O Rio Ribeira nasce no estado do Paraná e tem sua foz no município de Iguape estado de São Paulo. Possui 470 km de extensão e recebe o nome de Ribeira de Iguape em sua porção final, onde existe uso intensivo do solo para a agricultura (bananicultura), atividades industriais como mineração, eliminação de esgoto e um pouco de pecuária. Estas atividades contribuem com o aporte de nutrientes nitrogenados e fosfatados para o corpo hidrológico, atingindo o Complexo Estuarino-Lagunar de Cananéia-Iguape por meio do Canal do Valo Grande, em Iguape. O presente trabalho caracterizou o sistema hídrico por meio de parâmetros hidrológicos e hidroquímico como: temperatura da água, salinidade, pH, oxigênio dissolvido, material em suspensão, teores de nitrogênio e de fósforo, matéria orgânica em suspensão e turbidez. Foi realizado um diagnóstico do setor norte do sistema em relação às condições estuarinas naturais presentes no setor sul, correlacionando os valores observados de componentes nitrogenados e fosfatados com a carga estimada de fertilizante empregada nos cultivos de banana, principal cultura da área estudada. Entre Registro e Iguape, a bananicultura localizada na região marginal ao rio foi estimada, com o uso de imagens, em aproximadamente 744 hectares. Foram feitas quatro coletas (invernos 2012 e 2013, verões 2013 e 2014) com 20 estações ao longo do Rio-Valo Grande-Sistema Estuarino Lagunar de Cananéia Iguape. No setor norte foram obtidos os mais altos teores de nitrato, 15,72 µmol L-1 no rio e 14,59 µmol L-1 no Valo Grande indicando o grande aporte deste nutriente via rio e com contribuição significativa da adubação da cultura da banana. Quanto ao fosfato, os valores foram extremamente altos em toda a amostragem no setor norte, sobretudo no Inverno de 2012, onde o máximo teor foi de 12,45 µmol L-1 no Rio. Este aporte alto é contínuo e deve receber contribuição suplementar via afluentes, com forte indicativo da proveniência da exploração de rochas fosfatadas, na região de Cajati, cujos efluentes podem atingir o Rio Ribeira de Iguape por meio do Rio Jacupiranga. As cargas de N e P provenientes da agricultura foram de 44,22 t ano-1 para N (1,6% da carga total do rio) e 5,36 t ano-1, para P (0.12% da carga total do rio). O desbalanceamento da entrada de P na relação N:P mostra esta entrada suplementar de P no norte do sistema indicando a forte influência antrópica na região em relação aos dois nutrientes, mas com maior carga para P e uma diluição em relação ao sul que deve ser monitorada. / The Ribeira River rises in the state of Paraná- Brazil and outfalls in Iguape, state of São Paulo (Brazil). The river is 470 km long, and in its final portion, which is aproximately 70 km long, is called Ribeira de Iguape River. In this area an intense use of the soil can be found regarding the growth of bananas crops, there are also industrial mining activities, sewage disposal and some livestock. These activities contribute to the supply of nitrogenous and phosphate nutrients input for the hydrological body, which further reaches Cananéia-Iguape Estuary-Lagoon Complex through Valo Grande Channel, in Iguape. This study characterized the water system through hydrological and hydrochemical parameters such as water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, suspended matter and turbidity. It was conducted a diagnosis of the northern sector of the system in relation to the natural estuarine conditions present in the south sector. The observed values of nitrogen and phosphate were correlated with the estimated load of fertilizer used in banana plantations, which is the main crop in the study area. The banana plantation located in the river\'s margins, between the cities of Registro and Iguape, was estimated with the use of images, and resulted in approximately 744 hectares. Four campaigns of water sampling were made: winter of 2012 and 2013; summers 2013, 2014) with 19 stations along the River - Valo Grande channel - Cananéia Iguape Estuarine Lagoon System. Highest levels of nitrate were obtained in the river sample of 15.72 µmol L-1, and 14.59 µmol L-1 in the Channel, indicating the great contribution of this nutrient via river and significant contribution of the banana crop fertilization. Regarding the phosphate levels, they were extremely high throughout the sampling in the northern sector, especially in winter 2012, where the maximum level was 12.45 µmol L-1 in the River. This high contribution is ongoing and might receive additional contribution via tributaries, with strong indication of provenance from exploiting phosphate rocks, in the region of Cajati- SP, where effluent can reach the Ribeira de Iguape River through Jacupiranga River. The agricultural load of N and P were estimated in 44.22 t N year-1 (1.62% of total river load) and 5.36 t year-1 P (0.15% of total river load). The imbalance of P input in N:P shows this additional input of P- Phosphate in the north of the system, indicating the strong anthropogenic influence in the region in the two nutrients, but with higher load for P and a dilution towards south, which should be monitored.

O Rio Ribeira nasce no estado do Paraná e tem sua foz no município de Iguape estado de São Paulo. Possui 470 km de extensão e recebe o nome de Ribeira de Iguape em sua porção final, onde existe uso intensivo do solo para a agricultura (bananicultura), atividades industriais como mineração, eliminação de esgoto e um pouco de pecuária. Estas atividades contribuem com o aporte de nutrientes nitrogenados e fosfatados para o corpo hidrológico, atingindo o Complexo Estuarino-Lagunar de Cananéia-Iguape por meio do Canal do Valo Grande, em Iguape. O presente trabalho caracterizou o sistema hídrico por meio de parâmetros hidrológicos e hidroquímico como: temperatura da água, salinidade, pH, oxigênio dissolvido, material em suspensão, teores de nitrogênio e de fósforo, matéria orgânica em suspensão e turbidez. Foi realizado um diagnóstico do setor norte do sistema em relação às condições estuarinas naturais presentes no setor sul, correlacionando os valores observados de componentes nitrogenados e fosfatados com a carga estimada de fertilizante empregada nos cultivos de banana, principal cultura da área estudada. Entre Registro e Iguape, a bananicultura localizada na região marginal ao rio foi estimada, com o uso de imagens, em aproximadamente 744 hectares. Foram feitas quatro coletas (invernos 2012 e 2013, verões 2013 e 2014) com 20 estações ao longo do Rio-Valo Grande-Sistema Estuarino Lagunar de Cananéia Iguape. No setor norte foram obtidos os mais altos teores de nitrato, 15,72 µmol L-1 no rio e 14,59 µmol L-1 no Valo Grande indicando o grande aporte deste nutriente via rio e com contribuição significativa da adubação da cultura da banana. Quanto ao fosfato, os valores foram extremamente altos em toda a amostragem no setor norte, sobretudo no Inverno de 2012, onde o máximo teor foi de 12,45 µmol L-1 no Rio. Este aporte alto é contínuo e deve receber contribuição suplementar via afluentes, com forte indicativo da proveniência da exploração de rochas fosfatadas, na região de Cajati, cujos efluentes podem atingir o Rio Ribeira de Iguape por meio do Rio Jacupiranga. As cargas de N e P provenientes da agricultura foram de 44,22 t ano-1 para N (1,6% da carga total do rio) e 5,36 t ano-1, para P (0.12% da carga total do rio). O desbalanceamento da entrada de P na relação N:P mostra esta entrada suplementar de P no norte do sistema indicando a forte influência antrópica na região em relação aos dois nutrientes, mas com maior carga para P e uma diluição em relação ao sul que deve ser monitorada. / The Ribeira River rises in the state of Paraná- Brazil and outfalls in Iguape, state of São Paulo (Brazil). The river is 470 km long, and in its final portion, which is aproximately 70 km long, is called Ribeira de Iguape River. In this area an intense use of the soil can be found regarding the growth of bananas crops, there are also industrial mining activities, sewage disposal and some livestock. These activities contribute to the supply of nitrogenous and phosphate nutrients input for the hydrological body, which further reaches Cananéia-Iguape Estuary-Lagoon Complex through Valo Grande Channel, in Iguape. This study characterized the water system through hydrological and hydrochemical parameters such as water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, suspended matter and turbidity. It was conducted a diagnosis of the northern sector of the system in relation to the natural estuarine conditions present in the south sector. The observed values of nitrogen and phosphate were correlated with the estimated load of fertilizer used in banana plantations, which is the main crop in the study area. The banana plantation located in the river\'s margins, between the cities of Registro and Iguape, was estimated with the use of images, and resulted in approximately 744 hectares. Four campaigns of water sampling were made: winter of 2012 and 2013; summers 2013, 2014) with 19 stations along the River - Valo Grande channel - Cananéia Iguape Estuarine Lagoon System. Highest levels of nitrate were obtained in the river sample of 15.72 µmol L-1, and 14.59 µmol L-1 in the Channel, indicating the great contribution of this nutrient via river and significant contribution of the banana crop fertilization. Regarding the phosphate levels, they were extremely high throughout the sampling in the northern sector, especially in winter 2012, where the maximum level was 12.45 µmol L-1 in the River. This high contribution is ongoing and might receive additional contribution via tributaries, with strong indication of provenance from exploiting phosphate rocks, in the region of Cajati- SP, where effluent can reach the Ribeira de Iguape River through Jacupiranga River. The agricultural load of N and P were estimated in 44.22 t N year-1 (1.62% of total river load) and 5.36 t year-1 P (0.15% of total river load). The imbalance of P input in N:P shows this additional input of P- Phosphate in the north of the system, indicating the strong anthropogenic influence in the region in the two nutrients, but with higher load for P and a dilution towards south, which should be monitored.

Die weltweit steigende Nachfrage nach land-basierten Rohstoffen erhöht stetig den Druck auf Land und Landnutzung, vor allem in ressourcenreichen Frontierregionen. Eine gegenwärtige Erscheinungsform dessen stellen Transnationale Landnahmen dar, die den Landnutzungswandel vorantreiben und die landbasierte Lebensgrundlage insbesondere der ländlichen Bevölkerung in vielen Teilen der Welt massiv bedroht. Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit ist es, ein besseres Verständnis der komplexen Prozesse zu schaffen, die Landnahmen befördern. Erstens untersucht sie die rezente Konjunktur des Bananenanbaus in der Provinz Luang Namtha, Laos, die von Chinesischen Investoren getrieben wird. Zweitens zieht die Arbeit das telecoupling Konzept heran und unterzieht es einer kritischen Diskussion in Bezug auf seinen Mehrwert für die Analyse räumlich entkoppelter sozioökonomischer und ökologischer Wechselwirkungen. Eine mehrmonatige ethnographische Feldforschung und deren qualitative Analyse stellen die Grundlage dieser Arbeit dar. Ausgehend von zwei Bananenplantagen in einer kleinen ländlichen Gemeinde fokussiert die Arbeit die Mechanismen und Prozesse, die die Bananenexpansion befördern. Das telecoupling Konzept dient als Instrument, um zu analysieren, welchen Einfluss die multiplen und ko-konstitutiven Interaktionen auf den Vorstoß des Bananenanbaus haben. Darüber hinaus verdeutlichen die tiefgehenden lokalitätsbezogenen Analysen die verschiedenen Kontexte auf, die dieses Wechselspiel spezifisch lokal verorten und gestalten. Die Fallstudie zeigt auf, wie die räumlich entkoppelten Beziehungen durch ein grenzüberspannendes Netzwerk chinesischer Investoren mit sozialen Verbindungen in die Provinz hinein, sowie auf den (chinesischen) Obstmarkt vermittelt werden. Außerdem stellt die Studie heraus, dass die Strategien der Investoren zur Landgewinnung und der daraus resultierende verheerende Landnutzungswandel einer Entfremdung der Dorfbewohner_innen ‘vom Boden’ gleichkommen. Durch die empirische, methodologische sowie konzeptuelle Auseinandersetzung mit dem telecoupling Konzept verweist die Arbeit letztlich auf den Wert qualitativer Analysen für die schwer greifbaren, ‚immateriellen’ Interaktionen sowie mögliche Feedbackmechanismen, welche Landnutzungswandel in einer globalisierten Welt bestimmen. / The global demand for land resources has increased the pressures on land, especially in resource-rich frontier regions. Transnational land acquisitions constitute one of these pressures that currently shape land use change and threaten land access and land-based livelihoods in rural areas. This thesis contributes to create a better understanding of the complex processes involved in such land acquisitions in two ways. First, it examines a recent boom in banana cultivation in Luang Namtha Province, Lao PDR driven by Chinese investors leasing land from Lao farmers and exporting the bananas to China. Second, it critically engages with the emerging telecoupling framework proposed in Land System Science as an analytical framework for dealing with distal causal interactions. Based on ethnographic fieldwork and using qualitative analyses, the thesis examines two plantations in a small village and traces the actors, mechanisms and processes driving the banana expansion. Using the telecoupling framework as a heuristic device, the study illuminates how multiple and co-constitutive economic, environmental, political and discursive interactions influence the banana expansion. Furthermore, the in-depth place-based analyses reveal how different contextual factors ground and shape these interactions in this particular location. In this case, the distal interactions are mediated through a cross-border network of Chinese investors with social ties in the local area, as well as in the fruit market in China. The study shows that the investors’ strategies to obtain access to the land combined with the resulting destructive land use conversion amount to an alienation of land from the villagers. By engaging empirically, methodologically and conceptually with the telecoupling framework, the thesis advances the discussion on telecoupling by demonstrating the value of qualitative analysis for capturing some of the more elusive and immaterial interactions, as well as potential feedbacks influencing land use change in a globalised world.