Detta mastersarbete görs i samband med projekteringen av utbyggnaden av tunnelbanan mellan Akalla och Barkarby i Stockholm tillsammans med Tyréns AB. Utbyggnaden innefattar två nya stationer; Barkarby station och Barkarbystaden och däremellan ca 1500 m tunnel i berg. I projekteringen ingår geologiska och bergmekaniska undersökningar i området som ger underlag för modelleringar och beräkningar på tunnlarnas stabilitet. Det finns idag många olika metoder för att uppskatta parametrar som beskriver bergmassans mekaniska egenskaper. Bergmassans deformationsmodul och sprickors skjuvhållfasthet är viktiga parametrar som ingår i dagens modelleringsprogram för struktur och spänningsanalyser. Denna studie syftar till att jämföra olika empiriska och analytiska metoder för att uppskatta deformationsmodulen och skjuvhållfastheten för sprickor i den bergmassa som omger Barkarby station. Resultaten från de olika metoderna används som ingångsdata för struktur och spänningsanalyser. Deformationsmodulen för Barkarby station uppskattades utifrån utvalda indirekta och direkta metoder. Den indirekta metoden utgår ifrån empiriskt utvecklade ekvationer med variabler som baseras på resultat från karaktärisering av den aktuella bergmassan. Den direkta metoden utgår istället ifrån teoretiska beräkningar som baseras på resultat från enaxiella kompressionstester på bergprover som representerar det intakta berget och sprickorna i bergmassan. Vid beräkning av deformationsmodulen med de indirekta metoderna erhölls konstanta värden på deformationsmodulen. Vid beräkning av deformationsmodulen med den direkta metoden erhölls istället ett olinjärt samband mellan deformationsmodulen och spänningen. Resultaten från de indirekta och direkta metoderna användes sedan som ingångsdata för spänningsanalyser av Barkarby station. Spänningsanalysen påvisade märkbara skillnader mellan de olika modellerna. Enligt de linjärelastiska modellerna skapades dragspänningar av betydande storlek och utbredning i berget närmast tunnelväggarna. Avlastningen av berget här resulterar i en ökad risk för blockutfall. Enligt spänningsanalysen som är baserad på den bilinjärelastiska modellen skapas i jämförelse med den linjärelastiska modellen, lägre dragspänningar över ett betydligt mindre påverkat område vilket medför till en minskad risk för blockutfall. Vid uppskattning av sprickors skjuvhållfasthet användes olika metoder för bestämning av parametrarna: friktionsvinkeln som ingår i Mohr Coulombs brottkriterium, JRC, JCS och residualfriktionsvinkeln som ingår i Barton Bandis brottkriterium. Enligt strukturanalysen var skillnaderna mellan Mohr Coulombs och Barton Bandis modell obetydliga vid modelleringen utan primärspänningar. Skillnaderna mellan modellerna ökade vid modellering med primärspänningar. Detta kan förklaras med att den definierade brottlinjen för de två olika modellerna skiljer sig åt. Enligt Mohr Coulombs kriterium är brottlinjen linjär medan den enligt Barton Bandis kriterium är krökt. / This master thesis is written in connection with the planning of the extension of the subway between Akalla and Barkarby in Stockholm together with Tyréns AB. The extension includes two new stations; Barkarby Station and Barkarbystaden and in between about 1500 m tunnel in rock. The planning of the subway includes geological and rock engineering studies in the area that provide a basis for modeling and calculations on the tunnel stability. Today there are many different methods to estimate the parameters describing the mechanical properties of the rock mass. The deformation modulus of the rock mass and the shear strength of the fractures are important parameters that have to be defined in modeling programs for structural and stress analysis. This study aims to compare different empirical and analytical methods for estimating the deformation modulus and the shear strength of the fractures in the rock mass surrounding the Barkarby station. The results of the different methods are used as input data for structural and stress analysis. The deformation modulus was estimated from selected indirect and direct methods. The indirect method is based on empirical developed equations with variables that are based on results from the characterization of the rock mass. The direct method however is based on theoretical equations based on the results from uniaxial compression tests on rock samples representing the intact rock and the fractures of the rock mass. When calculating the deformation modulus with indirect methods constant values are obtained. When calculating the deformation modulus with the direct method a nonlinear relationship between the deformation modulus and the stress is obtained. The obtained results from the indirect and direct methods were used as input data in stress analysis on the Barkarby station excavation. The output from the stress analysis showed notable differences between the models. According to the linear elastic models tensile stresses of considerable size and distribution were created in the rock that lies closest to the tunnel walls. The unloading of the rock here results in an increased risk of wedge failure. According to the stress analysis for the bilinearelastic model lower tensile stresses distributed over a much smaller area were created which in comparison with the linear elastic models will reduce the risk of wedge failure. For the estimation of the shear strength of the fractures various methods were used for determining the parameters: the friction angle that is included in the Mohr Coulombs failure criterion and JRC, JCS and residualfriction angle which are included in the Barton Bandis failure criterion. According to the structural analysis the differences between the Mohr Coulomb and Barton Bandis model were insignificant when modeling without primary stresses.

<p>This paper deals with prehistoric charred organic material, interpreted as bread, found in graves and in the underlying settlement at Kalvshälla, Järfälla parish in Uppland. The aim was to categorize the organic material morphologically and with the help of Fourier transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) to see whether it was bread or not. Material from 13 graves (dated to Late Roman Iron Age until Viking Age) and 3 finds from the settlement have been analysed. Differences were noted both in shape, porosity and structure. Some of the material has been interpreted as cereal based foodstuff instead of bread due to morphological discrepancies. No clear differences between material from the graves and the settlement can be seen. One find from a posthole can be dated to late Bronze Age, which is unusual. The bread in the graves was intentionally given to both adult females and males maybe as a symbol of their roles as the good householders. Several finds of root tubers of dropwort (Filipendula vulgaris) were identified in female graves from Early Iron Age, but also in two male graves with bread from Vendel period. The FT-IR method does not give a clear answer to whether the organic material can be bread or not. The method requires careful sampling procedures and several samples from each concretion to get good results.</p>

This paper deals with prehistoric charred organic material, interpreted as bread, found in graves and in the underlying settlement at Kalvshälla, Järfälla parish in Uppland. The aim was to categorize the organic material morphologically and with the help of Fourier transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) to see whether it was bread or not. Material from 13 graves (dated to Late Roman Iron Age until Viking Age) and 3 finds from the settlement have been analysed. Differences were noted both in shape, porosity and structure. Some of the material has been interpreted as cereal based foodstuff instead of bread due to morphological discrepancies. No clear differences between material from the graves and the settlement can be seen. One find from a posthole can be dated to late Bronze Age, which is unusual. The bread in the graves was intentionally given to both adult females and males maybe as a symbol of their roles as the good householders. Several finds of root tubers of dropwort (Filipendula vulgaris) were identified in female graves from Early Iron Age, but also in two male graves with bread from Vendel period. The FT-IR method does not give a clear answer to whether the organic material can be bread or not. The method requires careful sampling procedures and several samples from each concretion to get good results.

Syftet med detta kandidatarbete var att undersöka segregationens roll i regional stadsplanering. Studien undersöker hur planeringen av Nya Tunnelbanan Akalla-Barkarby förhållit sig till segregationen i Järvaområdet. Nya tunnelbanan planerades som följd av Stockholmsförhandlingen år 2013, en politisk satsning för att bygga bostäder parallellt med tunnelbana, för att möta regionens befolkningstillväxt och bostadsbrist. Arbetet har genomförts genom en kvalitativ studie med tre olika forskningsmetoder. En litteraturstudie utfördes för att få förståelse för problemområdet. För fallstudien utfördes en dokumentstudie samt intervjustudie med åtta deltagare som har eller tidigare haft koppling till projektet. Efter en tematisk analys av intervjustudien sammanfattades resultatet.  Studien visar att de planerade regionala stadskärnorna i RUFS 2010 har haft en betydande inverkan på lokaliseringen av den nya tunnelbanan. Fortsättningsvis upptäcks brister i inkludering av segregationsperspektivet och social hållbarhet i utredningar gjorda av Trafikförvaltningen. Det kan konstateras att det finns svårigheter med att mäta sociala nyttor och att det ekonomiska intresset sätter begränsningar i segregationsfrågans inkludering i planeringen. Ämnet visade sig vara mer komplext än den inledande hypotesen på grund av den bakomliggande bostadspolitikens inverkan på planerings utformning. / The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of segregation in regional urban planning. The study examines how the planning of the New Metro Akalla-Barkarby accounts for segregation in Järva. The New Metro was planned after the Stockholm negotiation which took place in 2013, a political initiative to build housing simultaneously with the public metro system to meet the region's population growth and housing crisis. This work has been carried out through a qualitative study with three different research methods. A literary study was conducted to gain an understanding of the relevant aspects of the problem area. For the case study, a document study was executed as well as an interview study with six participants and two e-mail correspondences that have or previously had a connection to the project. After a thematic analysis of the interview study, the results were summarized.  The study shows that the planned regional cores in RUFS 2010 have had a significant impact on the location of the New Metro's expansion. Furthermore, there are deficiencies in the investigations’ inclusion of the segregation perspective and social sustainability. It can be stated that there are difficulties in measuring social benefits and that economic interest places restrictions on the inclusion of the issue of segregation in planning. The topic proved to be more complex due to the impact on urban planning from the underlying politics of housing.