Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:16:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007- Anselmo Afonso Golynski.pdf: 441467 bytes, checksum: 4be0e7906cd49bbe4d5b13b8a892680b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of Babesia equi and B. caballi in horses from the northern region of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, examining the maintenance practices and identifying the principal factors involved in transmission and infection rates. There were collected 380 blood samples and tested with ELISA and Indirect immunofluorescence (RIFI) for B. equi and for B. caballi was used competitive ELISA. The sample number was statistically representative for the equine population of the state. Testing positive for B. equi by ELISA and RIFI were 31,6% and 35,8%, respectively, of the samples examined. The prevalence of B. caballi was 0,86%. The concordance between tests was considered high as shown by the Kappa index of 0,86%. There was not observed a statistically significant difference (p<0,05) between the sex, age and breed of the horses. According to the present study the northern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul can be characterized as an area of enzootic instability for B. equi and B. caballi, offering risks of economic losses due to babesiosis outbreaks, especially in sensible animals introduced from indene areas, horse trade and participating in events (as rodeos, auction sales, and others) or even in animals born in the region. Analyzing the questionnaires, the maintaining systems and the purposes of the equine use were the factors that had influence on the prevalence of equine babesiosis. / O trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a preval?ncia da Babesia equi e B. caballi em eq?inos da regi?o Norte do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul bem como conhecer as pr?ticas de manejo adotadas e identificar os principais fatores que est?o envolvidos na sua transmiss?o e preval?ncia. Coletaram-se 380 amostras de sangue, n?mero estatisticamente representativo para a popula??o de eq?inos em estudo, as quais foram analisadas por meio do teste de ELISA e pela rea??o de imunofluoresc?ncia indireta (RIFI) e para a B. caballi foi utilizado o Elisa competitivo. Do total das amostras, 31,6% e 35,8% foram positivas para B. equi ao teste de ELISA e RIFI respectivamente, sendo que, a preval?ncia de B. caballi foi de apenas 0,86%. A concord?ncia entre os testes foi considerada ?tima, atrav?s do ?ndice Kappa de 0,87. N?o foi constatada nenhuma diferen?a significativa estatisticamente (p<0,05) entre o sexo, ra?as e faixas et?rias dos eq?inos. De acordo com o presente estudo a regi?o Norte do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul ?, portanto caracterizada como uma ?rea de instabilidade enzo?tica para B. equi e B. caballi oferecendo riscos reais de ocorr?ncia e perdas econ?micas causadas por surtos de babesiose causada por B. equi e B. caballi especialmente em animais sens?veis, procedentes de ?reas indenes, com?rcio de animais, participa??o em eventos (esportivos ou recreativos dentro ou fora da Regi?o ou Estado) ou mesmo entre animais nascidos naquela regi?o. Ap?s a an?lise dos question?rios, os sistemas e as finalidades da cria??o foram os ?nicos fatores que influenciaram na preval?ncia das babesioses equinas.

Babesia microti is a tickborne hemoprotozoan parasite that causes the disease babesiosis in humans. Babesia microti Apical Membrane Antigen-1 (AMA-1) is a micronemal protein suspected to play a role in erythrocyte invasion. To investigate interaction between AMA-1 and the host cell, the ectodomain region of the B. microti ama-1 gene was cloned into an expression vector, expressed as a histidine-tagged fusion protein, and used to probe red blood cell membrane proteins in far Western blot assays. The B. microti ama-1 ectodomain, which excludes the signal peptide and the transmembrane region of the open reading frame, was amplified from a cloned gene sequence. The AMA-1 ectodomain is a membrane bound polypeptide that extends into the extracellular space and is most likely to interact or initiate interaction with the host red blood cell surface receptor(s). The amplicon was ligated into a protein expression vector to produce a 58.1 kDa recombinant His-tagged fusion protein, which was confirmed by Western blot analysis. The recombinant B. microti AMA-1 fusion protein was enriched on nickel affinity columns and then used to probe mouse, human and horse red blood cell membrane proteins in far Western blot assays. Babesia microti AMA-1 consistently reacted strongly with a protein migrating at 49 kDa. A similar reaction occurred between the B. microti AMA-1 and horse red blood cell membrane proteins, suggesting that similar interacting proteins of this size are shared by red blood cells from the three species. The B. microti AMA-1 may bind to red blood cell membrane sialic-acid groups, as shown for other Babesia spp. This may explain the signal at the 49 kDa position observed between B. microti AMA-1 and red blood cell membrane proteins from three different species. Further studies may determine if the binding epitopes of the red blood cell binding partner at this position vary and contribute to the specificity of each parasite AMA-1 for their respective host cells.

Ixodes genties erkės yra krauju mintantys nariuotakojai, visų – stuburinių gyvūnų, taip pat žmogaus parazitai. Ixodes ricinus erkės perneša daugybę ligų sukėlėjų, tokių kaip: erkinio encefalito (erkinio encefalito virusas), Laimo ligos (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato bakterijos), bebeziozės sukėlėjus (Babesia microti ir Babesia divergens). Taip pat platina ir Anaplasma phagocytophilum bakterijas. Šiuo metu erkių platinamos ligos yra dažniausios vektorių sukeliamos infekcijos Europoje. Pastaraisiais metais išpopuliarėjo molekulinės biologijos metodai, paremti patogenų nukleino rūgščių polimerazės grandinine reakcija ir RLB hibridizacija. Šie metodai laikomi tinkamiausiais, jautriausiais ir specifiškiausiais erkių platinamų ligų sukėlėjų diagnostikai. Šiame darbe naudoti molekuliniai metodai erkių platinamų ligų sukėlėjų: erkinio encefalito viruso, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato ir Babesia spp., nustatymui iš 2200 erkių, surinktų keturiuose Lietuvos rajonuose. Tyrimų metu nustatyti šeši erkinio encefalito viruso infekcijų atvejai, iš kurių penki teigiami mėginiai nustatyti Radviliškio raj. surinktose erkėse ir vienas – Utenos raj. Anaplasma phagocytophilum bakterijų infekcijos yra dažniausiai pasitaikančios infekcijos Lietuvos erkėse. Tyrimų metu nustatyti 37 (3 %) teigiami Anaplasma phagocytophilum mėginiai, iš kurių 17 (46 %) nustatyti Kėdainių raj. surinktose erkėse, 15 (32 %) – Klaipėdos, 5 (14 %) – Radviliškio ir 3 (8 %) – Utenos raj. Tarp šių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Ticks of genus Ixodes that infect livestock, deer, dogs, and a wide variety of other species including humans. Ixodes ricinus can also transmit numerous diseases including tick-borne encephalitis, Lyme diseases (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infections), babesiosis (Babesia microti and Babesia divergens infections). It can also spread Anaplasma phagocytophilum bacteria. Now tick-borne infections are the most frequent human vector-borne infections in Europe, the incidence of these infections has been on rise, and new infections have emerged. In recent years, molecular detection methods based on PCR amplification of the nucleic acids of pathogens and Reverse Line blot hybridization have been showed to be effective, sensitive and specific methods for diagnosis of tick-borne diseases. In this work were used molecular detection methods for tick-borne pathogens: tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, and Babesia spp., diagnostics in 2200 ticks collected in four Lithuanian regions forests. During investigation were identified six cases of TBEV, which five positive samples were from ticks collected in Radviliškis region and one from Utenos region forest. Anaplasma phagocytophilum bacteria infections were most frequent in Lithuanian ticks, during researches were identified 37 (3 %) cases (17 (46 %) in Kėdainių region, 15 (32 %) – Klaipėdos, 5 (14 %) – Radviliškio, and 3 (8 %) – Utenos region). In these 81 % were in adult... [to full text]

Orientador: Henrique Nunes de Oliveira / Coorientador: Márcia Cristina de Sena Oliveira / Banca: Jesus Aparecido Ferro / Banca: Teresa Cristina Goulart de Oliveira Sequeira / Banca: Anderson Ferreira da Cunha / Banca: Marcos Rogério André / Resumo: A babesiose bovina é uma hemoparasitose transmitida pelo carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus que causa grandes prejuízos à bovinocultura do Brasil. Entre as espécies que causam as babesioses bovinas, B. bovis se destaca como a mais patogênica. É amplamente conhecida a resistência natural dos bovinos do grupo genético Bos taurus indicus frente a B. bovis. Entretanto, a relação quantitativa do nível de infecção em animais Bos taurus taurus e seus cruzamentos é desconhecida. O método clássico de detecção e quantificação da parasitemia por B. bovis apresenta baixa sensibilidade e falha no diagnostico em animais portadores. Recentemente, a técnica de qPCR tem sido utilizada com grande sucesso para este propósito. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a associação entre o nível de infestação por R. (B.) microplus, a soroprevalência e a parasitemia por B. bovis, estimada através dos métodos do ELISA-teste e qPCR em bovinos de corte naturalmente infestados, de diferentes locais e grupos genéticos (grupos-locais).Verificou-se que a infestação por carrapatos foi maior nos grupos locais de taurinos, com diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Nos ensaios do ELISA-teste, 74,39% dos animais avaliados foram positivos, encontrando-se os maiores níveis de anticorpos em animais taurinos quando comparados aos cruzados. Nas quantificações do DNA através da qPCR, a técnica demonstrou alta sensibilidade analítica e todos os animais foram positivos. Foram verificadas diferenças significativas (P<0,05) para o numero de copias (NC) de DNA de B. bovis entre os grupos locais, onde o grupo Angus de José Bonifácio, SP (AJB) apresentou o maior nível de infecção. As repetibilidades encontradas para as contagens de R. (B.) microplus e os NC de DNA de B. bovis foram baixas, enquanto que para os níveis de anticorpos obtidos pelo ELISA-teste foram ... / Abstract: Bovine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease, transmitted by Rhiphicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick, that imposes substantial economic losses in to Brazilian livestock, among the species that cause bovine babesiosis B. bovis is the most virulent. Is widely known the natural resistance of the Bos taurus indicus genetic group to B. bovis, however, the quantitative relationship of the infection levels when compared to Bos taurus taurus and their crosses is unknown. The classical detection and quantitation method is of low sensitivity and usually fails to diagnose carrier animals. Recently, the real-time PCR (qPCR) techniques have been used successfully for these purposes. The present study aimed to determine the association among infestations by R. (B.) microplus, infection levels by B. bovis, estimated by qPCR, and the antibody levels in beef cattle naturally infested, proceeding of different locations and genetic groups (local groups). It was found greater tick infestations in taurine local groups, with significant differences between groups. In the ELISA test, 74.39% of animals were positive, meeting the highest antibodies levels in taurine animals when compared to the crossbred. In the DNA quantification, the analytical sensitivity of qPCR technique was high and all animals were positive. There were significant differences (P <0.05) for the DNA copy number (NC) among local groups, where Angus-Jose Bonifácio group (AJB) showed the highest infection levels. R. (B.) microplus scores and DNA copy number of B. bovis show low repeatability, whereas the antibodies levels were higher. No correlation among the examined measures were found. It is concluded that there is variation in the seroprevalence and DNA copy number of B. bovis among different local groups and the antibodies levels in the animals is not directly associated with the DNA NC of B. bovis, and both are independent of tick infestation / Doutor

Foi determinada a frequência de anticorpos para Babesia bovis e Babesia bigemina em bovinos de 6-11 meses em 6 propriedades rurais da região de Encruzilhada do Sul, RS, Brasil e sua correlação com a infecção da hemolinfa de teleóginas de Boophilus microplus. A pesquisa dos anticorpos foi realizada através da técnica de Imunofluorescência Indireta e o exame nas teleóginas através de esfregaço de hemolinfa corado com Giemsa. Ambas técnicas foram efetuadas no Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF). Das 379 amostras de soros bovinos, 179 (47,23%) foram positivas para B. bovis e/ou B. bigemina. O trabalho foi realizado num total de 6 propriedades de Encruzilhada do Sul, entre as quais a propriedade 5 obteve mais animais positivos, enquanto que a propriedade 1 obteve o maior número de animais negativos.Nos esfregaços de hemolinfa nenhum resultado positivo foi encontrado, assim sendo, não houve correlação entre a sorologia e a infecção da hemolinfa das teleóginas por vermículos de Babesia spp. Na análise estatística, comparou-se os resultados obtidos nas diferentes propriedades. Com base nestes resultados, pode-se concluir que a frequência de anticorpos para Babesia spp detectada neste trabalho foi de 47,23%, ficando abaixo do índice que caracteriza uma zona de instabilidade enzoótica para Tristeza Parasitária Bovina (TPB). / Was determined the frequency of antibodies for Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina in cattle between 6-11 months of age in six farms of Encruzilhada do Sul, RS, Brazil and its correlation with the female ticks Boophilus microplus hemolymph infection. All laboratory thecniques were done at Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF). From the 379 cattle analysed samples, 179 (47,23%) were positive for B. bovis and/or B. bigemina. In hemolymph tests, all samples were negative. Based on those results, did not heve any correlation between sorologic results and hemolymph infection and the frequency of antibodies for Babesia spp. detected at this work was 47,23%, caracterizing a instability zone for Tristeza Parasitária Bovina (TPB).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-11-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:42:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000749443.pdf: 1003234 bytes, checksum: 782cda03d91059640e363de67ccc1519 (MD5) / A babesiose bovina é uma hemoparasitose transmitida pelo carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus que causa grandes prejuízos à bovinocultura do Brasil. Entre as espécies que causam as babesioses bovinas, B. bovis se destaca como a mais patogênica. É amplamente conhecida a resistência natural dos bovinos do grupo genético Bos taurus indicus frente a B. bovis. Entretanto, a relação quantitativa do nível de infecção em animais Bos taurus taurus e seus cruzamentos é desconhecida. O método clássico de detecção e quantificação da parasitemia por B. bovis apresenta baixa sensibilidade e falha no diagnostico em animais portadores. Recentemente, a técnica de qPCR tem sido utilizada com grande sucesso para este propósito. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a associação entre o nível de infestação por R. (B.) microplus, a soroprevalência e a parasitemia por B. bovis, estimada através dos métodos do ELISA-teste e qPCR em bovinos de corte naturalmente infestados, de diferentes locais e grupos genéticos (grupos-locais).Verificou-se que a infestação por carrapatos foi maior nos grupos locais de taurinos, com diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Nos ensaios do ELISA-teste, 74,39% dos animais avaliados foram positivos, encontrando-se os maiores níveis de anticorpos em animais taurinos quando comparados aos cruzados. Nas quantificações do DNA através da qPCR, a técnica demonstrou alta sensibilidade analítica e todos os animais foram positivos. Foram verificadas diferenças significativas (P<0,05) para o numero de copias (NC) de DNA de B. bovis entre os grupos locais, onde o grupo Angus de José Bonifácio, SP (AJB) apresentou o maior nível de infecção. As repetibilidades encontradas para as contagens de R. (B.) microplus e os NC de DNA de B. bovis foram baixas, enquanto que para os níveis de anticorpos obtidos pelo ELISA-teste foram... / Bovine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease, transmitted by Rhiphicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick, that imposes substantial economic losses in to Brazilian livestock, among the species that cause bovine babesiosis B. bovis is the most virulent. Is widely known the natural resistance of the Bos taurus indicus genetic group to B. bovis, however, the quantitative relationship of the infection levels when compared to Bos taurus taurus and their crosses is unknown. The classical detection and quantitation method is of low sensitivity and usually fails to diagnose carrier animals. Recently, the real-time PCR (qPCR) techniques have been used successfully for these purposes. The present study aimed to determine the association among infestations by R. (B.) microplus, infection levels by B. bovis, estimated by qPCR, and the antibody levels in beef cattle naturally infested, proceeding of different locations and genetic groups (local groups). It was found greater tick infestations in taurine local groups, with significant differences between groups. In the ELISA test, 74.39% of animals were positive, meeting the highest antibodies levels in taurine animals when compared to the crossbred. In the DNA quantification, the analytical sensitivity of qPCR technique was high and all animals were positive. There were significant differences (P <0.05) for the DNA copy number (NC) among local groups, where Angus-Jose Bonifácio group (AJB) showed the highest infection levels. R. (B.) microplus scores and DNA copy number of B. bovis show low repeatability, whereas the antibodies levels were higher. No correlation among the examined measures were found. It is concluded that there is variation in the seroprevalence and DNA copy number of B. bovis among different local groups and the antibodies levels in the animals is not directly associated with the DNA NC of B. bovis, and both are independent of tick infestation

Foi determinada a frequência de anticorpos para Babesia bovis e Babesia bigemina em bovinos de 6-11 meses em 6 propriedades rurais da região de Encruzilhada do Sul, RS, Brasil e sua correlação com a infecção da hemolinfa de teleóginas de Boophilus microplus. A pesquisa dos anticorpos foi realizada através da técnica de Imunofluorescência Indireta e o exame nas teleóginas através de esfregaço de hemolinfa corado com Giemsa. Ambas técnicas foram efetuadas no Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF). Das 379 amostras de soros bovinos, 179 (47,23%) foram positivas para B. bovis e/ou B. bigemina. O trabalho foi realizado num total de 6 propriedades de Encruzilhada do Sul, entre as quais a propriedade 5 obteve mais animais positivos, enquanto que a propriedade 1 obteve o maior número de animais negativos.Nos esfregaços de hemolinfa nenhum resultado positivo foi encontrado, assim sendo, não houve correlação entre a sorologia e a infecção da hemolinfa das teleóginas por vermículos de Babesia spp. Na análise estatística, comparou-se os resultados obtidos nas diferentes propriedades. Com base nestes resultados, pode-se concluir que a frequência de anticorpos para Babesia spp detectada neste trabalho foi de 47,23%, ficando abaixo do índice que caracteriza uma zona de instabilidade enzoótica para Tristeza Parasitária Bovina (TPB). / Was determined the frequency of antibodies for Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina in cattle between 6-11 months of age in six farms of Encruzilhada do Sul, RS, Brazil and its correlation with the female ticks Boophilus microplus hemolymph infection. All laboratory thecniques were done at Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF). From the 379 cattle analysed samples, 179 (47,23%) were positive for B. bovis and/or B. bigemina. In hemolymph tests, all samples were negative. Based on those results, did not heve any correlation between sorologic results and hemolymph infection and the frequency of antibodies for Babesia spp. detected at this work was 47,23%, caracterizing a instability zone for Tristeza Parasitária Bovina (TPB).

Foi determinada a frequência de anticorpos para Babesia bovis e Babesia bigemina em bovinos de 6-11 meses em 6 propriedades rurais da região de Encruzilhada do Sul, RS, Brasil e sua correlação com a infecção da hemolinfa de teleóginas de Boophilus microplus. A pesquisa dos anticorpos foi realizada através da técnica de Imunofluorescência Indireta e o exame nas teleóginas através de esfregaço de hemolinfa corado com Giemsa. Ambas técnicas foram efetuadas no Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF). Das 379 amostras de soros bovinos, 179 (47,23%) foram positivas para B. bovis e/ou B. bigemina. O trabalho foi realizado num total de 6 propriedades de Encruzilhada do Sul, entre as quais a propriedade 5 obteve mais animais positivos, enquanto que a propriedade 1 obteve o maior número de animais negativos.Nos esfregaços de hemolinfa nenhum resultado positivo foi encontrado, assim sendo, não houve correlação entre a sorologia e a infecção da hemolinfa das teleóginas por vermículos de Babesia spp. Na análise estatística, comparou-se os resultados obtidos nas diferentes propriedades. Com base nestes resultados, pode-se concluir que a frequência de anticorpos para Babesia spp detectada neste trabalho foi de 47,23%, ficando abaixo do índice que caracteriza uma zona de instabilidade enzoótica para Tristeza Parasitária Bovina (TPB). / Was determined the frequency of antibodies for Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina in cattle between 6-11 months of age in six farms of Encruzilhada do Sul, RS, Brazil and its correlation with the female ticks Boophilus microplus hemolymph infection. All laboratory thecniques were done at Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF). From the 379 cattle analysed samples, 179 (47,23%) were positive for B. bovis and/or B. bigemina. In hemolymph tests, all samples were negative. Based on those results, did not heve any correlation between sorologic results and hemolymph infection and the frequency of antibodies for Babesia spp. detected at this work was 47,23%, caracterizing a instability zone for Tristeza Parasitária Bovina (TPB).

Medicinal turpentine has been used extensively in the eastern Free State and KwaZulu-Natal in the belief that it is able to prevent and treat redwater in cattle. A number of commercial beef farmers have been using it for many years and the information has been passed down through generations. Redwater is often a fatal disease in cattle and results in losses of large numbers every year in South Africa. In this study redwater is used to describe both Babesia bigemina (African redwater) and Babesia bovis (Asiatic redwater). Redwater is also known as babesiosis. Medicinal turpentine is obtained by the distillation of resin obtained from numerous pine tree species as a by-product during the production of chemical wood pulp9,72. The use of turpentine for the treatment of redwater is, however, yet to be scientifically validated. This study was initiated in an attempt to investigate the validity in the use of the turpentine as a medicinal agent. For this study the use of turpentine was evaluated in three parts. The first component of the study involved a detailed survey with ten commercial farmers from KwaZulu-Natal and the eastern Free State who were known to be proponents for the use of turpentine. The second part of the study made use of a screening assay of Babesia caballi in a red cell culture which was exposed to various concentrations of turpentine in comparison to Diminazene and Imidocarb. Both of these drugs are used on a large scale in the conventional treatment of redwater and are at this point in time the most effective treatments available in South Africa. In the third part a tolerance study was undertaken. Twenty four cattle were treated with turpentine. Three different volumes were used and a control group was treated with saline. Blood was then drawn from these animals at specified intervals and pre-determined parameters were measured. These included obtaining serum for Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina serology to determine whether the animals used had ever been exposed to either one of these parasites. Temperatures, weights, pregnancy status and injection site reactions were also monitored. From the information gathered farmers are using turpentine in a fairly consistent manner so it was relatively straight forward to design a treatment protocol for the tolerance study that could be representative of what was being done in the field. The cultures indicated that turpentine may have a delayed static effect on parasite growth or it may have an indirectly cidal effect. This effect was most obvious at certain concentrations. It was not seen with all the concentrations used in the cultures. The tolerance study revealed that a significant effect was seen in the protein levels and no deleterious effects were noted either in liver or kidney function. Further studies will need to be undertaken to determine the exact effect turpentine has on the immune response and whether this response is in fact adequate to protect animals from redwater. AFRIKAANS : Die gebruik van medisinale terpentyn is ekstensief in KwaZulu-Natal en die oos Vrystaat gebruik vir die voorkoming van beide Afrika en Asiatiese rooiwaterstamme. Hierdie gebruik is reeds geslagte lank vir die behandeling en voorkoming van rooiwater deur boere gebruik. Rooiwater is n toenemende probleem vir kommersiële boere en daar kom jaarliks groot veeverliese voor. Medisinale terpentyn is die byproduk van sekere denneboomspesies. Die harpuis verkry tydens die vervaardiging van houtpulp met die Kraftproses, word gedistilleer9,72. Tydens die ondersoek na die gebruik van terpentyn deur sekere boere is eerstens tien boere van KwaZulu-Natal en die oos Vrystaat betrek. ‘n Vraelys is opgestel waarin die betrokke boere oor die gebruik van terpentyn gevra is. Tweedens is kulture van Babesia caballi in die laboratorium gekweek en met verskillende konsentrasies van terpentyn behandel. Diminazene en Imidocarb is as die positiewe kontroles gebruik. Beide hierdie produkte word op groot skaal met sukses deur boere gebruik om beide rooiwaterspesies te bestry. Huidiglik is dit die mees effektiewe behandeling van rooiwater in Suid Afrika. Derdens is die verdraagsaamheidstudie onderneem en vier en twintig beeste is in die proef gebruik. Terpentyn is teen drie verskillende konsentrasies gebruik. Die kontrole groep is met soutwater behandel. Bloed is met verskillende intervalle van die beeste getrek en vooraf bepaalde parameters is vir meting gebruik. Dié oefening het ingesluit die verkryging van serum om te bepaal of die diere voorheen blootgestel was aan enige van die rooiwaterspesies. Temperatuur, gewigte, dragtigheidstatus en reaksie op die inspuitplekke is gemonitor. Die gegewens ingewin by die boere wat terpentyn gebruik, was voor die handliggend om toleransie daarvan in die praktyk te bepaal. Die kweking van die parasiete dui daarop dat verskillende konsentrasies van terpentyn die groei daarvan vertraag en moontlik vernietig. Hierdie effek is nie by al die konsentrasies waargeneem nie. Die toleransie studie het aan die lig gebring dat dit ‘n effek op die proteïenvlakke gehad het maar geen newe-effekte op die lewer en nierfunksie gehad het nie. Verdere studies sal onderneem moet word om te bepaal watter effek terpentyn op die immuunstelsel het en of dit genoegsaam is om diere teen rooiwater te beskerm. Copyright / Die gebruik van medisinale terpentyn is ekstensief in KwaZulu-Natal en die oos Vrystaat gebruik vir die voorkoming van beide Afrika en Asiatiese rooiwaterstamme. Hierdie gebruik is reeds geslagte lank vir die behandeling en voorkoming van rooiwater deur boere gebruik. Rooiwater is n toenemende probleem vir kommersiële boere en daar kom jaarliks groot veeverliese voor. Medisinale terpentyn is die byproduk van sekere denneboomspesies. Die harpuis verkry tydens die vervaardiging van houtpulp met die Kraftproses, word gedistilleer9,72. Tydens die ondersoek na die gebruik van terpentyn deur sekere boere is eerstens tien boere van KwaZulu-Natal en die oos Vrystaat betrek. ‘n Vraelys is opgestel waarin die betrokke boere oor die gebruik van terpentyn gevra is. Tweedens is kulture van Babesia caballi in die laboratorium gekweek en met verskillende konsentrasies van terpentyn behandel. Diminazene en Imidocarb is as die positiewe kontroles gebruik. Beide hierdie produkte word op groot skaal met sukses deur boere gebruik om beide rooiwaterspesies te bestry. Huidiglik is dit die mees effektiewe behandeling van rooiwater in Suid Afrika. Derdens is die verdraagsaamheidstudie onderneem en vier en twintig beeste is in die proef gebruik. Terpentyn is teen drie verskillende konsentrasies gebruik. Die kontrole groep is met soutwater behandel. Bloed is met verskillende intervalle van die beeste getrek en vooraf bepaalde parameters is vir meting gebruik. Dié oefening het ingesluit die verkryging van serum om te bepaal of die diere voorheen blootgestel was aan enige van die rooiwaterspesies. Temperatuur, gewigte, dragtigheidstatus en reaksie op die inspuitplekke is gemonitor. Die gegewens ingewin by die boere wat terpentyn gebruik, was voor die handliggend om toleransie daarvan in die praktyk te bepaal. Die kweking van die parasiete dui daarop dat verskillende konsentrasies van terpentyn die groei daarvan vertraag en moontlik vernietig. Hierdie effek is nie by al die konsentrasies waargeneem nie. Die toleransie studie het aan die lig gebring dat dit ‘n effek op die proteïenvlakke gehad het maar geen newe-effekte op die lewer en nierfunksie gehad het nie. Verdere studies sal onderneem moet word om te bepaal watter effek terpentyn op die immuunstelsel het en of dit genoegsaam is om diere teen rooiwater te beskerm. / Dissertation (MMedVet)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Production Animal Studies / unrestricted

Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Babesiosis is a hemolytic tick-borne disease caused by intraerythrocytic protozoal parasites of the genus Babesia. This is a disease of high incidence in the South region of Brazil and responsible for considerable economic losses. Clinical-pathological diagnosis can be made by demonstrating the parasite by examining blood smears or fresh tissues. However, frequently, only formalin-fixed organs are sent to pathology laboratories, which makes it impossible to perform the smears. The main objective of this study was to find alternative histochemical techniques capable to improve the identification of intraerythrocytic B. bovis in histological sections. For this study, tissue samples from 50 bovine necropsy cases were retrospectively analyzed, which had been fixed in formalin and routinely processed for histopathology. The cases were divided into a control group, consisting of 12 cases of cerebral babesiosis with characteristic pink-cherry gray matter (group A), and 38 cases suggestive of cattle tick fever (group B), according to necropsy protocols. Histochemical techniques of Alcian Blue, Methylene Blue, Toluidine Blue, Giemsa, Gram (McCallum-Goodpasture method), Grocott, Periodic Acid of Schiff and Ziehl-Neelsen were tested. Among these, it was observed that the techniques of Methylene Blue and Toluidine Blue allowed to observe morphological and dye characteristics in a clearer way, aiding in the identification of B. bovis. In addition, several clinical-epidemiological and anatomopathological parameters of babesiosis caused by B. bovis were established. / A babesiose é uma doença hemolítica transmitida por carrapatos e causada por protozoários intraeritrocitários do gênero Babesia. Esta é uma doença de incidência elevada na Região Sul do Brasil e responsável por perdas econômicas consideráveis. O diagnóstico clínico-patológico pode ser feito através da demonstração do parasita pelo exame de esfregaços sanguíneos ou de tecidos frescos. Entretanto, com frequência, somente órgãos fixados em formol são remetidos para laboratórios de patologia, o que impossibilita a realização do esfregaço. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi encontrar técnicas histoquímicas alternativas e capazes de aprimorar a evidenciação de B. bovis intraeritrocitária. Para este estudo, foram analisadas, retrospectivamente, amostras de tecidos de 50 casos de necropsias de bovinos, as quais haviam sido fixadas em formol e processadas rotineiramente para histopatologia. Os casos foram divididos em um grupo controle, constituído por 12 casos de babesiose cerebral com substância cinzenta encefálica róseo-cereja característica (grupo A), e 38 casos sugestivos de tristeza parasitária bovina (grupo B), conforme os protocolos de necropsias. Foram testadas as técnicas histoquímicas de Azul Alciano, Azul de Metileno, Azul de Toluidina, Giemsa, Gram (método de McCallum-Goodpasture), Grocott, Ácido Periódico de Schiff e Ziehl-Neelsen. Dentre estas, observou-se que as técnicas de Azul de Metileno e Azul de Toluidina permitiram observar características morfológicas e tintoriais de maneira mais nítida, auxiliando na identificação de B. bovis. Adicionalmente, foram estabelecidos vários parâmetros clínico-epidemiológicos e anatomopatológicos da babesiose por B. bovis.