Portés par l’évolution rapide d’Internet, les réseaux sociaux sont devenus de nouveaux moyens d’expression pour émettre et consulter des communications de bouche-à-oreille (BAO). Les marketeurs sont intéressés pour mieux utiliser ce BAO dans une politique de communication. Ils élaborent pour cela des stratégies de « sollicitation » consistant à demander à une personne de recommander une offre à ses proches en vue d’atteindre un but. Si l’utilisation de sollicitations se développe, la question de la réponse d’un individu à une sollicitation de BAO reste en suspens. En se basant sur la théorie du comportement dirigé vers un but (Perugini & Bagozzi, 2001), cette recherche propose un modèle général de la réponse à une sollicitation de BAO qui intègre l’influence de la formulation de la sollicitation (gains vs. pertes), de l’éloignement de l’échéance et du type de projet. Le modèle est testé dans le contexte des campagnes de financement participatif où la sollicitation de BAO est fréquemment utilisée pour augmenter le faible taux de succès des campagnes (20%). Les résultats de six études montrent que (1) les individus répondent plus favorablement à une sollicitation de BAO quand l’échéance est proche et que cet effet dépend de la formulation de la sollicitation. (2) En adaptant la formulation à l’éloignement de l’échéance, une sollicitation est en mesure de rendre l’action de BAO plus désirable et de générer une émotion anticipée de fierté ce qui en retour augmente l’intention de BAO. L’effet modérateur du niveau de risque social est aussi validé dans la réponse à la sollicitation. (3) Finalement, la sollicitation de BAO permet bien de développer la visibilité et d’accroître le succès d’une campagne. / Driven by the rapid evolution of the Internet, online social networks have become new channels of expression to issue and consult Word-of-Mouth (WOM). Marketers are increasingly interested in better using WOM in a communication policy. They develop strategies of “solicitation” for asking a person a recommendation of an offer to his family and acquaintances in order to achieve a goal. If the use of solicited WOM is growing, the question of an individual's response to a WOM solicitation remains unsettled. Drawing on Goal-Directed Behaviour theory (Perugini & Bagozzi, 2001), this research proposes a general model of the response to a WOM solicitation which integrates the influence of the solicitation formulation (gain vs loss), time remaining before the deadline and the type of project. The model is tested in the context of crowdfunding where a WOM solicitation is frequently used to increase the campaigns' low success rate (20%). The results of six studies show that (1) individuals respond more favourably to a WOM solicitation when the deadline is close and that effect depends on the formulation. (2) By adapting the formulation to the deadline, a solicitation is able to make the WOM action more desirable and generate an anticipated emotion of pride which in turn increases the WOM intention. The moderating effect of social risk is also validated in the response to a solicitation. (3) Finally, a WOM solicitation makes it possible to develop the visibility and increases the campaign' success rate.

The main purpose of this master's thesis is to create language version tools for web Portal of BUT. There are possibilities of applications using databases or without them. The next part of the thesis analyses current situation of the web Portal of BUT. I described individually servers, tools and mainly solution ensuring multilingual sites. Thereinafter I attend to design and implementation of required system. This system consists of some single scripts and web applications for web developers and translators. Finally I will describe the procedure of integration of this system to current web Portal of BUT.

The concept of completion is based on the creation of a raster that can be freely adapted to the requirements of individual departments of schools. This creates a system that does not limit the faculty in their future development. The base unit becomes a "big" studio, suitable for example for sculptors. This is a open space hall with high ceiling. It is possible to insert a space into this space and split the space into smaller studios suitable for work with computers and similar

Salmonella enterica serotypes have been linked to outbreaks associated with low water activity foods. The ability of biofilm forming pathogens, such as Salmonella, to survive thermal and chemical processes is improved; it is unclear if biofilms will also improve survival to desiccation and gastric stresses. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of physiological state (planktonic versus biofilm) and prior exposure to desiccation on Salmonella survival and gene expression after passage through an in-vitro digestion model. Cells of Salmonella enterica serotype Tennessee were deposited onto membranes for planktonic cells or on glass beads to create biofilms. The cells were subsequently dried at room temperature and stored in dried milk powder (aw = 0.3) for up to 30 days. Salmonella survival was quantified by serial dilution onto brilliant green agar before desiccation, after desiccation, after 1-day storage and after 30-day storage. At each sampling both physiological states were tested for survival through a simulated gastrointestinal system. RNA was extracted at the identical time points and relative gene expression determined for genes associated with stress response (rpoS, otsB), virulence (hilA, hilD, invA, sipC) and a housekeeping gene 16S rRNA using quantitative real-time PCR. The physiological state and length of storage effected the survival and gene expression of Salmonella within the desiccated milk powder environment and after passage through an in-vitro digestion system (p<0.05). Larger numbers of S. Tennessee were recovered by plate counts for biofilm cells, compared to planktonic cells. However, the numbers of 16S rRNA gene copies were not significantly different suggesting entry of S. Tennessee into a viable but non-culturable state. Prolonged storage in dry milk powder was not associated with increased cross-protection to gastric stress. Increased expression of stress response genes rpoS and otsB correlated with survival, indicating cross protection of low water activity and acid stress. Increased expression of virulence-associated genes was seen in cells exposed to short periods of dry storage, suggesting an increased virulence potential. / Master of Science in Life Sciences

Les dons effectués par les entreprises privées auprès d’organismes communautaires à but non lucratif semblent avoir des effets à long terme sur ces derniers. Ces entreprises cherchent à la fois à semer le bien dans les communautés dans lesquelles elles interviennent, mais également à améliorer leur image au sein de celles-ci. Les organismes communautaires oscillent donc entre le devoir de servir leurs usagers du mieux qu’ils le peuvent, en respectant leur mission avec la plus grande diligence, et les nombreuses conditions qui se rattachent aux dons reçus. Ils doivent travailler avec un financement octroyé à court terme, de nombreuses mesures évaluatives ainsi que les volontés de donateurs parfois indiscrets. Il en résulte une identité qui se rapproche de plus en plus de celle des entreprises privées. L’étude dans ce mémoire tente d’évaluer si les usagers des quatre universités principales de Montréal adoptent une identité mercantiliste et comment ils évaluent leur rôle au sein de leurs établissements d’enseignement. Ces étudiants assumeraient un rôle davantage engagé envers les entreprises donatrices, à la fois au sein de leur institution et dans la société en général. Ils revêtiraient une identité conforme à ce qu’attend une entreprise qui effectue un don de manière intéressée en consommant de leurs biens et services. / Donations made by private companies seem to have long term effects on the different receiving non profit organizations. Those companies that want to do what’s best in the communities they support also want to improve their image in those very same communities. Non profit organizations have to juggle between serving the populations while being accounted for their actions before them at the same time they have to conform to certain conditions that accompany corporate donations. They have to work in an environment that involves short term financing, numerous accountability measures imposed by donating companies and far from discreet donators. This results in a business-like identity in non profit organizations that is blurred with corporate discourse, motives and actions. This study tries to evaluate the impact of corporate donations of students from the four main universities in Montreal. These students are likely to buy from donating companies as well as working for them. They also consider themselves more as consumers of university products and services than participants in the development of their institutions. Therefore, they seem to take on an identity that companies want from them because they are getting a financial return on their donations.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2016-09-05T14:46:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LUCIANO NUNES DA SILVA.pdf: 814867 bytes, checksum: eaeace88d325760adf2688c0cd58d28b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-05T14:46:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LUCIANO NUNES DA SILVA.pdf: 814867 bytes, checksum: eaeace88d325760adf2688c0cd58d28b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-18 / The purpose of this essay is to analyze the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, in the field of international debates about the climate as a guidance principle of debates. The differentiated responsibility, which came out in the establishment of goals to equalize the levels of emission of greenhouse gases only to developed countries (Parties in the Annex I), is based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities adopted by the Framework Convention, and it usually commands the relations between developed and developing countries and even the global hope to create a new agreement post-Kyoto. Beyond this principle, we will also study others that help in understanding the environmental protection in the international field. The essay also has the purpose to analyze the practices and perspectives for the common but differentiated responsibilities in a global scope, especially the developments of the principle in the new series of climate negotiations; / Esta dissertação tem por escopo a análise do princípio das responsabilidades comuns, porém diferenciadas, no âmbito das negociações internacionais do clima, como princípio balizador das discussões. A responsabilização diferenciada, que resultou no estabelecimento de metas de estabilização dos níveis de emissão de gases do efeito estufa apenas para os países desenvolvidos (Partes do Anexo I), é baseada no princípio da responsabilidade comum, porém diferenciada, adotado pela Convenção-Quadro, e que rege usualmente as relações entre os países desenvolvidos e os países em desenvolvimento e ainda a expectativa global na construção de um novo acordo pós Kyoto. Além deste princípio estudaremos também outros que ajudam na compreensão à proteção ao meio ambiente no cenário internacional. A dissertação visa também analisar as práticas e perspectivas para as responsabilidades comuns, mas diferenciadas em âmbito global especialmente os desdobramentos do princípio nas novas rodadas de negociação do clima;

O tratamento diferenciado dos países em desenvolvimento surge a partir da década de 70 como expressão de resistência dos países do então Terceiro Mundo a uma ordem mundial pós-guerra entendida essencialmente como injusta e cuja doutrina do desenvolvimento tal como prescrita não conseguia equalizar. A partir de movimentações políticas, os países em desenvolvimento emplacaram tal tratamento no âmbito de importantes documentos internacionais e acordos multilaterais. O tratamento diferenciado dos países em desenvolvimento se expressa no direito internacional ambiental por meio do princípio das responsabilidades comuns mas diferenciadas e respectivas capacidades, consagrado da Declaração do Rio sobre Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento, de 1992, e cuja expressão máxima é a Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudanças Climáticas (CQMC). Tendo como objeto o tratamento diferenciado dos países em desenvolvimento, delimitado às obrigações centrais no âmbito da CQMC, a presente pesquisa encara o problema de sua operacionalização desde a mencionada Convenção até o seu Acordo de Paris. Para tanto, a pesquisa vale-se do método dedutivo, uma abordagem estruturalista e materialista-histórica para a análise de conteúdo dos textos jurídicos, observando a operacionalização do tratamento diferenciado em nas obrigações em termos de vinculatividade, precisão e delegação. O resultado foi que as mudanças climáticas são necessariamente um debate sobre desigualdades em termos de responsabilidade, mitigação e vulnerabilidade. Sob a alegação de um mundo mais complexo, onde a expressão ‘Terceiro Mundo’ é substituída pela noção de ‘Sul Global’, afirma-se que tal enquadramento de uma dívida Norte-Sul não seria mais pertinente, esvaziando o significado do tratamento diferenciado dos países em desenvolvimento. Porém, a persistência da dívida Norte-Sul em termos dinâmicos aponta que tal tratamento diferenciado dos países em desenvolvimento também continua atual. No intuito de instrumentalizar as obrigações da Convenção, o Protocolo de Quioto – endossado principalmente pelos países europeus – estabelece uma arquitetura descendente, apoiado em normas diferenciais por meio de compromissos de redução precisos, vinculantes e firmados internacionalmente, tendo como destinatários, em um primeiro momento, os países desenvolvidos. O Acordo de Paris – que reflete a estratégia dos Estados Unidos desde antes da própria Convenção – estabelece uma arquitetura ascendente, recorrendo a normas contextuais, onde os compromissos são nacionalmente determinados e isentos de um escrutínio internacional. O Acordo – cuidadosamente redigido – não estabelece nenhuma obrigação substancial precisa ou mesmo vinculante sobre tais contribuições, deixando ampla margem para todos os países e tornando a liderança dos países desenvolvidos no enfrentamento das mudanças climáticas apenas uma obrigação retórica. Deste modo, conclui-se que, sob o argumento de prover diferenciação para todos, o Acordo de Paris esvazia o significado do tratamento diferenciado dos países em desenvolvimento. Entretanto, apenas no âmbito da delegação, ou seja, dos mecanismos de cumprimento estabelecidos pelo Acordo, notadamente o balanço geral de implementação por meio de ‘naming and shaming’ que os países em desenvolvimento poderão exigir a necessária liderança dos países desenvolvidos. / In the 1970s, countries recognised as ‘developing’ began to be treated differently with regard to international agreements and doctrines that affected those countries development, following a widespread consensus among developing countries that the post-war order was unjust. As a result of political moves, developing countries have introduced such treatment in the framework of important international documents and multilateral agreements. The differentiated treatment of developing countries is expressed in international environmental law through the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capacities enshrined in the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and culminated in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Having as its object the differentiated treatment of developing countries, limited to the central obligations under the UNFCCC, this research faces how international climate agreements operated within the differentiated treatment for developing countries. The research is based on the deductive method, a structuralist and historical materialist approach to the analysis of the content of legal texts, observing the differential treatment in obligations in terms of obligation, precision and delegation. The result was that climate change is necessarily a debate on inequalities in terms of responsibility, mitigation and vulnerability. Under the claim of a more complex world, where the expression 'Third World' is replaced by the notion of 'Global South', it is stated that such framing of a North-South divide would not be more relevant, depriving the meaning of differential treatment of developing countries. However, the persistence of the North-South divide in dynamic terms points out that such differentiated treatment of the developing countries is still relevant. In order to implement the obligations of the Convention, the Kyoto Protocol - endorsed mainly by European countries - establishes a downward architecture, supported by differential norms through precise, binding and internationally agreed reduction commitments, directed primarily to developed countries. The Paris Agreement - which reflects the US strategy prior to the Convention itself - establishes an upward architecture, using contextual norms where commitments are nationally determined and thus exempt from international scrutiny. The Agreement - carefully worded - does not establish any substantive or precise binding obligation on such contributions, leaving wide scope for all countries and does not require substantive efforts from developed countries in tackling climate change. In this way, it is concluded that, under the argument of providing differentiation for all, the Paris Agreement emptied the meaning of the differential treatment of developing countries. However, only within the scope of the delegation, through compliance mechanisms established by the Agreement, notably the global stocktake through naming and shaming that developing countries may require the necessary leadership of the developed countries.

La capacité de Listeria monocytogenes à adhérer et à persister sur les surfaces dans les ateliers agro-alimentaires pendant de longues périodes malgré l’application correcte et fréquente des opérations de nettoyage & désinfection (N&D), peut être responsable de la contamination croisée de produits alimentaires par simple contact avec une surface contaminée. De plus, il est important de prendre en considération la présence potentielle de bactéries viables non cultivables (VNC) qui ne sont pas détectées par les méthodes culturales utilisées lors de la recherche de L. monocytogenes dans un prélèvement de surface.Un des objectifs a été de vérifier si les milieux de culture conventionnels fréquemment utilisés pour les expérimentations en laboratoire étaient représentatifs des conditions environnementales des ateliers agro-alimentaires et de définir pour la suite des expérimentations un milieu synthétique pouvant modéliser une souillure alimentaire. Pour assurer la sécurité sanitaire des aliments et préserver la santé des consommateurs, optimiser les opérations d’hygiène est une nécessité. Dans ce but, la survie des cellules adhérentes de L. monocytogenes soumises à des conditions simulant en laboratoire l’alternance des phases de N&D et de production a été étudiée. Plusieurs facteurs pouvant influencer la survie de ces cellules ont été pris en considération et combinés par un plan d’expériences fractionnaire : la souillure alimentaire, la souche de L. monocytogenes, le matériau de surface, la présence d’une souche de Pseudomonas fluorescens qui favorise l’adhésion de L. monocytogenes et le scénario de l’opération d’hygiène. Dans les industries agro-alimentaires, les bactéries sont soumises à de nombreux stress, nécessitant pour survivre l’expression et l’induction appropriées de gènes et de protéines de réponse aux stress. Les mécanismes de réponse aux stress mis en place par les cellules de L. monocytogenes adhérentes après stress hydrique (dessiccation), stress chimique (N&D) et stress froid ont été déterminés par une analyse transcriptomique.Selon les critères étudiés (croissance, forces d’adhésion, distribution spatiale et état physiologique des cellules adhérentes), il s’avère que le milieu TSB/5m peut modéliser le jus de saumon fumé. Au contraire, aucun des milieux synthétiques testés ne permet de remplacer l’utilisation de l’exsudat de viande pour mimer les conditions de terrain. Concernant les facteurs influençant la survie de L. monocytogenes, les opérations d’hygiène impactent uniquement la cultivabilité des cellules adhérentes ; toutefois, le séchage des surfaces permet une optimisation de l’efficacité de la procédure de N&D, d’autant plus lorsqu’il est réalisé quotidiennement / Despite the correct and frequent application of cleaning & disinfection (C&D), Listeria monocytogenes has the ability to adhere to and persist on surfaces in food processing plants for long periods. Consequently, L. monocytogenes may be responsible for cross-contamination of food through contact with contaminated surfaces. In addition, it is important to consider the potential presence of viable but non culturable (VBNC) bacteria that are not detected by the microbiological methods used in the research of L. monocytogenes in a surface sample.One aim was to verify whether the conventional culture media commonly used for laboratory experiments were representative of the environmental conditions of food processing plants and define for further experiments a synthetic medium that can model a food soil. Optimization of the C&D procedures is a necessary to ensure food safety and protect the health of consumers. For this purpose, the survival of L. monocytogenes adherent cells subjected to laboratory conditions simulating alternating phases of C&D and production was studied. Several factors that may influence the survival of these cells were considered and combined with a fractional factorial design, including: the food soil, the strain of L. monocytogenes, the surface material, the presence of a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens, which enhances the adhesion of L. monocytogenes, and the scenario of the sanitation procedure. Moreover, in the food industry, bacteria can be subject to many stresses; thus, the expression and induction of appropriate genes and stress response proteins are required for survival. The stress response mechanisms set up by the adherent L. monocytogenes cells after hydric stress (i.e. desiccation), chemical stress (i.e. C&D), and cold stress were determined by a transcriptomic analysis.According to the criteria studied (i.e. growth, adhesion forces, spatial distribution, and physiological state of adherent cells), TSB/5m medium was found to be a sufficient model for smoked salmon juice. In contrast, none of the tested synthetic media can replace the use of meat exudate to mimic field conditions. About the factors influencing the survival of L. monocytogenes, C&D procedures were found to only impact the culturability of adherent cells; however, drying surfaces were found to optimize the effectiveness of the C&D procedures, especially when performed daily

The “spiritual but not religious” (SBNR) are a rising social group in America in the past two decades, but social scientists and the general public know quite little about this group. Using the pooled 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2012 GSS data, this study examines who the SBNR are and who is more or less likely to be SBNR controlling for other variables. Descriptive analysis reveals that, compared to the general U.S. adult population, the SBNR group has slightly more males, is slightly younger, has fewer racial minorities, is better educated, and is slightly higher in social class. Additionally, more SBNR are from the Northeast and West than the general population, are slightly more urban, fewer are currently married, fewer have children, more have had homosexual sex, and more were religious Nones when they were 16 years old. Logistic regression analysis of the SBNR finds that, holding other variables constant, Americans who are more educated, live in Northeastern or Western regions, have homosexual sex, or had no religion at age 16 are more likely to be SBNR than their respective counterparts. Those who are racial minorities, live in the South or the Midwest, are currently married, or have children are less likely to be SBNR than their respective counterparts. Gender, age, social class, full-time work status, and metropolitanism of area do not make a significant difference. The implications of the findings for the research of religion and spirituality are discussed.

Cette thèse porte essentiellement sur la modélisation de dialogues multisessions, et sur la négociation, sous l'angle de la résolution d'un conflit entre plusieurs utilisateurs. Un dialogue multisession est un dialogue qui engage plusieurs utilisateurs et le système de dialogue. Il est défini comme un ensemble successif de sous-dialogues, chacun d'entre eux représentant une session spécifique entre un seul utilisateur et le système. L'enchaînement d'un dialogue multisession est divisé en trois phases : émergence, processus de négociation et notification. En se fondant sur le modèle stratégique de dialogue et sur la théorie des jeux, une gestion générique de dialogue, qui offre plusieurs avantages par une réduction maximale de la dépendance entre le modèle du dialogue et le modèle de la tâche, a été proposée. Cette gestion n'utilise que trois éléments principaux : acte de dialogue, but de dialogue et stratégie de dialogue, afin de diviser un dialogue en des thèmes différents, déterminés dans un agenda de dialogue. L'incompréhension est également traitée dans cette gestion en utilisant des marqueurs dialogiques d'incompréhension. La modélisation, ainsi que la gestion de dialogue multisession, sont développées en se fondant sur cette gestion. L'expérimentation, effectuée avec le système de dialogue Mélina, dédié au service d'organisation d'une réunion, a permis de valider et de prouver notre approche.