Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T18:20:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NASCIMENTO, Jackgrace Dutra.pdf: 6230677 bytes, checksum: 46e9e564468fb8691f712ad1805e9b5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-20 / FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E AO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLÓGICO DO MARANHÃO / A hydrographic basin is a complex environmental system, resulting from the interrelations between the physical-natural and socioeconomic subsystems. It s identity as the unifying of environmental processes and human interference is leading to its adoption as a research unit. It allows from the analysis of the physical-chemical, biological and socioeconomic factors the evaluation of the quality and sustainability of the environment. This works aim is the composition of an Index of Sustainable Use of Water (ISW) which may subsidize the adoption of public policies towards sustainable use of water resources. For the construction of the ISW were analyzed two dimensions: the ecological one and socioeconomical one. Physico-chemical indicators (pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrate and phosphate), biological indicators (phytoplankton) and the index of environmental preservation (EP) were used to analyze the Ecological Dimension (ED); to analyze the Socioeconomic Dimension (DS) were used as indicators income, education and sanitation. This way was generated an index for the five sub-basins of the Bacanga river basin and the basin as a whole. Past data published by Martins (2008) and Costa (2008) were used for the physico-chemical and biological indicators. The results of applying the ISW are lined not only on the proposal of a tool in assessing the sustainability of the Bacanga river basin, but also on the ability to identify the main responsible for the advances and setbacks in the quest for sustainability. The 5 ((Jambeiro) sub-basins studied had significant impairment of sustainability. The lowest index, 0.29 was found for the sub-basin 5, revealing a weak sustainability. The sub-basins 3 (Mamão) and 4 (Gapara) both had the value of 0.36, demonstrating a committed environmental quality of these environments. Only the subbasins 1 (Barragem) and 2 (Bicas) had a higher rate compared to the others with 0.43 and 0.42 respectively. These sub-basins despite having an older population growth and therefore a greater impacted area, has good services like water supply and provision of schools. The ISW for the Bacanga river basin was 0.37 indicating it as a polluted environment. Thus the assessment of environmental quality of the Bacanga river basin reveals the consequences of a mode of urbanization governed by private economic interests over the welfare of the community, a process that creates and reinforces social inequality and exclusion (which is reflected in sociospatial segregation and vulnerabilities differentiated to natural hazards) and degrades the physical nature. As complementary and opposite sides of this form of urbanization the basin shows on one side the saturation of the carrying capacity of the physical-natural subsystem in areas in which it promotes urban occupation, a situation caused mainly by high soil sealing and high population density, on the other hand, it appears that the areas of greatest natural vulnerability tend to be occupied by the socially excluded and most vulnerable to environmental risks, feeding a dynamic in which lower quality of life and low environmental quality are mutually reinforced. As mitigation measures to modify this reality one can measure the local economic development with its generating jobs and income, the digital divide with the deployment of telecentres , the articulation of social protection network (family register), the expansion and improvement in services water supply, garbage collection and sewage treatment as well as urban drainage, rehabilitation of the sewage plant (ETA) of Batatã, the recovery of the Bacanga dam to regulate the water flow, preventing flooding, the relocation of residents in the areas of risk, the respect to the limits of the Bacanga State Park and the adopting of solutions that contribute to the recovery and preservation of protected areas and environmental interest. ISW has proved to be an appropriate tool to support decision makers and policy makers in the process of building more sustainable ways to the society. / A hydrographic basin is a complex environmental system, resulting from the interrelations between the physical-natural and socioeconomic subsystems. It s identity as the unifying of environmental processes and human interference is leading to its adoption as a research unit. It allows from the analysis of the physical-chemical, biological and socioeconomic factors the evaluation of the quality and sustainability of the environment. This works aim is the composition of an Index of Sustainable Use of Water (ISW) which may subsidize the adoption of public policies towards sustainable use of water resources. For the construction of the ISW were analyzed two dimensions: the ecological one and socioeconomical one. Physico-chemical indicators (pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrate and phosphate), biological indicators (phytoplankton) and the index of environmental preservation (EP) were used to analyze the Ecological Dimension (ED); to analyze the Socioeconomic Dimension (DS) were used as indicators income, education and sanitation. This way was generated an index for the five sub-basins of the Bacanga river basin and the basin as a whole. Past data published by Martins (2008) and Costa (2008) were used for the physico-chemical and biological indicators. The results of applying the ISW are lined not only on the proposal of a tool in assessing the sustainability of the Bacanga river basin, but also on the ability to identify the main responsible for the advances and setbacks in the quest for sustainability. The 5 ((Jambeiro) sub-basins studied had significant impairment of sustainability. The lowest index, 0.29 was found for the sub-basin 5, revealing a weak sustainability. The sub-basins 3 (Mamão) and 4 (Gapara) both had the value of 0.36, demonstrating a committed environmental quality of these environments. Only the subbasins 1 (Barragem) and 2 (Bicas) had a higher rate compared to the others with 0.43 and 0.42 respectively. These sub-basins despite having an older population growth and therefore a greater impacted area, has good services like water supply and provision of schools. The ISW for the Bacanga river basin was 0.37 indicating it as a polluted environment. Thus the assessment of environmental quality of the Bacanga river basin reveals the consequences of a mode of urbanization governed by private economic interests over the welfare of the community, a process that creates and reinforces social inequality and exclusion (which is reflected in sociospatial segregation and vulnerabilities differentiated to natural hazards) and degrades the physical nature. As complementary and opposite sides of this form of urbanization the basin shows on one side the saturation of the carrying capacity of the physical-natural subsystem in areas in which it promotes urban occupation, a situation caused mainly by high soil sealing and high population density, on the other hand, it appears that the areas of greatest natural vulnerability tend to be occupied by the socially excluded and most vulnerable to environmental risks, feeding a dynamic in which lower quality of life and low environmental quality are mutually reinforced. As mitigation measures to modify this reality one can measure the local economic development with its generating jobs and income, the digital divide with the deployment of telecentres , the articulation of social protection network (family register), the expansion and improvement in services water supply, garbage collection and sewage treatment as well as urban drainage, rehabilitation of the sewage plant (ETA) of Batatã, the recovery of the Bacanga dam to regulate the water flow, preventing flooding, the relocation of residents in the areas of risk, the respect to the limits of the Bacanga State Park and the adopting of solutions that contribute to the recovery and preservation of protected areas and environmental interest. ISW has proved to be an appropriate tool to support decision makers and policy makers in the process of building more sustainable ways to the society.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T18:20:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Luiza Privado Martins.pdf: 1637173 bytes, checksum: 6203a2c00e8fef30c7e4c7596ed871f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Pressures happened of the urbanization s increase have caused serious damages to the environment. Because of this, the present study objectified to evaluate the environmental quality of the Bacanga River Basin, that represents one of the most degraded basins of the São Luís Island (Maranhão). The work consisted in analyses of the physical-chemistries, biological and population indicators. For it accomplishment, bimonthly collections of water were effected in six points, between Octuber/2007 and June/2008, in order to characterize the following hydrological variables: depth, transparency, temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, material in suspension and nutrients (ammonia, nitrate and phosphate). Fish communities were used as environmental quality bioindicators, being realized catches in five points in the same sampling period of hydrological variables. Questionnaires were applied to the living population and the fishermen of the basin, for social, economical and environmental characterization of the area. It was observed that the depth is higher next Barragem, while the pH s values were reduced during the rainy period. Transparency and material in suspension didn t disclose any standard of variation. Temperature was probably related to the collect s time, while the salinity was more raised in the estuary s mouth points. Ammonia and phosphate presented high concentrations in the Bicas river, while the dissolved oxygen disclosed the values lowest for this point, which consist in depositary of sewage of the São Luís Island. Four groups were formed by principal components analyses, being that ammonia, nitrate, pH, salinity, depth and phosphate were the most representative variables. Ichthyofaunistic community was represented by 3.682 individuals distributed in 36 species, which were grouped, for similarity, in three groups, defined possibly in function of the water s salinity gradient. The diversity didn t demonstrate defined standard, and it didn t allow inferring about the environmental stress, even reduced values had occurred for it. The ABC method classified the environment as without disturbance (Coelho narrow river), moderately disturbed (Barragem and Gapara) and disturbed (Jambeiro and Mamão narrow river), while biotic integrity index classified the environment between very poor and poor categories. Profile of the inhabitants of the basin disclosed the precariousness of the sanitary exhaustion and collection of the garbage services, being that the more cited problems were: garbage, sewage, forest fires and deforestation of mangrove. With regard to the characterization of the area s fishing, the fishes more captured are prata, tainha, bagre, sardinha and tilápia. The majority obtains till 5 kg of fish per day of fishery, being these destined to sale and consumption. Gains obtained with the activity by mostly of the interviewed is between R$ 200,00 and R$ 400,00. According to majority of them, fishery got worse in recent years, being the pollution and the barrage the most harmful problems to it. As suggestion for improvement of the fishing activity, it was distinguished inspection of the barrage floodgates opening. Although the reduced environmental quality in the Bacanga, this basin still discloses importance for the fishery. The scenes considered for fisheries indicate an investment directed to the sustainability as more viable alternative to the place. / As pressões advindas do aumento da urbanização têm causado graves prejuízos ambientais. Diante disso, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar a qualidade ambiental da Bacia Hidrográfica do Bacanga, que representa uma das bacias mais degradadas da ilha de São Luís (Maranhão). O trabalho consistiu em análises de indicadores físico-químicos, biológicos e populacionais. Para realização do mesmo, efetuaram-se coletas bimestrais de água em seis pontos, no período de outubro/2007 a junho/2008, a fim de se caracterizar as seguintes variáveis hidrológicas: profundidade, transparência, temperatura, salinidade, pH, oxigênio dissolvido, material em suspensão e nutrientes (amônia, nitrato e fosfato). Comunidades de peixes foram utilizadas como bioindicadores da qualidade ambiental, sendo as capturas realizadas em cinco pontos no mesmo período de amostragem das variáveis hidrológicas. Questionários foram aplicados à população moradora e aos pescadores da bacia, para caracterização sócio-econômico-ambiental da área. Observou-se que a profundidade é mais elevada nas proximidades da Barragem, enquanto os valores de pH estiveram reduzidos durante o período chuvoso. A transparência e o material em suspensão não revelaram nenhum padrão de variação. A temperatura provavelmente esteve relacionada ao horário das coletas, enquanto a salinidade foi mais elevada nos pontos próximos à foz. A amônia e o fosfato apresentaram altas concentrações no rio das Bicas, enquanto o oxigênio dissolvido revelou os valores mais baixos para esse ponto, o qual consiste em depositário de esgoto da ilha de São Luís. Houve formação de quatro grupos pela análise de componentes principais, sendo que amônia, nitrato, pH, salinidade, profundidade e fosfato foram as variáveis mais representativas. A comunidade ictiofaunística esteve representada por 3.682 indivíduos distribuídos em 36 espécies, sendo estas agrupadas, por similaridade, em três grupos, definidos possivelmente em função do gradiente de salinidade da água. A diversidade não demonstrou padrão definido, não permitindo inferir sobre o estresse ambiental, embora tenham ocorrido valores reduzidos para a mesma. O método ABC classificou o ambiente como sem perturbação (igarapé do Coelho), moderadamente perturbado (Barragem e Gapara) e perturbado (igarapés do Jambeiro e Mamão), enquanto o índice de integridade biótica classificou o ambiente nas categorias de muito pobre a pobre . O perfil dos moradores da bacia revelou a precariedade dos serviços de esgotamento sanitário e de coleta do lixo, sendo que os problemas mais citados foram: lixo, esgoto, queimadas e desmatamento do mangue. Com relação à caracterização dos pescadores da área, os peixes mais pescados são peixe-prata, tainha, bagre, sardinha e tilápia. A maioria adquire até 5 kg de peixe por dia de pescaria, sendo estes destinados à venda e ao consumo. A renda obtida com a atividade pela maior parte dos entrevistados fica entre R$ 200,00 e R$ 400,00. Segundo a maioria deles, a pesca piorou nos últimos anos, sendo a poluição e a barragem os problemas mais prejudiciais à mesma. Como sugestão para melhoria da atividade pesqueira, destacou-se a fiscalização da abertura das comportas da barragem. Apesar da reduzida qualidade ambiental no Bacanga, essa bacia ainda revela importância para os pescadores. Os cenários propostos para a pesca apontam um investimento voltado para a sustentabilidade como alternativa mais viável para o local.