The aim of the present thesis is to compare the companies MIPEXA s.r.o. and ČKD Nové Energo a.s. from the perspective of financial analysis based on available data from 2006 to 2009. The thesis consists of two parts: theoretical and practical. In the first part, I describe financial analysis, namely its development, purpose, process, calculation of individual indicators and their informative values. In the practical part, based on calculated indicators, I attempt to compare and evaluate the development of the companies MIPEXA s.r.o. and ČKD Nové Energo a.s. and their reactions to external events. Both companies conduct business in the same field and have their headquarters in the Czech Republic; they differ in size and their financial possibilities.

Sector of credit unions has noted during its existence many changes. Political and legislative changes have had an impact on its behaviour. Significant change was that the bill No. 87/1995 about credit unions was passed and subsequently amended in connection with joining the Czech Republic to the European Union. The aim of the graduation theses is complex analysis of credit union evolution. The graduation theses scope is also comparative analysis of bank and credit union on the part of balance sheet, risk management and advantages for client.

As demonstrações contábeis divulgadas pelas empresas têm sido objeto de diversos estudos. Tem-se tentado com as informações contábeis derivar modelos de orientação para investidores e credores, por meio da chamada análise de balanços. Muitos livros foram escritos sobre análise de balanços. O tema transformou-se em disciplinas em cursos de graduação e pós-graduação. E, para alguns, mais do que uma técnica, a análise de balanços, ou ainda, a análise de demonstrações contábeis, é uma arte. Construíram-se indicadores de previsão de insolvência, com base em instrumentos quantitativos sofisticados. ALTMAN (1968) foi precursor da aplicação de métodos quantitativos em informações contábeis com a finalidade de desenvolver modelos de previsão de falência. No Brasil, o estudo pioneiro é de Stephen Charles KANITZ (1974), que originou seu livro Como prever falências. Posteriormente, outros pesquisadores brasileiros desenvolveram modelos semelhantes, utilizando-se de técnicas estatísticas de regressões, análises fatoriais e discriminantes, redes neurais e outras (ELIZABETSKY, 1976; MATIAS, 1978; CORRAR, 1981; PEREIRA DA SILVA, 1982; ALMEIDA, 1993; MATIAS e SIQUEIRA, 1996). E esses mesmos balanços têm sido utilizados em estudos que buscam definir a excelência do desempenho das empresas. Foi também KANITZ que iniciou, em 1974, os estudos do que se consolidou na publicação Melhores e Maiores, da revista Exame. Hoje, sob a supervisão técnica de Nelson CARVALHO e Ariovaldo dos SANTOS, a publicação é aguardada pelo meio empresarial, que voluntariamente envia suas informações para a escolha da Melhor Empresa do Ano. A qualidade das informações contábeis divulgadas pelas empresas tem sido, portanto, amplamente discutida. E a transparência na divulgação das demonstrações financeiras está sendo relacionada ao exercício da responsabilidade social das empresas. Propôs-se a agregação às demonstrações tradicionalmente divulgadas do chamado Balanço Social, movimento que se iniciou na França em 1977 e chegou ao Brasil. Com informações sociais que abrangem dados sobre o emprego, remuneração e encargos, condições de higiene e segurança e outras, inclui ainda uma nova demonstração, a Demonstração do Valor Adicionado, que permitiria o cálculo do Produto Interno Bruto, por meio da utilização das informações contábeis das empresas. Adicionar valor, e distribuí-lo, tem sido um objetivo que se alia à meta empresarial suprema de obter lucro. O presente estudo pretende apresentar uma contribuição à avaliação do desempenho econômico das empresas por meio da Análise de Demonstrações Contábeis. Para tanto, identificou-se junto às áreas de matemática, engenharia de produção e pesquisa operacional uma técnica desenvolvida recentemente (1978) e ainda hoje com poucos trabalhos realizados no Brasil: a Análise por Envoltória de Dados ou Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). As informações contidas na base de dados de Melhores e Maiores de Fipecafi-Exame são utilizadas na proposição de uma metodologia de aplicação (modelo estruturado) de Análise por Envoltória de Dados ao processo de análise das demonstrações contábeis de empresas. A metodologia é apresentada por um estudo de caso das empresas do setor elétrico brasileiro. Suas vantagens e limitações são exploradas, comparativamente aos resultados obtidos pelo indicador de Excelência Empresarial de Melhores e Maiores e ao Retorno sobre o Patrimônio Líquido, indicador contábil tradicional. Para generalização da metodologia são utilizadas as informações das empresas do setor alimentício. / The financial statements published by companies have been the object of various studies. By means of accounting information, attempts have been made to derive models for orienting investors and creditors through the so-called balance sheet analysis. Many books have been written on balance sheet analysis. The issue has been transformed into subject matters in graduate and postgraduate courses. And for some people, balance sheet analysis, also called financial statement analysis, is not only a technique but, what is more, it is an art. Insolvency forecasting indicators have been built up on the basis of sophisticated quantitative instruments. ALTMAN (1968) was a pioneer in applying quantitative methods to accounting information in order to develop bankruptcy forecasting models. In Brazil, the pioneering study was realized by Stephen Charles KANITZ (1974), which originated his book How to forecast bankruptcy. Later on, other Brazilian researchers developed similar models, using statistical regression techniques, factorial and discriminant analyses, neural networks, among others (ELIZABETSKY, 1976; MATIAS, 1978; CORRAR, 1981; PEREIRA DA SILVA, 1982; ALMEIDA, 1993; MATIAS and SIQUEIRA, 1996). And these balance sheets have also been used in studies aimed at defining companies’ performance excellence. In 1974, it was KANITZ who started the studies that were consolidated in the publication Melhores e Maiores (Best and Biggest) by the magazine Exame. Nowadays, under the technical supervision of Nelson CARVALHO and Ariovaldo dos SANTOS, the publication is awaited by the business world, which voluntarily sends its information for choosing the Best Company of the Year. Thus, the quality of the accounting information published by the companies has been widely discussed. And a relation is established between the transparency in publishing the financial statements and the exercise of social responsibility by the companies. A proposition has been made to add the so-called Social Balance Sheet to the traditionally published statements, a movement that has started in France in 1977 and has reached Brazil. Containing social information such as data on employment, compensation and charges, hygienic and safety conditions etc., it also includes a new statement, the Statement of Value Added, which would allow for the calculation of the Gross Domestic Product by using the companies’ accounting information. The addition and distribution of value has been an objective linked to companies’ paramount target, that is, obtaining profit. This study aims to present a contribution to companies’ economic performance evaluation through Financial Statement Analysis. For this purpose, a recently developed technique (1978) was identified in the fields of mathematics, production engineering and operational research, which has only been used in few studies in Brazil until now: the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The information of the Melhores e Maiores database of Fipecafi-Exame is used to propose a methodology to apply (structured model) the Data Envelopment Analysis to the analytical process of companies’ financial statements. The methodology is presented by means of a case study on companies from the Brazilian electricity sector. Its advantages and limitations are explored in comparison with the results obtained from the Company Excellence indicator by Melhores e Maiores and with the Return on Equity, a traditional accounting indicator. In order to generalize the methodology, companies from the food sector are used.

Die zentralen Fragestellungen der Arbeit sind, wie die Insolvenzwahrscheinlichkeiten von Unternehmen prognostiziert und wie sie durch zielgerichtetes Handeln beeinflusst werden können. Hierzu gibt der Autor zunächst einen ausführlichen Überblick über die derzeit in Wissenschaft und Praxis verwendeten Ansätze zur Prognose von Unternehmensinsolvenzen, Schätzgütemaßen von Insolvenzprognosen sowie Datenquellen, die für die Prognose von Unternehmensinsolvenzen zur Verfügung stehen. Anschließend entwickelt er ein kausales Unternehmensmodell, das er mit stochastischen Simulationsverfahren analysiert. Das Modell wird validiert und mit Benchmarkverfahren verglichen. Abschließend zeigt der Autor, wie das Modell zur Ableitung von Handlungsempfehlungen zur Beeinflussung der individuellen Insolvenzwahrscheinlichkeit von Unternehmen herangezogen werden kann.

As demonstrações contábeis divulgadas pelas empresas têm sido objeto de diversos estudos. Tem-se tentado com as informações contábeis derivar modelos de orientação para investidores e credores, por meio da chamada análise de balanços. Muitos livros foram escritos sobre análise de balanços. O tema transformou-se em disciplinas em cursos de graduação e pós-graduação. E, para alguns, mais do que uma técnica, a análise de balanços, ou ainda, a análise de demonstrações contábeis, é uma arte. Construíram-se indicadores de previsão de insolvência, com base em instrumentos quantitativos sofisticados. ALTMAN (1968) foi precursor da aplicação de métodos quantitativos em informações contábeis com a finalidade de desenvolver modelos de previsão de falência. No Brasil, o estudo pioneiro é de Stephen Charles KANITZ (1974), que originou seu livro Como prever falências. Posteriormente, outros pesquisadores brasileiros desenvolveram modelos semelhantes, utilizando-se de técnicas estatísticas de regressões, análises fatoriais e discriminantes, redes neurais e outras (ELIZABETSKY, 1976; MATIAS, 1978; CORRAR, 1981; PEREIRA DA SILVA, 1982; ALMEIDA, 1993; MATIAS e SIQUEIRA, 1996). E esses mesmos balanços têm sido utilizados em estudos que buscam definir a excelência do desempenho das empresas. Foi também KANITZ que iniciou, em 1974, os estudos do que se consolidou na publicação Melhores e Maiores, da revista Exame. Hoje, sob a supervisão técnica de Nelson CARVALHO e Ariovaldo dos SANTOS, a publicação é aguardada pelo meio empresarial, que voluntariamente envia suas informações para a escolha da Melhor Empresa do Ano. A qualidade das informações contábeis divulgadas pelas empresas tem sido, portanto, amplamente discutida. E a transparência na divulgação das demonstrações financeiras está sendo relacionada ao exercício da responsabilidade social das empresas. Propôs-se a agregação às demonstrações tradicionalmente divulgadas do chamado Balanço Social, movimento que se iniciou na França em 1977 e chegou ao Brasil. Com informações sociais que abrangem dados sobre o emprego, remuneração e encargos, condições de higiene e segurança e outras, inclui ainda uma nova demonstração, a Demonstração do Valor Adicionado, que permitiria o cálculo do Produto Interno Bruto, por meio da utilização das informações contábeis das empresas. Adicionar valor, e distribuí-lo, tem sido um objetivo que se alia à meta empresarial suprema de obter lucro. O presente estudo pretende apresentar uma contribuição à avaliação do desempenho econômico das empresas por meio da Análise de Demonstrações Contábeis. Para tanto, identificou-se junto às áreas de matemática, engenharia de produção e pesquisa operacional uma técnica desenvolvida recentemente (1978) e ainda hoje com poucos trabalhos realizados no Brasil: a Análise por Envoltória de Dados ou Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). As informações contidas na base de dados de Melhores e Maiores de Fipecafi-Exame são utilizadas na proposição de uma metodologia de aplicação (modelo estruturado) de Análise por Envoltória de Dados ao processo de análise das demonstrações contábeis de empresas. A metodologia é apresentada por um estudo de caso das empresas do setor elétrico brasileiro. Suas vantagens e limitações são exploradas, comparativamente aos resultados obtidos pelo indicador de Excelência Empresarial de Melhores e Maiores e ao Retorno sobre o Patrimônio Líquido, indicador contábil tradicional. Para generalização da metodologia são utilizadas as informações das empresas do setor alimentício. / The financial statements published by companies have been the object of various studies. By means of accounting information, attempts have been made to derive models for orienting investors and creditors through the so-called balance sheet analysis. Many books have been written on balance sheet analysis. The issue has been transformed into subject matters in graduate and postgraduate courses. And for some people, balance sheet analysis, also called financial statement analysis, is not only a technique but, what is more, it is an art. Insolvency forecasting indicators have been built up on the basis of sophisticated quantitative instruments. ALTMAN (1968) was a pioneer in applying quantitative methods to accounting information in order to develop bankruptcy forecasting models. In Brazil, the pioneering study was realized by Stephen Charles KANITZ (1974), which originated his book How to forecast bankruptcy. Later on, other Brazilian researchers developed similar models, using statistical regression techniques, factorial and discriminant analyses, neural networks, among others (ELIZABETSKY, 1976; MATIAS, 1978; CORRAR, 1981; PEREIRA DA SILVA, 1982; ALMEIDA, 1993; MATIAS and SIQUEIRA, 1996). And these balance sheets have also been used in studies aimed at defining companies’ performance excellence. In 1974, it was KANITZ who started the studies that were consolidated in the publication Melhores e Maiores (Best and Biggest) by the magazine Exame. Nowadays, under the technical supervision of Nelson CARVALHO and Ariovaldo dos SANTOS, the publication is awaited by the business world, which voluntarily sends its information for choosing the Best Company of the Year. Thus, the quality of the accounting information published by the companies has been widely discussed. And a relation is established between the transparency in publishing the financial statements and the exercise of social responsibility by the companies. A proposition has been made to add the so-called Social Balance Sheet to the traditionally published statements, a movement that has started in France in 1977 and has reached Brazil. Containing social information such as data on employment, compensation and charges, hygienic and safety conditions etc., it also includes a new statement, the Statement of Value Added, which would allow for the calculation of the Gross Domestic Product by using the companies’ accounting information. The addition and distribution of value has been an objective linked to companies’ paramount target, that is, obtaining profit. This study aims to present a contribution to companies’ economic performance evaluation through Financial Statement Analysis. For this purpose, a recently developed technique (1978) was identified in the fields of mathematics, production engineering and operational research, which has only been used in few studies in Brazil until now: the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The information of the Melhores e Maiores database of Fipecafi-Exame is used to propose a methodology to apply (structured model) the Data Envelopment Analysis to the analytical process of companies’ financial statements. The methodology is presented by means of a case study on companies from the Brazilian electricity sector. Its advantages and limitations are explored in comparison with the results obtained from the Company Excellence indicator by Melhores e Maiores and with the Return on Equity, a traditional accounting indicator. In order to generalize the methodology, companies from the food sector are used.

Submitted by Elba Lopes (elba.lopes@fecap.br) on 2018-01-23T20:12:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Adriana_Caetano.pdf: 1859971 bytes, checksum: 798ec0440f1a81854733046a5f60138b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-23T20:12:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Adriana_Caetano.pdf: 1859971 bytes, checksum: 798ec0440f1a81854733046a5f60138b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-19 / The objective of this study was to develop a performance analysis structure of the Brazilian companies, based on the literature, corroborated by the information disclosed in their financial statements in order to support the private equity investors estimate the value of an entity. To meet the proposed goal it was made a bibliographic research, aiming to identify the relevant elements to valuate a company concerning accounting and financial information. In this sense, it was developed the referred structure. It was conducted a research based on the document analysis technique, attempting to identify in the content of the financial statements of the selected companies the terms presented in the developed performance analysis structure. The research was descriptive and it was applied the qualitative and quantitative approach, to analyze the content of the four companies registered in the BOVESPA MAIS, part of the Clean Energy and Information Technology segments. The proposed goal of this study was reached, as the performance analysis structure was developed based on the literature and, the items of the strucuture had a high level index of presence in the financial statements of the companies analyzed, indicating that is possible to apply such structure in the process of estimating the value of a company. / O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver uma estrutura de avalia????o de desempenho de companhias brasileiras, a partir da bibliografia, corroborada com as informa????es divulgadas em suas demonstra????es financeiras, a fim de auxiliar os investidores de private equity em estimar o valor de uma entidade. Para se atingir o objetivo proposto, realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliogr??fica, com a finalidade de identificar os elementos relevantes na avalia????o de uma empresa no que se refere ??s informa????es cont??beis e financeiras e, a partir da??, desenvolveu-se a referida estrutura. Efetuou-se uma pesquisa baseada na t??cnica de an??lise documental, que buscou identificar no conte??do apresentado nas demonstra????es cont??beis das empresas selecionadas os elementos contemplados na estrutura de avalia????o de desempenho desenvolvida. A pesquisa tem car??ter descritivo e usou abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa, para avaliar o conte??do das demonstra????es financeiras das quatro empresas registradas no BOVESPA MAIS, dos segmentos de Energia Renov??vel e Tecnologia da Informa????o. O objetivo proposto neste estudo foi alcan??ado, visto que se desenvolveu uma estrutura de avalia????o de desempenho a partir da bibliografia e os itens contemplados nessa estrutura apresentaram um alto ??ndice de presen??a nas demonstra????es financeiras das empresas analisadas, corroborando a possibilidade da utiliza????o de tal estrutura no processo de estima????o do valor de uma empresa.

Die zentralen Fragestellungen der Arbeit sind, wie die Insolvenzwahrscheinlichkeiten von Unternehmen prognostiziert und wie sie durch zielgerichtetes Handeln beeinflusst werden können. Hierzu gibt der Autor zunächst einen ausführlichen Überblick über die derzeit in Wissenschaft und Praxis verwendeten Ansätze zur Prognose von Unternehmensinsolvenzen, Schätzgütemaßen von Insolvenzprognosen sowie Datenquellen, die für die Prognose von Unternehmensinsolvenzen zur Verfügung stehen. Anschließend entwickelt er ein kausales Unternehmensmodell, das er mit stochastischen Simulationsverfahren analysiert. Das Modell wird validiert und mit Benchmarkverfahren verglichen. Abschließend zeigt der Autor, wie das Modell zur Ableitung von Handlungsempfehlungen zur Beeinflussung der individuellen Insolvenzwahrscheinlichkeit von Unternehmen herangezogen werden kann.

No description available.

This thesis assesses UK banking liquidity regulation and supervision and the Basel liquidity requirements, and models banks' liquidity risk. The study reveals that the FSA's risk-assessment framework before 2008 was too general without specifically considering banks' liquidity risk (as well as its failures on Northern Rock). The study also lists the limitations of the FSA's banking liquidity regimes before 2008. The thesis reviews whether the FSA's new liquidity regimes after 2008 would have coped with UK banks' liquidity risks if they have been applied properly. The fundamental changes in the FSA's liquidity supervision reflect three considerations. First, it introduces a systemic control requirement by measuring individual fifirm's liquidity risk with a market-wide stress or combination of idiosyncratic and market-wide stresses. Second, it emphasizes the monitoring of business model risks and the capability of senior managers. Third, it allows both internal and external managers to access more information by increasing the liquidity reporting frequencies. The thesis also comments on the Basel Liquidity Principles of 2008 and the two Liquidity Standards. The Principles of 2008 represents a substantial revision of the Principles of 2000 and reflect the lessons of the fifinancial market turmoil since 2007. The study argues that the implementation of the sound principles by banks and supervisors should be fexible, but also need to be consistent to make sure they understand banks' liquidity positions quite well. The study also explains the composition of the Basel liquidity ratios as well as the side effect of Basel liquidity standards; for example, it will reshape interbank deposit markets and bond markets as a result of the increase in demand for `liquid assets' and `stable funding'. This thesis uses quantitative balance sheet liquidity analysis, based upon modified versions of the BCBS (2010b) and Moody's (2001) models, to estimate eight UK banks' short and long-term liquidity positions from 2005 to 2010 respectively. The study shows that only Barclays Bank remained liquid on a short-term basis throughout the sample period (2005-2010); while the HSBC Bank also proved liquid on a short-term basis, although not in 2008 and 2010. On a long-term basis, RBS has remained liquid since 2008 after receiving government support; while Santander UK also proved liquid, except in 2009. The other banks,especially Natwest, are shown to have faced challenging conditions, on both a short-term and long-term basis, over the sample period. This thesis also uses the Exposure-Based Cash-Flow-at-Risk (CFaR) model to forecast UK banks' liquidity risk. Based on annual data over the period 1997 to 2010, the study predicts that by the end of 2011, the (102) UK banks' average CFaR at the 95% confidence level will be -£5.76 billion, Barclays Bank's (Barclays') CFaR will be -£0.34 billion, the Royal Bank of Scotland's (RBS's) CFaR will be -£40.29 billion, HSBC Bank's (HSBC's) CFaR will be £0.67 billion, Lloyds TSB Bank's (Lloyds TSB's) CFaR will be -£4.90 billion, National Westminister Bank's (Natwest's) CFaR will be -£10.38 billion, and Nationwide Building Society's (Nationwide's) CFaR will be -£0.72 billion. Moreover, it is clear that Lloyds TSB and Natwest are associated with the largest risk, according to the biggest percentage difference between downside cash flow and expected cash flow (3600% and 816% respectively). Since I summarize a bank's liquidity risk exposure in a single number (CFaR), which is the maximum shortfall given the targeted probability level, it can be directly compared to the bank's risk tolerance and used to guide corporate risk management decisions. Finally, this thesis estimates the long-term United Kingdom economic impact of the Basel III capital and liquidity requirements. Using quarterly data over the period 1997:q1 to 2010:q2, the study employs a non-linear-in-factor probit model to show increases in bank capital and liquidity would reduce the probability of a bank crisis significantly. The study estimates the long-run cost of the Basel III requirements with a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), which shows holding higher capital and liquidity would reduce output by a small amount but increase bank profitability in the long run. The maximum temporary net benefit and permanent net benefit is shown to be 1.284% and 35.484% of pre-crisis GDP respectively when the tangible common equity ratio stays at 10%. Assuming all UK banks also meet the Basel III long-term liquidity requirements, the temporary net benefit and permanent net benefit will be 0.347% and 14.318% of pre-crisis GDP respectively. Therefore, the results suggest that, in terms of the impact on output, there is considerable room to further tighten capital and liquidity requirements, while still providing positive effects for the United Kingdom economy.