Le tremblement est un phénomène qui touche diverses parties de l'avion, pouvant créer des problèmes de fatigue structurelle ou de confort et limiter l'enveloppe de vol. Il est par conséquent important de comprendre ce phénomène afin de mieux le prévoir. Quatre types de tremblement sont étudiés dans cette thèse, le tremblement de l'empennage horizontal, le tremblement intrados voilure, le tremblement de l'APF et le tremblement de l'extrados voilure. La première partie du mémoire détaille la physique de ces phénomènes à partir d'informations recueillies dans la littérature et de l'analyse de différentes campagnes d'essais en soufflerie. Cette partie met ainsi en évidence les caractéristiques instationnaires propres à chaque type de tremblement. La deuxième partie présente l'état de l'art sur la prévision du tremblement, permettant de montrer non seulement les défauts associés aux méthodes antérieures de modélisation mais également les avantages de l'utilisation de certains outils comme l'approche numérique pour mieux comprendre ces phénomènes. Finalement, la troisième partie présente le nouveau modèle semi-empirique basé sur les fonctions de cohérence et développé pour mieux représenter les phénomènes de tremblement étudiés. Une validation de ce modèle a été effectuée sur les différentes campagnes d'essais en soufflerie, donnant des résultats probants pour la plupart des phénomènes étudiés. / The buffeting is a phenomenon that can affect various parts of the aircraft creating problems of structural fatigue or comfort as well as limiting the flight envelope. It is hence important to understand this phenomenon in order to be able to better predict it. Four types of buffeting are studied in this thesis, the horizontal tail plane buffeting, the wing lower surface buffeting, the APF buffeting and the wing upper surface buffeting. The first part of the thesis describes the physics of these phenomena based on the information collected in the literature and analysis of different wind tunnel test campaign data. This section highlights the unsteady characteristics of each buffeting phenomenon. The second part presents the state of the art of the buffeting prediction, showing not only the difficulties associated with previous modelling methods but also the benefits of the use of certain tools such as CFD to better understand these phenomena. Finally, the third part presents the new semi-empirical model based on coherence functions and developed to better predict the different types of buffeting. A validation of this model was performed on various wind tunnel tests campaigns giving very good results for most of the analysed phenomena.

High performance twin-tail aircraft, like the F-15 and F/A-18, encounter a condition known as tail buffet. At high angles of attack, vortices are generated at the wing fuselage interface (shoulder) or other leading edge extensions. These vortices are directed toward the twin vertical tails. When the flow interacts with the vertical tail it creates pressure variations that can oscillate the vertical tail assembly. This results in fatigue cracks in the vertical tail assembly that can decrease the fatigue life and increase maintenance costs. For many years, research has been conducted to understand this phenomenon of buffet and to reduce its adverse effects on the fatigue life of aerospace structures. Many proposed solutions to this tail buffet problem have had limited success. These include strengthening the tail, modifying the vortex flow, using an active rudder control, and leading edge extensions. Some of the proposed active controls include piezoelectric actuators. Recently, an offset piezoceramic stack actuator was used on an F-15 wind tunnel model to control buffet induced vibrations at high angles of attack. The controller was based on acceleration feedback control methods. In this thesis a procedure for designing the offset piezoceramic stack actuators is developed. This design procedure includes determining the quantity and type of piezoceramic stacks used in these actuators. The changes of stresses, in the vertical tail caused by these actuators during an active control, are investigated. In many cases, linear controllers are very effective in reducing vibrations. However, during flight, the natural frequencies of the vertical tail structural system changes as the airspeed increases. This in turn, reduces the effectiveness of a linear controller. Other causes such as the unmodeled dynamics and nonlinear effects due to debonds also reduce the effectiveness of linear controllers. In this thesis, an adaptive neural network is used to augment the linear controller to correct these effects.

学位授与大学：京都大学 ; 取得学位: 博士(工学) ; 学位授与年月日: 2007-09-25 ; 学位の種類: 新制・課程博士 ; 学位記番号: 工博第2843号 ; 請求記号: 新制/工/1418 ; 整理番号: 25528 / The unsteady buffeting forces and the gust response prediction of bridges in the atmospheric turbulent flows is recently attracted more attention due to uncertainties in both experiment and analytical theory. The correction functions such as the aerodynamic admittance function and the spatial coherence function have been supplemented to cope with limitations of the quasi-steady theory and strip one so far. Concretely, so-called single-variate quasi-steady aerodynamic admittance functions as the transfer functions between the wind turbulence and induced buffeting forces, as well as coherence of wind turbulence has been widely applied for the gust response prediction. Recent literatures, however, pointed out that the coherence of force exhibits higher than that of turbulence. These correction functions, in the other words, contain their uncertainties which are required to be more understanding. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), known as the Karhunen-Loeve decomposition has been applied popularly in many engineering fields. Main advantage of the POD is that the multi-variate correlated random fields/processes can be decomposed and described in such simplified way as a combination of limited number of orthogonally low-order dominant eigenvectors (or turbulent modes) which is convenient and applicable for order-reduced representation, simulation of the random fields/processes such as the turbulent fields, turbulent-induced force fields and stochastic response prediction as well. The POD and its proper transformations based on either zero-time-lag covariance matrix or cross spectral one of random fields/processes have been branched by either the covariance proper transformation (CPT) in the time domain or the spectral proper transformation (SPT) in the frequency domain. So far, the covariance matrix-based POD and its covariance proper transformation in the time domain has been used almost in the wind engineering topics due to its simplification in computation and interpretation. In this research, the unsteady buffeting forces and the gust response prediction of bridges with emphasis on the POD applications have been discussed. Investigations on the admittance function of turbulent-induced buffeting forces and the coherence one of the surface pressure as well as the spatial distribution and correlation of the unsteady pressure fields around some typically rectangular cylinders in the different unsteady flows have been carried out thanks to physical measurements in the wind tunnel. This research indicated effect of the bluff body flow and the wind-structure interaction on the higher coherence of buffeting forces than the coherence of turbulence, thus this effect should be accounted and undated for recent empirical formulae of the coherence function of the unsteady buffeting forces. Especially, the multi-variate nonlinear aerodynamic admittance function has been proposed in this research, as well as the temporo-spectral structure of the coherence functions of the wind turbulence and the buffeting forces has been firstly here using the wavelet transform-based coherence in order to detect intermittent characteristics and temporal correspondence of these coherence functions. In POD applications, three potential topics in the wind engineering field have been discussed in the research: (i) analysis and identification, modeling of unsteady pressure fields around model sections; (ii) representation and simulation of multi-variate correlated turbulent fields and (iii) stochastic response prediction of structures and bridges. Especially, both POD branches and their proper transformations in the time domain and the frequency one have been used in these applications. It found from these studies that only few low-order orthogonal dominant modes are enough accuracy for representing, modeling, simulating the correlated random fields (turbulence and unsteady surface pressure, unsteady buffeting forces), as well as predicting stochastic response of bridges in the time and frequency domains. The gust response prediction of bridges has been formulated in the time domain at the first time in this research using the covariance matrix-based POD and its covariance proper transformation which is very promising to solve the problems of the nonlinear and unsteady aerodynamics. Furthermore, the physical linkage between these low-order modes and physical causes occurring on physical models has been interpreted in some investigated cases. / Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第13372号 / 工博第2843号 / 新制||工||1418(附属図書館) / 25528 / UT51-2007-Q773 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 松本 勝, 教授 河井 宏允, 准教授 白土 博通 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Le développement de l'accès à l'espace s'inscrit dans le contexte scientifique et économique actuel comme un enjeu majeur de l'industrie et de la recherche. Un des objectifs principaux est d'augmenter la capacité et le confort de la charge utile pour réduire les coûts de transport vers l'espace. L'exploitation des données en vol du lanceur Ariane 5 a mis en évidence la présence de fluctuations de pression pouvant induire des efforts instationnaires repris par les vérins du moteur Vulcain. Ces efforts s'exercent dans la zone décollée du culot d'un lanceur normalement à l'axe de la poussée, et sont qualifiés de charges latérales. Cette observation conduit à l'étude de deux aspects. Dans un premier temps, la dynamique des écoulements massivement décollés d'arrière-corps, à haut nombre de Reynolds et en régime compressible est considérée au moyen de simulations numériques ZDES. Une analyse approfondie des champs instantanés, moyens et fluctuants est réalisée au moyen de post-traitements avancés. Notamment, le champ tri-dimensionnel de pression fluctuante dans la région du culot fait l'objet d'analyses spectrales (Fourier) et modales (DMD) massives. Ensuite, le contrôle des phénomènes potentiellement nuisibles au confort de la charge utile à savoir le buffeting culot et l'ovalisation de tuyère est abordé. L'analyse physique de l'écoulement sur une géométrie tri-corps permet la conception d'un dispositif de contrôle adapté. Enfin, l'effet de deux dispositifs retenus (quatre jets équirépartis en azimut sur le corps central et augmentation de la section de passage entre les trois corps) est évalué au moyen des outils d'analyse de la dynamique de la configuration non contrôlée.

Long-span bridges are flexible and therefore are sensitive to wind induced effects. One way to improve the stability of long span bridges against flutter is to use cross-sections that involve twin side-by-side decks. However, this can amplify responses due to vortex induced oscillations. Wind tunnel testing is a well-established practice to evaluate the stability of bridges against wind loads. In order to study the response of the prototype in laboratory, dynamic similarity requirements should be satisfied. One of the parameters that is normally violated in wind tunnel testing is Reynolds number. In this dissertation, the effects of Reynolds number on the aerodynamics of a double deck bridge were evaluated by measuring fluctuating forces on a motionless sectional model of a bridge at different wind speeds representing different Reynolds regimes. Also, the efficacy of vortex mitigation devices was evaluated at different Reynolds number regimes. One other parameter that is frequently ignored in wind tunnel studies is the correct simulation of turbulence characteristics. Due to the difficulties in simulating flow with large turbulence length scale on a sectional model, wind tunnel tests are often performed in smooth flow as a conservative approach. The validity of simplifying assumptions in calculation of buffeting loads, as the direct impact of turbulence, needs to be verified for twin deck bridges. The effects of turbulence characteristics were investigated by testing sectional models of a twin deck bridge under two different turbulent flow conditions. Not only the flow properties play an important role on the aerodynamic response of the bridge, but also the geometry of the cross section shape is expected to have significant effects. In this dissertation, the effects of deck details, such as width of the gap between the twin decks, and traffic barriers on the aerodynamic characteristics of a twin deck bridge were investigated, particularly on the vortex shedding forces with the aim of clarifying how these shape details can alter the wind induced responses. Finally, a summary of the issues that are involved in designing a dynamic test rig for high Reynolds number tests is given, using the studied cross section as an example.

As características arquitetônicas e o desempenho estrutural de pontes suspensas, estaiadas ou pênseis, têm determinado a sua crescente utilização em obras de arte destinadas a vencer grandes vãos. Essa utilização crescente que ocorreu no mundo nas últimas décadas se repete agora nos últimos anos no país. Várias dessas obras estão em execução e em projeto. Um dos aspectos relevantes na análise estrutural das pontes suspensas é o de seu comportamento quando submetidas à ação do vento. Apresenta-se o sistema computacional ANA-PSp desenvolvido especialmente para o estudo do movimento de tabuleiros de pontes suspensas sujeitas a esforços aeroelásticos e aerodinâmicos. Esse sistema computacional formado por um conjunto de subsistemas, é elaborado para a análise aeroelástica de pontes suspensas sob a ação de vento e permite análises paramétricas extensas dos fenômenos de drapejamento (flutter) e de martelamento (buffeting). A discretização da estrutura é efetuada pelo método dos elementos finitos e a redução dos graus de liberdade é realizada por superposição modal com modos selecionados que melhor descrevem os movimentos do tabuleiro. Utiliza-se modelo matemático reduzido para a análise multimodal no domínio do tempo e da freqüência. A velocidade crítica ou velocidade de drapejamento é determinada por procedimento de autovalores complexos com a obtenção de freqüências e taxas de amortecimentos modais para várias velocidades do vento. Adicionalmente, o fenômeno do drapejamento é estudado por séries temporais de respostas de coordenadas generalizadas e de deslocamentos selecionados e por análise espectral dessas séries temporais, que permitem a verificação das características de vibração do tabuleiro da ponte no domínio da freqüência. O estudo do fenômeno de martelamento considera esforços aeroelásticos determinísticos e esforços aerodinâmicos estocásticos e apresentam-se resultados em espectros de potência de deslocamentos e em desvios padrão de deslocamentos ao longo do tabuleiro. Para validar o sistema ANA-PSp, apresentam-se estudos de caso para a ponte estaiada da Normandia, para a ponte pênsil colapsada de Tacoma Narrows e para a ponte estaiada projetada, mas não executada, sobre o Rio Tietê e localizada na extremidade do complexo viário Jacu-Pêssego. / The architectonic characteristics and the structural performance of suspension bridges and cable-stayed bridges have determined their growing use on large span bridges. This growing usage, which has occurred world-wide during the last decades, is now being repeated in Brazil during the last few years. Several such bridges are presently either undergoing construction or being designed. One of the outstanding aspects in the structural analysis of suspension bridges is their behavior under wind action. This paper presents the computer system ANA-PSp, specially developed for studying the movement of suspended bridge decks under aeroelastic and aerodynamic forces. This computer system is formed by a group of subsystems and is created for aeroelastic analysis of suspended bridges under wind action. It allows extended parametric analyses of the flutter and the buffeting phenomena. Structural discretization is done by the finite element method and the reduction of degrees of freedom is obtained by modal superposition of the selected modes which best describe the deck movements. A reduced mathematical model is used for the multimodal analysis in the time and frequency domains. Critical velocity or flutter velocity is determined by a procedure of complex eigenvalues which obtains frequencies and damping ratios for different wind speeds. Additionally, the flutter phenomenon is studied by temporal series of answers to generalized coordinate responses and of selected displacements by spectral analysis of such temporal series, which allow us to verify the characteristics of the vibrations of the bridge deck in the frequency domain. The study of the buffeting phenomenon considers deterministic aeroelastic and stochastic aerodynamic forces. The paper presents results in displacement power spectra and in the standard deviation of displacements along the deck. In order to validate system ANA-PSp, case studies are presented for the cable-stayed Ponte de Normandie in Le Havre (France), for the collapsed suspension bridge on Tacoma Narrows and for the cable-stayed bridge, already designed but not built, on Tietê River, located at one end of the highway complex Jacu-Pêssego (São Paulo, SP, Brazil).

As características arquitetônicas e o desempenho estrutural de pontes suspensas, estaiadas ou pênseis, têm determinado a sua crescente utilização em obras de arte destinadas a vencer grandes vãos. Essa utilização crescente que ocorreu no mundo nas últimas décadas se repete agora nos últimos anos no país. Várias dessas obras estão em execução e em projeto. Um dos aspectos relevantes na análise estrutural das pontes suspensas é o de seu comportamento quando submetidas à ação do vento. Apresenta-se o sistema computacional ANA-PSp desenvolvido especialmente para o estudo do movimento de tabuleiros de pontes suspensas sujeitas a esforços aeroelásticos e aerodinâmicos. Esse sistema computacional formado por um conjunto de subsistemas, é elaborado para a análise aeroelástica de pontes suspensas sob a ação de vento e permite análises paramétricas extensas dos fenômenos de drapejamento (flutter) e de martelamento (buffeting). A discretização da estrutura é efetuada pelo método dos elementos finitos e a redução dos graus de liberdade é realizada por superposição modal com modos selecionados que melhor descrevem os movimentos do tabuleiro. Utiliza-se modelo matemático reduzido para a análise multimodal no domínio do tempo e da freqüência. A velocidade crítica ou velocidade de drapejamento é determinada por procedimento de autovalores complexos com a obtenção de freqüências e taxas de amortecimentos modais para várias velocidades do vento. Adicionalmente, o fenômeno do drapejamento é estudado por séries temporais de respostas de coordenadas generalizadas e de deslocamentos selecionados e por análise espectral dessas séries temporais, que permitem a verificação das características de vibração do tabuleiro da ponte no domínio da freqüência. O estudo do fenômeno de martelamento considera esforços aeroelásticos determinísticos e esforços aerodinâmicos estocásticos e apresentam-se resultados em espectros de potência de deslocamentos e em desvios padrão de deslocamentos ao longo do tabuleiro. Para validar o sistema ANA-PSp, apresentam-se estudos de caso para a ponte estaiada da Normandia, para a ponte pênsil colapsada de Tacoma Narrows e para a ponte estaiada projetada, mas não executada, sobre o Rio Tietê e localizada na extremidade do complexo viário Jacu-Pêssego. / The architectonic characteristics and the structural performance of suspension bridges and cable-stayed bridges have determined their growing use on large span bridges. This growing usage, which has occurred world-wide during the last decades, is now being repeated in Brazil during the last few years. Several such bridges are presently either undergoing construction or being designed. One of the outstanding aspects in the structural analysis of suspension bridges is their behavior under wind action. This paper presents the computer system ANA-PSp, specially developed for studying the movement of suspended bridge decks under aeroelastic and aerodynamic forces. This computer system is formed by a group of subsystems and is created for aeroelastic analysis of suspended bridges under wind action. It allows extended parametric analyses of the flutter and the buffeting phenomena. Structural discretization is done by the finite element method and the reduction of degrees of freedom is obtained by modal superposition of the selected modes which best describe the deck movements. A reduced mathematical model is used for the multimodal analysis in the time and frequency domains. Critical velocity or flutter velocity is determined by a procedure of complex eigenvalues which obtains frequencies and damping ratios for different wind speeds. Additionally, the flutter phenomenon is studied by temporal series of answers to generalized coordinate responses and of selected displacements by spectral analysis of such temporal series, which allow us to verify the characteristics of the vibrations of the bridge deck in the frequency domain. The study of the buffeting phenomenon considers deterministic aeroelastic and stochastic aerodynamic forces. The paper presents results in displacement power spectra and in the standard deviation of displacements along the deck. In order to validate system ANA-PSp, case studies are presented for the cable-stayed Ponte de Normandie in Le Havre (France), for the collapsed suspension bridge on Tacoma Narrows and for the cable-stayed bridge, already designed but not built, on Tietê River, located at one end of the highway complex Jacu-Pêssego (São Paulo, SP, Brazil).