In the last five years, the US has experienced a significant number of unprecedented events, many of which will have long-term impact on its business environment. Given this fact and the rapid pace of change in the world today, there is a new imperative for understanding and managing these complex dynamics and associated emergent risks. This dissertation, therefore, focused on analyzing the current state of the US business environment; the analysis creates a basis for further examination of the various aspects of the studied problems. The author undertook a comprehensive environmental scan, using a broad set of information resources, in order to look at its present status and the factors affecting it as well as the perceived level of risk. During this process, the author also attempted to verify whether the current method of PEST analysis is still a relevant and useful tool given today's complex, intertwined and quickly evolving global business environment. The first chapter is devoted to the theoretical background of information seeking and environmental analysis as well as classifying international business risks. Chapter two takes a broad look at the US macro economy, including the following areas: Political, Legal, Economic, Socio-Cultural and Technological. Chapter three is a business application, and the bulk of its content is devoted to the specifics of the current US business environment; the perceived risks affecting it are also investigated. Final conclusions are drawn based on the research conducted.

The diploma thesis is concerned with current topics of business insurance risks. The goal of thesis is to explore actual business risks in the world and ways of protection, analyze development of business insurance market in the Czech Republic, categorize business insurance risks and in conclusion describe selected insurance products in detail, which will influence the market structure of business insurance most in future I suppose. These product are Key person insurance (Keyman), Directors and Officers liability insurance (D&O) and Environmental insurance. My analysis showed that the most important global business risks currently are economic risks, business interruption risks and risks of natural disasters. Businessmen in the following period will have to deal primarily with the threat of regulation and compliance, maintain continued access to credit and recover from economic recession. The business insurance market is growing slightly and also provides great potential for growth in the future. Major trend in the field of business insurance last years is stagnation and decline of insurance rates. It can be expected that the structure of business insurance market will be affected mostly by liability insurance.

La gestión de riesgos empresariales es el componente estratégico y esencial que permite implementar acciones para evitar incumplimientos en los objetivos de las organizaciones, Gutierrez (2018). No es común encontrar un sistema de gestión de riesgos en empresas de distribución de productos de consumo masivo. Es por ello que el presente trabajo de investigación desarrolla un modelo de gestión de riesgos empresariales para una empresa de distribución de productos de consumo masivo. En la investigación se analizan diversos modelos de gestión de riesgos y se plantea un modelo simplificado alineado a las necesidades de los Gerentes Generales de empresas de este rubro, el cual ha sido elaborado considerando la opinión de líderes estratégicos de empresa de distribución de productos de consumo masivo. En el trabajo de investigación se concluye que el modelo de gestión de riesgos empresariales debe incluir la conformación de un comité de gestión de riesgos, la identificación de los procesos críticos a tomar en cuenta de acuerdo al impacto de los mismos en los resultados de la empresa, el análisis e identificación de riesgos, y en base a todo ello se plantean controles y mecanismos de monitoreo. El modelo incluye matrices para valoración de riesgos en base a impacto y probabilidad, un inventario de riesgos, así como propuestas para su control o mitigación. Al desplegar este modelo se pudo identificar riesgos intolerables y altos y luego de proponer controles se identificó que al aplicarse mitigaran el impacto o la probabilidad de ocurrencia del riesgo pasando a tener riesgos calificados como moderados o bajos. Se incluye una estimación de los costos de implementación del modelo, considerando recursos propios y externos, tomando en consideración la información de la empresa caso de estudio. Se obtiene como resultado que el costo de la implementación representaría aproximadamente el 0.06% de la facturación anual. / Business risk management is the strategic and essential factor that enables action to be implemented to avoid breaches of organizations' objectives. It is not common to find a risk management system in mass-consumer product distribution companies. That is why this research paper develops a business risk management model for a mass-consumption product distribution company. The research analyses various risk management models and proposes a simplified model aligned to the needs of the CEOs of the companies in this field, which has been developed, taking into account the opinion of strategic leaders of the company distributing mass consumer products. The research paper concludes that the business risk management model should include the formation of a risk management committee, the identification of critical processes to be considered according to their impact on company results, risk analysis, and identification. Based on this, monitoring controls and mechanisms are proposed. The model includes matrices for risk assessment based on impact and probability, a risk inventory, as well as proposals for control or mitigation. By deploying this model, it was possible to identify intolerable and high risks, and after proposing controls, it was identified that when applied, they mitigated the impact or likelihood of risk occurrence by becoming risks rated moderate or low. An estimate of the costs of implementing the model is included, considering own and external resources, considering the company's case study information. The results in the cost of implementation represent approximately 0.06% of annual billing. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente estudio aborda la importancia del control eficiente en el área de almacén y su impacto en la rentabilidad de las empresas. En el contexto peruano, gran parte de las organizaciones enfrentan dificultades para implementar un control adecuado en esta área, lo cual puede ocasionar problemas como precios altos, deterioro y obsolescencia de materiales, generando pérdidas y desvalorización de existencias. Se resalta que los riesgos de control representan la probabilidad de eventos no deseados que pueden dificultar la capacidad de la empresa para enfrentar situaciones propias de sus actividades. La empresa Mabara Contratistas Generales de responsabilidad limitada, ubicada en Chiclayo, se convierte en el foco de este estudio debido a su ineficiente gestión del almacén, lo cual podría estar afectando su rentabilidad. Se identifican problemas como la mala distribución del almacén, la falta de un manual de políticas y procedimientos, la inadecuada infraestructura, la gestión financiera deficiente, el robo de materiales y la toma errónea de decisiones. A través de la identificación de riesgos de control y la implementación de medidas adecuadas, se busca mejorar la eficiencia y eficacia en el manejo de los recursos y, por ende, lograr resultados económicos satisfactorios. / The present study addresses the importance of efficient control in the warehouse area and its impact on the profitability of companies. In the Peruvian context, a large number of organizations face difficulties in implementing adequate control in this area, which can lead to issues such as high prices, material deterioration, and obsolescence, resulting in losses and devaluation of stocks. It is emphasized that control risks represent the probability of undesired events that can hinder a company's ability to deal with activities inherent to its operations. Mabara Contratistas Generales, a limited liability company located in Chiclayo, becomes the focus of this study due to its inefficient warehouse management, which may be affecting its profitability. Problems such as poor warehouse distribution, lack of a manual for policies and procedures, inadequate infrastructure, poor financial management, material theft, and erroneous decision-making are identified. Through the identification of control risks and the implementation of appropriate measures, the aim is to improve efficiency and effectiveness in resource management, thus achieving satisfactory economic results.

商業是以營利為目的，互通有無，調節貨物供求的經濟行為。其具有從甲地收購運往 乙地出售，以增加貨物的「場所效用」（place utility ）；或於生產季節買進貨物 ，至缺貨季節出售，以增加貨物的「時間效用」（time utility）；或向生產者購買 貨物轉售給消費者，以增加貨物的」對人效用」（personal utility）。故商業固然 以營利為目的，但對於繁榮社會經濟、造福人群，也有很大的貢獻。然而，商人在從 事商業活動時，卻面臨著許多的「營業風險」（business risks），尤其是經營國際 間的貿易，須面對如匯兌、政治及信用、價格、海運、商貨等風險，凡上述各種風險 均非國內貿易所可比擬。職是之故，我們經營國際貿易者，對於此種經營上的風險， 自有詳加研究探討的必要。藉此，我們即可儘量設法排除、防範這些風險，至於那些 無法防範、排除的風險，我們則應設法予以轉嫁，用以確保經營的安全。 本文共分七章，第一章為研究目的及動機；第二章為匯兌風險及其管理；第三章為政 治及信用風險及其管理；第四章為價格風險及其管理；第五章為商貨風險及其管理； 第六章為海運風險及其管理；第七章為結論及建議。期待藉著本文的探討，幫助貿易 業者了解風險之所在，並提供對策以供因應，藉以保障其貿易行為所應得的利益，並 進一步為企業創造更大的利潤。

Underwriting is crucial as it considers whether to take the risk to insurance or not. This thesis describes the underwriting process of industrial risks and factors that have influence on the whole process. The first part is devoted to the description of industrial risks, the assessment of current industrial risks and the development and the current state of the industrial insurance in the Czech Republic. The second part describes the different products of industrial insurance and their underwriting process, with the focus on the underwriters, their rights, duties, qualification and risk management. The final part of this thesis deals with describing the whole process to a particular business, resulting in the insurance offer and the calculation of premium.

This thesis is devoted to the business plan for the establishment of a small hostel in Pec pod Sněžkou. The goal is to process the available data and documents for business start-ups in collective accommodation services. Appropriate business plan will be designed after carrying out the necessary analysis of external and internal environment.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo principal establecer mecanismos contractuales de cobertura jurídica ante los riesgos en los Project Finance. Es importante indicar, que en todo negocio sin importar su magnitud y objeto social existen distintos tipos de riesgos, los mismos que se deben identificar, aislar y mitigar su impacto dentro de la organización empresarial. En concordancia con lo anterior, el presente trabajo académico se divide en tres capítulos. En el primer capítulo, se desarrolla el marco teórico sobre los riesgos empresariales, tales como, tipos de riesgos empresariales y la administración de los mismos. Asimismo, nos centramos en analizar el Project Finance y sus características. En el segundo capítulo, se desarrolla y analiza la problemática en torno a los riesgos en los Project Finance, es decir, los problemas que comúnmente se presentan desde el estudio del proyecto, en la construcción y operación del mismo. En el tercer capítulo, desarrollamos las propuestas como mecanismos contractuales de cobertura jurídica intra y extra-empresa ante los riesgos en los Project Finance, en consecuencia, buscando identificar, aislar y mitigar los riesgos correspondientes. En virtud de los tres capítulos indicados líneas arriba, la presente tesis establece una estructura de referencia ordenada y coherente; aportando mayores luces de los temas a considerar en el desarrollo de un Project Finance. / The main objective of this research assignment is establishing contractual mechanisms for legal coverage against Finance Projects Risks. It is important to specify that in every business, regardless of its magnitude and corporate purpose, there are different types of risks, which must be identified, isolated, and their impact mitigated within the business organization. In keeping with the foregoing, this academic paper is divided into three chapters. In the first chapter, the theoretical framework on business risks is developed, such as the classification of business hazards and their proper management. Likewise, we focus on analyzing Finance Projects and its characteristics. In the second chapter, the problem around risks in Finance Projects is developed and analyzed, that is, the difficulties that commonly arise from the study of the project, in its construction and operation. In the third chapter, Approaches as contractual legal coverage mechanisms intra and extra-business are developed against risks in Finance Projects, consequently, seeking to identify, isolate and mitigate the corresponding risks. In accordance with the three chapters mentioned above, this thesis establishes an organized and coherent structure for further reference; by providing greater insight into the topics to be considered in the development of a Finance Project. / Tesis