This thesis determines and examines the obstacles to Saudi women's right to work in terms of religious and cultural barriers and limited access to higher education through an analysis of Sharia sources, Saudi domestic law and international human rights treaties pertaining to Saudi women's right to work in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It also delineates the provisions for women's right to work in Sharia and Saudi domestic law in the public and private sectors. The thesis also examines the reservations that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has entered into, and some of the international human rights treaties it has ratified, with a particular focus on the application of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). It also examines Saudi Arabia's obligations under International Labour Organization (ILO) Conventions. In the context of Saudi domestic law, it identifies obstacles that underlie Saudi Arabia's decision not to ratify the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR); it examines the arguments for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia signing up to the ICESCR; and it examines Saudi Arabia's obligations to respect, protect and fulfil women's right to work under CEDAW. The protection of women's right to work under customary international law, by its sources will be explored. This section will look through customary international law elements; whether or not women's right to work is protected. Finally, the thesis provides recommendations for action which can be taken by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to provide Saudi women with equal rights to work. It also makes recommendations concerning ratified and pending international human rights treaties which have the capacity to protect Saudi women's right to work.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise vise à comprendre comment la question de l'accessibilité aux soins de santé mentale se pose dans l'univers des jeunes adultes en difficulté. Plus précisément, le but de l'étude est de documenter les barrières à l'accès aux soins de santé mentale, d'analyser les logiques sous-jacentes à ces barrières et finalement d'évaluer l'impact de l'expérience d'être jeune adulte en difficulté sur celles-ci. L'approche de l'anthropologie médicale et le concept de souffrance sociale, sensibles aux facteurs culturels, socio-économiques et politiques, servent de contexte d'analyse aux 12 entretiens semi-dirigés réalisés auprès de jeunes adultes fréquentant des Auberges du cœur à Montréal. L'identification de barrières à l'accès a, dans un premier temps, permis d'observer que les obstacles dans l'expérience de recours aux soins de santé mentale peuvent provenir autant des institutions que des jeunes adultes eux-mêmes. Dans un deuxième temps, l'analyse qualitative a servi à dégager trois principales logiques qui sous-tendent ces barrières : le parti pris positiviste, la logique marchande, et la tendance à la psychologisation. Les données récoltées tendent à montrer que des influences politiques et économiques sont déterminantes dans le maintien de différents types de barrières à l'accès et qu'une pleine reconnaissance de ces enjeux profonds est essentielle pour agir positivement sur l'accessibilité aux soins de santé mentale de la population en général, et plus particulièrement des jeunes adultes en difficulté dont les besoins se font criants. / This Master's thesis aims to understand how the issue of access to mental health care arises in the world of young adults in difficulty. More precisely, the research's objectives are to document the barriers to access to mental health care, to analyze tendencies underlying these barriers and to evaluate the impact of being young adult in trouble on them. The approach of medical anthropology and the concept of social suffering, sensitive to cultural, socio-economic and political factors framed the analysis to the 12 semi-directed interviews conducted with young adults using services from Auberges du coeur to Montreal. First, the identification of barriers to access allowed to observe the obstacles in the experience of use of mental health care may come as institutions that young adults themselves. Secondly, the qualitative data analysis was used to identify three main logic underlying these barriers: the positivist bias, market logic, and the trend of psychologizing. The data collected suggest that political and economic influences are critical in maintaining different barriers to access, and full recognition of these deep issues is essential to act positively on access to mental health care of the general population, especially young adults in difficulty whose needs are urgent.

Submitted by Sarah Faleiros (safaleiros@gmail.com) on 2012-04-02T19:51:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Sarah_faleiros_vf.pdf: 1797814 bytes, checksum: c6e41ce4e9a6a2bf8754af4b5512cae3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2012-04-02T19:56:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Sarah_faleiros_vf.pdf: 1797814 bytes, checksum: c6e41ce4e9a6a2bf8754af4b5512cae3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-04-03T12:28:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Sarah_faleiros_vf.pdf: 1797814 bytes, checksum: c6e41ce4e9a6a2bf8754af4b5512cae3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-27 / The right to health is already recognized at international level and, in most cases, at national level. However, it is still restricted to citizens in most countries. Even in the countries that recognize immigrants’ right to health, there are still many barriers, specially to the undocumented. This dissertation aims to understand how immigrants access health care services, focusing on the implementation process of public policies and its potential barriers. In order to achieve these objectives we studied two cases that guarantee immigrants’ access to health based on different mechanisms: the one of bolivian immigrants that live in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, and the brazilian immigrants that live in the metropolitan area of Boston, USA. A qualitative research has been conducted with 46 immigrants in both countries. Moreover, we interviewed 16 experts, bureaucrats and street level bureaucrats: people that work directly with immigrants in the health services, or that research and work with the issues we raise in this dissertation. The interviews were based on a semi structured script, then transcripted and analyzed. The analyses showed that both systems present distinct barriers to immigrant’s access to health. In São Paulo’s case study, the restrictions occurred by the fixation of the quantity of offered services, and by lack of training of the professionals that work directly with this public. In the metropolitan area of Boston, it occurred by the imposition of costs and service’s allocation for different classes of clients (LIPSKY, 1980). These barriers could be overcome by governments and their implementing agencies’ actions. Among these, we highlight multicultural policies and government programs that aims to actively promote preventive health, such as Programa Saúde da Família, in Brazil. We could observe the important role played by street level bureaucrats in this process, facilitating the access, creating creative solutions, or raising difficulties to immigrants’ access to health. We suggest further research that deepens the analysis on these actors role regarding the implementation process of the right to health. / O direito à saúde já é reconhecido no plano internacional e, em muitos casos, nacional. No entanto, ele ainda está restrito apenas aos cidadãos na maior parte dos países do mundo e, mesmo naqueles países que o reconhecem, ainda existem muitas barreiras para que os imigrantes, especialmente os indocumentados, usufruam dos serviços de saúde. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo entender como acontece o acesso dos imigrantes à saúde, focando no processo de implementação das políticas públicas e nas barreiras que se formam a partir desse. Para isso estudamos dois casos que garantem o acesso à saúde, mas por meio de mecanismos diferentes: o dos imigrantes bolivianos que vivem na cidade de São Paulo (SP – Brasil) e dos imigrantes brasileiros que vivem na zona metropolitana de Boston (MA – EUA). Realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa com 46 imigrantes nos dois países. Além disso, entrevistamos 16 especialistas e burocratas de nível de rua, pessoas que atuam diretamente com os imigrantes na ponta dos serviços de saúde, ou que pesquisam e trabalham nestas questões. As entrevistas foram realizadas a partir de um roteiro semi-estruturado, transcritas e analisadas. A análise mostrou que ambos os sistemas apresentam barreiras distintas, no caso de São Paulo pela fixação da quantidade de serviços oferecidos e no segundo caso pela imposição de custos e pela alocação de serviços por classes de clientes diferenciados (LIPSKY, 1980). Essas barreiras puderam ser contornadas por ações promovidas pelos governos e suas agências implementadoras. Entre essas destacamos políticas multiculturais e programas que buscam promover a saúde preventiva de forma ativa, como é o caso do Saúde da Família. Pudemos observar também o importante papel desempenhado pelos burocratas de nível de rua nesse processo, seja facilitando o acesso, por meio da criação de soluções criativas, seja o dificultando. Sugerimos que estudos futuros aprofundem a análise do papel desses atores no processo de implementação do direito à saúde.