tačiau kai kurių metodų poveikiai sėkla plintantiems mikromicetams išaiškinti nepakankamai, nenustatytos šių poveikių optimalios ekspozicijos, atskirais atvejais po jų poveikių sumažėja sėklos daigumas, kuris yra labai svarbus grūdams, naudojamiems kaip sėklinė medžiaga. Be to, literatūroje yra mažai duomenų apie 100°C temperatūros drėgnojo vandens garo terminių impulsų panaudojimą siekiant mažinti sėkla plintančius mikromicetus. Lietuvoje literatūros apie atskirų fizinių procesų poveikių javų sėkla plintančių mikromicetų kontrolei tyrimus randama negausiai. Įvairios mikromicetų kontrolės priemonės tirtos skirtingu laiku, skirtingais parametrais, kai kurie iš parametrų tyrimų metu keitėsi, todėl tarpusavyje palyginti priemonių poveikių efektyvumus neįmanoma. Darbo naujumas. Vienalaikių tyrimų metu, esant vienodoms sąlygoms, naudojant įvairias... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Seed-borne fungi are highly important for the seed quality of Poaceae. Fungi under favourable conditions may reduce germination capacity and viability of seeds, weaken the root system of plants, decrease their yield and green mass. Some fungi may cause indirect damage to seeds, i.e. change the colour, deform seed coat. Producing and exuding mycotoxins, microscopic fungi degrade the realization value of grain crops. Fumigation of seeds using chemicals is prohibited in ecological farms. As an alternative to this, different physical methods are applied to treat the seed. However, the influence of some of the methods on seed-borne fungi has been ascertained insufficiently, optimal expositions of the influences have not been determined. In some cases their influence reduces seed viability, which is highly important for grains used as seed material. Besides, literature sources provide very few data on the use of 100°C damp steam thermal impulses to reduce the amount of seed-borne fungi. In Lithuania, literature on studies of the influence of different physical processes to control seed-borne fungi is rather scarce. Different measures to control pathogenic and saprophytic fungi were studied at different times, using different parameters, some of the parameters were changed during the studies, thus it is impossible to compare efficiency of the measures applied. Novelty. During simultaneous studies, under the same conditions, applying different electrophysical and thermophysical... [to full text]

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style="font-size: 12pt / line-height: 115% / font-family: &quot / Times New Roman&quot / ,&quot / serif&quot / ">This study has reveled the levels of knowledge and compliance towards Universal Precautions and examined the factors that are influential in having a positive and negative effect on their adoption by healthcare practitioners in practice. Despite acceptable knowledge regarding the potential for infection and mechanisms to prevent these infections, this study has found out that health care workers are not as compliant with universal precautions as they need to be. The findings that compliance correlated directly with knowledge, with in-service training and with availability of protective equipment, provide important indications for future interventions. Therefore a regular on job refreshing training program on Universal Precautions, a written guideline and reminder poster on Universal Precautions and personal protective equipment need to be made available for all health care providers in every department of the hospital for better compliance. <span style="">&nbsp / </span><span style="">&nbsp / </span><span style="">&nbsp / </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p>&nbsp / </p>

<p>Background: Health care workers, more specifically, nursing students are at increased risk of occupational injury and exposure to blood borne pathogens. Compliance with universal precautions (UP) will minimise risk or transmission of HIV and HBV (Hepatitis B virus) according to the Department of Health of South Africa. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge and practice of universal precautions amongst nursing students and their fear of occupational exposure to blood borne pathogens. Rationale: The rationale for the study was to investigate what the students&rsquo / knowledge and practice of UP were, to see if this could be a possible contributing factor to occupational exposure. Research design: The study was a quantitative, cross sectional survey using a questionnaire that included one open ended question. Participants: The participants for the study were the undergraduate nursing students in year levels two to four (n = 253) who and were selected by means of stratified random sampling. Procedures: A questionnaire was administered to the participants by the researcher. Analysis of the data collected was done through statistical package for social sciences (SPSS 16.0) and content analysis. Results: The researcher established that there is indeed a lack of knowledge regarding UP and that the students&rsquo / self reported practice of UP is poor. No statistically significant correlation between knowledge and practice of UP were found. There is underreporting of occupational exposures to staff at the School of Nursing. The majority of students reported a moderate to severe fear for occupational exposures and contributing factors raised by them are reality in the clinical facilities.</p>