This study examines basic design courses in industrial design programs in Turkey, in terms of origins, aims and methods. The aim of the study is to inquire the differences and similarities, and to understand factors affecting the characteristics of basic design courses. A field study was conducted about the subject, which comprised of interviews with instructors of basic design courses and chairpersons in six departments offering undergraduate program in industrial design in Turkey. The field study indicated that the aims of the course in different institutions were similar, whereas the origins, methods and the content varied. Of the factors affecting basic design education, student admission procedure, background of students and the faculty that the industrial design department belonged to were found to be important. The differences among course instructors were also found to be as much significant as the institutional differences.

Nowadays, computers are extensively used in engineering modeling and simulation fields in many different ways, one of which is in chemical engineering. Simulation and modeling of a chemical process plant and the sizing of the equipment with the assistance of computers, is of special interests to process engineers and investors. This is due to the ability of high speed computers, which make millions of mathematical calculations in less than a second associated with the new powerful software that make the engineering calculations more reliable and precise by making very fast iterations in thermodynamics, heat and mass transfer calculations. This combination of new technological hardware and developed software enables process engineers to deal with simulation, design, optimization, control, analysis etc. of complex plants, e.g. refinery and petrochemical plants, reliably and satisfactorily. The main chemical process simulators used for static and dynamic simulations are ASPEN PLUS, ASPEN HYSYS, PRO II, and CHEMCAD. The basic design concepts of all simulators are the same and one can fairly use all simulators if one is expert in any of them. Hydrogenation process is an example of the complex plants, to which a special attention is made by process designers and manufacturers. This process is used for upgrading of hydrocarbon feeds containing sulfur, nitrogen and/or other unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds. In oil and gas refineries, the product of steam cracking cuts, which is valuable, may be contaminated by these unwanted components and thus there is a need to remove those pollutants in downstream of the process. Hydrogenation is also used to increase the octane number of gasoline and gas oil. Sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen compounds and other unsaturated hydrocarbons are undesired components causing environmental issues, production of by-products, poisoning the catalysts and corrosion of the equipment. The unsaturated C=C double bonds in dioleffinic and alkenyl aromatics compounds, on the other hand, cause unwanted polymerization reactions due to having the functionality equal to or greater than 2. Hydrogenation process of the undesired components will remove those impurities and/or increase the octane number of aforementioned hydrocarbons. This process is sometimes referred to as “hydrotreating”; however, “upgrader” is a general word and is, of course, of more interest. In this thesis, a hydrogenation process plant was designed on the basis of the chemistry of hydrocarbons, hydrogenation reaction mechanism, detailed study of thermodynamics and kinetics and then a steady-state simulation and design of the process is carried out by ASPEN HYSYS 2006 followed by design evaluation and some modifications and conclusions. Hydrogenation reaction has a complicated mechanism. It has been subjected to hot and controversial debates over decades. Many kinetic data are available, which contradict one another. Among them, some of the experimental researches utilize good assumptions in order to simplify the mechanism so that a “Kinetic Reaction” modeling can be employed. This thesis takes the benefit of such research works and applies some conditions to approve the validity of those assumptions. On the basis of this detailed study of reaction modeling and kinetic data, a hydrogenation plant was designed to produce and purify over 98 million kilograms of different products; e.g. Benzene, Toluene, Iso-octane etc. with fairly high purity.

Nowadays, computers are extensively used in engineering modeling and simulation fields in many different ways, one of which is in chemical engineering. Simulation and modeling of a chemical process plant and the sizing of the equipment with the assistance of computers, is of special interests to process engineers and investors. This is due to the ability of high speed computers, which make millions of mathematical calculations in less than a second associated with the new powerful software that make the engineering calculations more reliable and precise by making very fast iterations in thermodynamics, heat and mass transfer calculations. This combination of new technological hardware and developed software enables process engineers to deal with simulation, design, optimization, control, analysis etc. of complex plants, e.g. refinery and petrochemical plants, reliably and satisfactorily. The main chemical process simulators used for static and dynamic simulations are ASPEN PLUS, ASPEN HYSYS, PRO II, and CHEMCAD. The basic design concepts of all simulators are the same and one can fairly use all simulators if one is expert in any of them. Hydrogenation process is an example of the complex plants, to which a special attention is made by process designers and manufacturers. This process is used for upgrading of hydrocarbon feeds containing sulfur, nitrogen and/or other unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds. In oil and gas refineries, the product of steam cracking cuts, which is valuable, may be contaminated by these unwanted components and thus there is a need to remove those pollutants in downstream of the process. Hydrogenation is also used to increase the octane number of gasoline and gas oil. Sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen compounds and other unsaturated hydrocarbons are undesired components causing environmental issues, production of by-products, poisoning the catalysts and corrosion of the equipment. The unsaturated C=C double bonds in dioleffinic and alkenyl aromatics compounds, on the other hand, cause unwanted polymerization reactions due to having the functionality equal to or greater than 2. Hydrogenation process of the undesired components will remove those impurities and/or increase the octane number of aforementioned hydrocarbons. This process is sometimes referred to as “hydrotreating”; however, “upgrader” is a general word and is, of course, of more interest. In this thesis, a hydrogenation process plant was designed on the basis of the chemistry of hydrocarbons, hydrogenation reaction mechanism, detailed study of thermodynamics and kinetics and then a steady-state simulation and design of the process is carried out by ASPEN HYSYS 2006 followed by design evaluation and some modifications and conclusions. Hydrogenation reaction has a complicated mechanism. It has been subjected to hot and controversial debates over decades. Many kinetic data are available, which contradict one another. Among them, some of the experimental researches utilize good assumptions in order to simplify the mechanism so that a “Kinetic Reaction” modeling can be employed. This thesis takes the benefit of such research works and applies some conditions to approve the validity of those assumptions. On the basis of this detailed study of reaction modeling and kinetic data, a hydrogenation plant was designed to produce and purify over 98 million kilograms of different products; e.g. Benzene, Toluene, Iso-octane etc. with fairly high purity.

The target of diploma thesis was to improve author’s theoretical and practical design knowledge of process engineering. In the diploma thesis a Simplified Basic Engineering Project of distillation unit has been developed. It was necessary to become familiar with the process technology and formal requirements of Basic Engineering Project. The most important parts of Basic Engineering Project are material and heat balances. Material and heat balances are the corner stones of distillation unit equipment design. Parameters of process equipment are presented in the form of equipment datasheets. The specification of pipelines is based on material and heat balances too. Inevitable part of Basic Engineering are Process Flow Diagram and Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (PFD & PID). Process Flow Diagram and Piping and Instrumentation Diagram include all equipment, piping and basic control loops.

Infrastrukturen är en förutsättning för att människor och gods ska kunna förflytta sig i samhället och förutsätts därför fungera på ett tillfredsställande sätt. För att t.ex. en väg ska vara meningsfull och   effektiv  behöver  den   dessutom  ingå   i   ett   större   nät   med   olika   transportnoder. Transportinfrastrukturen i Sverige kan vara statligt, kommunalt eller enskilt och varje part är ansvarig för att den egna delen ska samverka med de övriga till en helhet. Det medför också att en aktör sällan kan göra ingrepp i sina egna anläggningar utan att påverka de andras användning. Det  betyder  att  om  staten  gör  åtgärder  på  den  statliga  vägen  eller  järnvägen  medför  det konsekvenser för kommunens anläggningar. Därmed kan anpassning av anslutande anläggningar bli nödvändigt i samband med om- eller nybyggnad av statlig transportinfrastruktur. I anknytning till detta kan kommunen önska olika former av tillägg, t.ex. ökad kapacitet och standard, i förhållande till grundutförandet. Kommunen ska då svara för de merkostnader som tillägget genererar. För att klargöra ansvarsfördelningen mellan parterna bör projektets grundutförande bestämmas. Syftet  med  examensarbetet  är  att  klargöra  gränserna  mellan  grundutförande,  tillägg  och anpassning. Målet är att ge en tydligare bild av vad som kan ingå i grundutförande, tillägg respektive anpassning. Undersökningen har begränsats till att enbart se till relationen mellan staten och kommunen inom väg- och järnvägsprojekt. Arbetet innehåller en undersökning av relevant lagstiftning, regeringens propositioner  och  utredningar.  För att belysa Trafikverkets ståndpunkter har undersökning gjorts av dokument författade av Trafikverket, granskning av avtal för väg- och järnvägsprojekt samt intervjuer med Trafikverkets handläggare. Av  propositionen  2012/13:25  Investeringar  för  ett  starkt  och  hållbart  transportsystem  framgår  att Trafikverket ska ta ställning till grundutförande i varje enskilt fall. Det bör utgå ifrån det som staten är förpliktigad att anlägga, vara ändamålsenligt och fungerade redan utan tillägg eller förändring. Exempel på tillägg är standard- eller kapacitetshöjning och annan utformning eller lokalisering. Gränsen mellan grundutförande, tillägg och anpassning beror främst på om det är ett väg-   eller   järnvägsprojekt,   om   projektet   ska   utföras   i   storstadsregionen   eller   i   en landsortskommun, vem som är initiativtagaren till åtgärden och slutligen hur förhandlingarna ser ut. Det kan finnas fördelar för Trafikverket i att skapa generella riktlinjer för vilka åtgärder som bör  ingå  i  ett  grundutförande  samt  vilka  åtgärder  som  bör  räknas  som  tillägg  respektive anpassning. Riktlinjerna kan fungera som stöd och utgångspunkter i en förhandling med annan part och förenkla vid bestämmandet av ett grundutförande. / Transport infrastructure in  Sweden can be under  state, public or  private  responsibility and ownership. Those are all a part of a transport network and each operator is responsible that their part  is  working  properly,  so  the  overall  network  can  function accordingly to  its  demands. Therefore operators rarely can make changes in their own facilities without affecting the overall network. Changes on a state road or railway construction often have consequences for the municipal facilities. Adjustments of the connecting infrastructure might be required in a smaller or lager extent. In addition the municipality can wish for different forms of supplement when the state is initiating new projects on state infrastructure. Example of a supplement is increased capacity or standards  in relation to the basic design. The municipality will bear the additional costs the supplements generate for the project. A basic design of the project should be defined in order to determine the extension of the supplements. The purpose of this study is to clarify the interface between basic design, supplements and adjustments. The aim is to provide example of what can be included in basic design, supplements and additions. The study examines the relationship between the state and the municipality and their responsibilities towards each other. It contains a study of legislations and government investigations; documents  authored  by  the  Swedish  Transport  Administration;  a  review  of contracts and agreements for road and railway projects and interviews with employees at the Swedish Transport Administration. The basic execution and design should be an appropriate and sustainable transport solution which has adequate function excluding supplements or modification. It is the task of the Swedish Transport  Administration  to  decide  on  the  basic  design  of  each  project.  Examples  of supplements are standard or capacity enhancement and different design or location. The general conclusion  of  the  study  is  that  the  relationship  between  basic  design,  supplements  and adjustments can vary depending on different aspects. It depends mainly on whether it is a road or railway projects, if the project is carried out in the metropolitan area or in a rural municipality, which party initiates the project and finally how the negotiations are carried out. In order to make projects more consistent there could be benefits in establishing general guidelines and basic principles on what should be included in a basic design and what should be considered as supplements or adjustments. The guidelines could work as general standpoints in negotiations and as a support in deciding on the basic design of a project.