• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 25
  • 13
  • 3
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 48
  • 39
  • 28
  • 18
  • 17
  • 16
  • 15
  • 14
  • 14
  • 14
  • 14
  • 12
  • 11
  • 10
  • 7
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Métodos magnéticos não destrutivos para caracterização elasto-plástica em chapas de aços carbono. / Nondestructive magnetic methods for characterization of elastic-plastic Behavior in carbon steel plates.

Manuel Alberteris Campos 22 June 2012 (has links)
No presente trabalho se estuda a correlação de diferentes parâmetros de sinais de Ruído Magnético de Barkhausen (RMB) e de fluxo magnético com o comportamento elastoplástico em chapas de aço carbono, visando à aplicação dos resultados como técnica de Ensaio Não-Destrutivo. Comprovou-se que o comportamento de parâmetros como a energia (RMBenegia), o valor quadrático médio(RMBrms) e a envolvente dos sinais de RMB com os diferentes estados elastoplásticos do material resultou fortemente dependente da anisotropia de laminação, quantidade de Carbono e fases, gerados no processo de produção das chapas. Como novidade introduziu-se o parâmetro chamado de Área em baixo da curva da distribuição de pulsos do sinal de Barkhausen. A evolução deste parâmetro com a deformação identificou com boa aproximação a região de transição elasto-plástica do material. Harmônicos não lineares (HNL) do fluxo magnético apresentaram uma melhor correlação com a anisotropia do que com os estados elasto-plásticos do material, mas com alta dependência ao acoplamento sonda-amostra. Enquanto que o RMB apresentou elevados níveis de reprodutibilidade. Propriedades mecânicas e comportamentos característicos de ensaios de tração em regime discreto e contínuo foram reproduzidos e identificados com um alto grau de aproximação pelo RMB e os HNL. Outros métodos magnéticos e não magnéticos usados neste trabalho não apresentaram níveis altos de sensibilidade às mudanças microestruturais devido às deformações elasto-plásticas no material, no entanto o RMB e os HNL identificaram tais mudanças microestruturais dando margem a novas soluções nos campos de ensaio e inspeção não-destrutivos. / The present work studies the relationship between different parameters of the Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) and non-linear harmonics of the magnetic flux signals (NLH) with the elastic-plastic behavior in carbon steel plates, in an effort to use the results as a non-destructive testing technique. MBN parameters such as the envelope of the MBN signal, and the scalar parameters MBNenergy, MBNrms were found to be highly dependent on the lamination processes, carbon content and phases originated during the fabrication of the samples. A new parameter entitled area under the MBN jump distribution was defined. The behavior of this parameter as strain evolved provided a good approximation of the elastic-plastic transition region. Non-linear harmonics offered a good correlation with both anisotropy and the elasticplastic states of the material, nevertheless depending heavily on the sensor coupling with the sample surface, while at the same time MBN provided good reproducibility. The characteristic behavior as well as the mechanical properties obtained from discrete and continuous tensile strength tests were reproduced by both MBN and HNL. Other magnetic and non-magnetic methods did not show the same level of sensibility to microstructure changes due to elastic-plastic strains when compared to the results obtained using MBN and HNL, giving room to new solutions in the nondestructive inspection and testing fields.
22

Caracterização magnética de aço com a superfície endurecida

Silva, Gustavo Rodrigues da 03 December 2010 (has links)
Neste trabalho foram investigadas as propriedades magnéticas (curva de histerese e ruído Barkhausen) de alguns aços (ABNT 1045, 1050 e 1548) cujas superfícies foram endurecidas por indução. O objetivo era de desenvolver um ensaio não-destrutivo para determinar a espessura da camada endurecida, assim evitando a necessidade de realizar medidas (destrutivas) de microdureza. Medidas da susceptibilidade magnética mostraram um pico (ferrita) em torno de 800 A/m e outro (martensita) em torno de 3500 A/m. Assim procuramos correlacionar a amplitude do pico de ferrita com a espessura da camada dura na superfície. Para esta finalidade foram desenvolvidos sensores para medir ruído Barkhausen e um filtro para o processamento do sinal. Foi possível correlacionar medidas de microdureza com algumas características observadas nas medições magnéticas, como, por exemplo, a amplitude do sinal de ruído Barkhausen e o campo magnético do pico do sinal Barkhausen. Deste modo, encontrou-se uma relação entre a amplitude do ruído Barkhausen e a espessura da camada superficial. Seria desejável complementar essas medidas com outras e sugestões para uma continuação do trabalho são detalhadas. / This work investigates the magnetic properties (hysteresis loop and Barkhausen noise) in some steels (ABNT 1045, 1050 and 1548) whose surfaces had been hardened by induction. The goal was to develop a non-destructive test procedure to determine the thickness of the hardened layer, thus avoiding the need to perform (destructive) measurements of the microhardness. Measurements of the magnetic susceptibility showed a peak (ferrite) around 800 A / m and other (martensite) at around 3500 A / m. Therefore, a correlation was sought between the peak amplitude of ferrite with the thickness of hard layer on the surface. For this purpose sensors were developed to measure Barkhausen noise as well as a filter for signal processing. It was possible to correlate measurements of microhardness with some features observed in magnetic measurements, for example, the amplitude of the Barkhausen noise and magnetic field of peak Barkhausen signal. Thus, a relationship was found between the amplitude of the Barkhausen noise and the thickness of the surface layer. It would be desirable to supplement these with other measurements and suggestions for further work are detailed.
23

Ruído magnético de Barkhausen contínuo rotacional. / Continuous rotational magnetic Barkhausen noise.

Manuel Alfredo Caldas Morgan 10 May 2013 (has links)
Este trabalho apresenta os avanços no desenvolvimento de um novo método de ensaio não-destrutivo magnético. O método está baseado na técnica do Ruído Magnético de Barkhausen (RMB), particularmente em uma variante denominada Barkhausen Contínuo. O RMB é gerado devido à ação de um campo magnético variável magnetizante que produz mudanças abruptas e irreversíveis na estrutura magnética do material. Essas mudanças são influenciadas pela microestrutura e a distribuição de tensões dentro do mesmo. As medições podem ser usadas para construir uma distribuição bidimensional do RMB ao redor de um ponto fixo, cujo resultado irá refletir o nível de anisotropia magnética, usualmente indicando um eixo de fácil magnetização, parâmetro relevante dado que o comportamento da grande maioria de materiais ferromagnéticos de engenharia é usualmente anisotrópico. As mudanças no eixo de fácil magnetização podem indicar a presença de anomalias mecânicas ou abnormalidades no processo de fabricação e no caso da aplicação de uma tensão externa, podem refletir a magnitude e a direção da mesma. O presente trabalho descreve uma metodologia que faz uso de um campo magnético rotacional para obter sinais RMB relacionados ao angulo de giro, possibilitando a identificação da direção do eixo de fácil magnetização, ultrapassando as capacidades oferecidas pela técnica RMB convencional mediante o fornecimento de informação em tempo real, que permite a obtenção de um conjunto de parâmetros que quantificam a anisotropia magnética de uma amostra. A técnica foi usada para a detecção do eixo de fácil magnetização e o nível de anisotropia magnética em materiais diferentes devida aos efeitos do processo de fabricação. Posteriormente foi demonstrado que a técnica é capaz de monitorar a evolução da tensão uniaxial aplicada, obtendo curvas de calibração, sensíveis ao sentido de aplicação da tensão. Para o caso pouco estudado de amostras submetidas a tensões biaxiais, o uso da técnica do Barkhausen contínuo rotacional fez possível de verificar que as características morfológicas das medições de anisotropia magnética obtidas, guardam relação com a direção das tensões principais. Foi realizada uma avaliação do método aplicado para a medição dinâmica de anisotropia magnética em juntas soldadas, indicando estados de tensão e características microestruturais coerentes com as esperadas. O método tem a possibilidade de ser implementado para medições anisotropia magnética em alta resolução/alta velocidade. / This works presents the current advances on the development of a new method of magnetic non-destructive testing. The method is based on the magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN), more specifically in one branch known as Continuous Barkhausen. MBN is produced due to the effect of a variable magnetic field, which causes abrupt and irreversible changes to the magnetic structure of the material. These changes are influenced by the microstructure of the material and the stress distributions within. Measurements can be used to construct a bi dimensional MBN distribution around a fixed point, which in turn will be a reflect of its magnetic anisotropy level, usually characterized by an easy axis of magnetization, an important parameter given that more often than not, the behavior of most engineering ferromagnetic materials is anisotropic. Variations of the easy axis could be the indication of mechanical anomalies or abnormalities that appear as a result of the fabrication process. If there is an external stress applied to the sample, it can provide information about its magnitude and direction. The present work describes a methodology which uses a precise rotating magnetic field in order to obtain MBN signals related to a given magnetization angle, making possible the finding of the easy axis, exceeding the limits of conventional MBN measurements by providing real time data which in turn will allow to infer a set of parameters that quantify the magnetic anisotropy of the sample. The proposed technique was successfully used to find both the easy axis and a quantitative level of magnetic anisotropy between different materials, consequence of the fabrication process. Subsequently, it was shown that the technique was able to perform a monitoring of the evolution of both uniaxial and biaxial applied stress, obtaining linear relationships (uniaxial case), sensitive to the direction of loading. In not so much studied case of biaxial loading, the use of the continuous rotational Barkhausen method made possible to observe that the morphologic characteristics of the magnetic anisotropy measurements bear a close resemblance to the direction of the principal stress field. An evaluation of the technique as a tool for the dynamic measurement of magnetic anisotropy on welded joints, indicating stress states and microstructural features coherent with the ones expected in this scenario. The method has the possibility of being implemented as a technique for high speed/high resolution measurements of magnetic anisotropy.
24

Automação de diagnóstico para ensaios nao destrutivos magnéticos. / Automation of diagnostic for non-destrutive magnetic tests.

Ana Isabel Castillo Pereda 05 August 2010 (has links)
Este trabalho apresenta um método para o reconhecimento e a detecção automática dos diferentes valores ou graus de deformação plástica em Ensaios Não Destrutivos empregando o Ruído Magnético de Barkhausen. O método é baseado no uso de uma Rede Neural Probabilística que permite o diagnóstico automático dos diferentes valores de deformação plástica, conteúdo de carbono, estas medidas são procedentes das medições das amostras de placas de aço AISI 1006, 1050 e 1070, esta base de dados foi feita pelo grupo de pesquisadores do Laboratório de Dinâmica e Instrumentação LADIN da Escola Politécnica da USP, departamento da Mecânica. Os excelentes resultados da rede neural probabilística de detectar automaticamente os valores de deformação mostram a efetividade do desempenho da rede neural probabilística que tem um desempenho superior aos métodos não destrutivos tradicionais e que realmente esta nova tecnologia é uma excelente solução para o diagnóstico. / This work presents a method for automatic detection and recognition of different levels or degrees of plastic deformation in Non-Destructive Testing using the Magnetic Barkhausen Noise. The method is based on using a Probabilistic Neural Network that allows the automatic diagnosis of the different values of plastic deformation and carbon content. The measurements corresponds to samples of steel plates AISI 1006, 1050 and 1070, this database was made by the group of researchers from the Laboratory of Dynamics and Instrumentation LADIN the Polytechnic School of USP, Department of Mechanical Engineering. The results show the effectiveness of the probabilistic neural network to automatically detect plastic deformation levels as well as carbon content level. This method has a superior performance in comparison to traditional nondestructive methods.
25

Propriedades estatísticas do ruído barkhausen em materiais magnéticos artificialmente estruturados / Barkhausen noise statistical properties in artificially structured magnetic materials

Bohn, Felipe 13 March 2009 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Barkhausen noise (BN) corresponds to the voltage pulses induced in a sensing coil wound around a ferromagnetic material submitted to a variable magnetic field. It is related to the irregular motion of the domain walls (DWs) in a disordered magnetic material. Due to its stochastic character, most of the studies aim to explain the BN statistical properties. The statistical functions are, in general, well described by a power-law behavior with cutoff, whose exponents and cutoffs can be compared with the predictions obtained with theoretical models. Interestingly, statistical properties seem to be independent of microscopic and macroscopic details but controlled by a few general properties, as the system dimensionality and range of the relevant interactions governing the DWs dynamics. For bulk materials, there is a well established and consistent interpretation for the BN statistical properties, including the distributions of jump sizes and durations, average size vs. duration and power spectrum, which are related to the exponents t, a, 1=(snz) and J, respectively. In this case, the results clearly indicate that bulk samples present an essentially three-dimensional magnetic behavior and the exponents can be grouped in two distinct universality classes, according the range of interactions governing the DWs dynamics. For ferromagnetic films, the statistical properties are not so well studied due to experimental and theoretical difficulties and most of the experimental results reported so far make use of magneto-optical techniques, which restrict the analysis to the distributions of sizes. In all cases, the reported exponents for films are smaller than that obtained for bulk samples, indicating a possible two-dimensional magnetic behavior. Due to the insufficient amount of experimental data, the structural character and film thickness influence on the exponents was not observed and a complete comprehension of the DWs dynamics in films is still lacking. In this work, we report BN experimental results obtained with the classical inductive method in policrystalline and amorphous ferromagnetic films with thickness in the range 10 - 1000 nm. We investigate the BN statistical properties in order to understand the effects of the interplay between the system dimensionality and the range of the relevant interactions governing the DWs and magnetization dynamics. In particular, we perform an extended statistical analysis which includes the distributions of jump sizes and durations, average size vs. duration curve, power spectrum and the average shape of the Barkhausen jump, reported for the first time for films. The results show evidence of a three to two-dimensional crossover in the DWs dynamics as the film thickness is decreased. Also, the effect of the range of interactions governing the DWs dynamics in this range of thickness is observed, indicating the same two distinct universality classes observed for bulk materials. Through these results, we provide experimental evidence to the validity of different three and two-dimensional heoretical models for DWs dynamics. / O ruído Barkhausen (BN) corresponde aos pulsos de tensão detectados por uma bobina sensora enrolada em torno de um material ferromagnético, quando submetido a um campo magnético variável. O ruído é produzido por mudanças súbitas da magnetização, principalmente devido ao movimento irregular das paredes de domínio (DWs) em um meio magnético desordenado. Devido ao seu caráter estocástico, grande parte dos estudos visa explicar as propriedades estatísticas do ruído. As funções estatísticas são, em geral, bem descritas por leis de potência com cutoff , cujos expoentes e valores de cutoff podem ser comparados com valores obtidos teoricamente. Como ponto interessante, as propriedades estatísticas parecem ser independentes dos detalhes microscópicos e macroscópicos, sendo dependentes de apenas algumas propriedades gerais, como a dimensionalidade do sistema e o alcance das interações que governam a dinâmica de DWs. Para materiais bulk , há uma interpretação robusta e bem estabelecida para as propriedades estatísticas do ruído, incluindo as distribuições de área e duração dos saltos, área média do salto vs. duração e espectro de potência, que estão relacionados com os expoentes t, a, 1=(snz) e J, respectivamente. Neste caso, os resultados claramente indicam que amostras bulk apresentam um comportamento magnético essencialmente tri-dimensional e que os expoentes podem ser agrupados em duas classes de universalidade distintas, de acordo com o alcance das interações que governam a dinâmica de DWs. Para filmes ferromagnéticos, as propriedades estatísticas não são tão bem estudadas devido a dificuldades teóricas e experimentais e devido ao fato de que a maioria dos resultados experimentais publicados até o momento, obtidos através de técnicas magneto-ópticas, restringem a análise apenas à distribuição de área dos saltos. Em todos os casos, os expoentes obtidos para filmes são menores do que os obtidos para amostras bulk , indicando um possível comportamento magnético bi-dimensional. No entanto, devido à insuficiente quantidade de dados experimentais, a influência da espessura do filme e do caráter estrutural sobre os expoentes ainda não foi observada e uma compreensão completa da dinâmica de DWs em filmes ainda não foi obtida. Neste trabalho, são apresentados resultados experimentais de BN obtidos, através do tradicional método indutivo, em filmes ferromagnéticos policristalinos e amorfos, com espessuras no intervalo de 10 - 1000 nm. Neste caso, as propriedades estatísticas do ruído são investigadas com o objetivo de compreender os efeitos da dimensionalidade do sistema e do alcance das interações sobre os expoentes e sobre a dinâmica de DWs em filmes. Em particular, foi realizada uma vasta e sistemática análise estatística, envolvendo distribuições de amplitude, área e duração dos saltos, área média do salto vs. duração, espectro de potência e a forma média do salto Barkhausen, pela primeira vez obtida para filmes. Os resultados mostram evidências experimentais de um crossover dimensional da dinâmica de DWs à medida que a espessura do filmes é reduzida. Também, o efeito do alcance das interações sobre a dinâmica de DWs em filmes é observado, indicando a existência das mesmas duas classes de universalidade observadas para materiais bulk . Deste modo, os expoentes medidos fornecem evidências experimentais para a validade de diferentes modelos tri e bi-dimensionais para a dinâmica de DWs.
26

Detecting White Layer in Hard Turned Components Using Non-Destructive Methods

Harrison, Ian Spencer 20 January 2005 (has links)
Hard turning is a machining process where a single point cutting tool removes material harder than 45 HRC from a rotating workpiece. Due to the advent of polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) cutting tools and improved machine tool designs, hard turning is an attractive alternative to grinding for steel parts within the range of 58-68 HRC, such as bearings. There is reluctance in industry to adopt hard turning because of a defect called white layer. White layer is a hard, 1-5 쭠deep layer on the surface of the specimen that resists etching and therefore appears white on a micrograph. When aggressive cutting parameters are used, even using a new tool, white layer is expected. If more conservative parameters are selected, one does not expect white layer. There is some debate if white layer actually decreases the strength or fatigue life of a part, but nevertheless it is not well understood and therefore is avoided. This research examines the use of two different non-destructive evaluation (NDE) sensors to detect white layer in hard turned components. The first, called a Barkhausen sensor, is an NDE instrument that works by applying a magnetic field to a ferromagnetic metal and observing the induced electrical field. The amplitude of the signal produced by the induced electrical field is affected by the hardness of the material and surface residual stresses. This work also examines the electrochemical properties of white layer defects using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. This idea is verified by measuring the electrochemical potential of surfaces with white layer and comparing to surfaces without any. Further corrosion tests using the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy method indicate that parts with white layer have a higher corrosion rate. The goal of this study is to determine if it is possible to infer white layer thickness reliably using either the Barkhausen sensor or electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Measurements from both sensors are compared with direct observation of the microstructure in order to determine if either sensor can reliably detect the presence of white layer.
27

Characterization Of Dual Phase Steels By Using Magnetic Barkhausen Noise Analysis

Kaplan, Mucahit 01 September 2006 (has links) (PDF)
The aim of this work is to nondestructively characterize the industrial dual phase (ferritic-martensitic) steels (DPS) by the Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) method. By quenching of AISI 8620 steel specimens having two different starting microstructures, from various intercritical annealing temperatures (ICAT) in the ferrite-austenite region, the microstructures consisting of different volume fractions of martensite and morphology have been obtained. The microstructures, strength properties and hardness values were determined by conventional metallographic and mechanical tests. The measurements of the Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) were performed by using both Rollscan and &amp / #956 / SCAN sensor connectors. A good correlation between the martensite volume fraction, hardness and MBN signal amplitude has been obtained. MBN emission decreased as the ICAT, therefore the volume fraction of martensite increased. Moreover, MBN emission decreased as the martensite morphology become thinner. It has been concluded that MBN method can be used for nondestructive characterization of industrial dual phase steels.
28

Characterization Of Steel Microstructures By Magnetic Barekhausen Noise Technique

Davut, Kemal 01 December 2006 (has links) (PDF)
This aim of this thesis is to examine the possibility of using Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) technique in characterizing the microstructures of quenched and tempered low alloy steels as well as annealed low carbon steels. To determine the average grain size by MBN, SAE 1010 steel consisting of dominantly ferrite was used. The specimens were slowly cooled in the furnace after austenitizing at different time and temperature variations. By metallographic examination the average ferrite grain size of specimens was determined. The magnetic parameters were measured by a commercial MBN system. With increasing ferrite grain size, the magnetic Barkhausen jumps caused by the microstructure were decreased due to the reduction in grain boundary density per unit volume. A clear relationship has been observed between average grain size and the magnetic Barkhausen noise signals. SAE 4140, 5140 and 1040 steels were used to characterize the microstructures of quenched and tempered specimens. After austenitizing and quenching identically, the specimens were tempered at various temperatures between 200oC and 600oC. Formation of the desired microstructures was ensured by metallographic examinations and hardness measurements. The results show that as tempering temperature increases the Barkhausen activity increases due to the enhancement of domain wall displacement with softening of the martensite. It has been shown that MBN is a powerful tool for evaluating the microstructures of martensitic and annealed steels.
29

Characterization Of Ultra-fine Grained Steel Samples Produced By High Pressure Torsion Via Magnetic Barkhausen Noise Analysis

Bayramoglu, Sadik 01 September 2009 (has links) (PDF)
High Pressure Torsion (HPT) is one of the most widely used severe plastic deformation methods which enable to obtain a crack free ultra-fine grained bulk material with improved mechanical properties like increased strength and toughness. In the process, a disc shaped sample is pressed between two anvils and deformed via surface friction forces by rotating one of the anvils. The aim of this study is to nondestructively characterize the variations in the deformation uniformity of the severely deformed steel disks. Two sets of low carbon steel samples were obtained by applying the unconstrained and constrained HPT process up to 6 turns. Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) method was used in order to evaluate the samples in a nondestructive manner via a commercial device. The results of the MBN measurements were verified with those of conventional methods such as / x-ray diffraction (XRD), metallographic examination and hardness measurements. The initial stages of HPT revealed the effects of conventional plastic deformation on MBN / however with further straining, grain size refinement prevailed and caused increase in MBN signals.
30

Determination Of Residual Stress State In Steel Weldments

Yelbay, Hasan Ilker 01 June 2009 (has links) (PDF)
The purpose of this study is to estimate the residual stress state in steel weldments by using Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) technique. For obtaining accurate, fast and continuous residual stress measurements a set up for single pass welded plates was designed and used. In order to convert the MBN values to residual stress values a calibration set up was also designed and a procedure for obtaining calibration curves was developed. After welding of low-C steel plates, residual stresses on heat affected zone (HAZ) and parent metal were measured by MBN technique. The results were verified by the hole drilling method. Microstructural investigation and hardness measurements were also conducted.

Page generated in 0.0475 seconds