Tectonic signatures such as growth strata, clastic progradation, detrital composition, thickness trends, paleoflow shifts, lithofacies distribution, and vertical stratigraphic stacking patterns provide the basis for a range of tectonic/structural interpretations. Complete understanding of the application and limitations of tectonic signatures is important to maintain consistency and reduce uncertainty of interpretations that use them. This study provides insight into the external controls on two frequently used tectonic signatures in foreland basins: (1) growth strata, and (2) clastic wedge progradation. First, two syntectonic unconformity types are recognized in non-marine, Cenomanian growth strata adjacent to the Sevier thrust-belt in southeastern Nevada, USA. Unconformities with larger angular discordance (>10°, “Traditional Type”) developed when uplift outpaced sediment accumulation. More subtle unconformities with less discordance (2-10°, “Subtle Type”) developed when sediment accumulation nearly kept pace with uplift. Increasing sediment supply with positive net accommodation, allows syntectonic deposits to aggrade above a growing structure, with no change in uplift rate. Hence, sediment supply and regional accommodation impart an important control over growth strata geometries that are often interpreted on the basis of tectonics alone. Identification of unconformity types in growth strata can therefore document additional phases of uplift, particularly for intervals where sediments aggraded above an active structure due to higher sediment supply during regional subsidence, or sea level rise. Second, an anomalous, Campanian clastic wedge is identified in Cordilleran Foreland basin fill, Utah and Colorado. The complex internal architecture, tide-dominated facies and characteristic flat-to-falling shoreline stacking patterns of the wedge reflect rapid progradation of wide (60-80 km), embayed, tide-influenced shorelines; these characteristics distinguish the anomalous wedge from the underlying and overlying clastic wedges in the basin. A high-resolution regional correlation and isopach maps for the anomalous wedge provide evidence that extensive clastic progradation was coeval with both Sevier- and Laramide-style deformation. Stratigraphic relations suggest that development of the anomalous character of Wedge B was due to uplift of a Laramide structure within the foredeep, and possibly enhanced by reduced dynamic subsidence. / text

Στον ελληνικό χώρο, για έναν μεγάλο αριθμό λεκανών δεν υπάρχουν διαθέσιμες μετρήσεις απορροής, γεγονός που καθιστά δύσκολη την υδρολογική τους προσομοίωση για τον προσδιορισμό των συνιστωσών του υδρολογικού ισοζυγίου. Μια τέτοια περίπτωση αποτελούν οι λεκάνες απορροής των ποταμών του Πείρου και του Παραπείρου. Στους ποταμούς αυτούς κατασκευάζεται ένα σύστημα έργων που αποτελείται από ένα φράγμα εκτροπής στη θέση Βαλμαδούρα στον ποταμό Πείρο, έναν ταμιευτήρα στη θέση Αστέρι στον Παραπείρο και έναν συνδετικό αγωγό. Στόχος της κατασκευής των έργων αυτών αποτελεί η κάλυψη των υδρευτικών αναγκών της πόλης των Πατρών, της Βιομηχανικής Περιοχής και των κοινοτήτων της Β.Δ. Αχαϊας. Στη μελέτη των έργων αυτών (Υ.ΠΕ.ΧΩ.Δ.Ε., 1997) ο υπολογισμός του υδρολογικού ισοζυγίου στις λεκάνες που αντιστοιχούν στις θέσεις των έργων βασίστηκε σε απλοποιητικές παραδοχές. Συγκεκριμένα θεωρήθηκε ότι το νερό αποθηκεύεται μόνο στην εδαφική ζώνη και δεν γίνεται διάκριση ανάμεσα σε επιφανειακή και υπόγεια απορροή. Στην παρούσα εργασία για τον ακριβή και αναλυτικό προσδιορισμό των συνιστωσών του υδρολογικού ισοζυγίου χρησιμοποιήθηκε το υδρολογικό μοντέλο βροχής–απορροής ENNS (Nachtnebel, 1993), η χρήση του οποίου απαιτεί την εύρεση τιμών των παραμέτρων που υπεισέρχονται στις εξισώσεις των διαδικασιών που περιγράφουν το μοντέλο. Λόγω ελλείψεως μετρήσεων απορροής για τις λεκάνες του Πείρου και του Παραπείρου, για την εύρεση των τιμών των παραμέτρων του μοντέλου εφαρμόστηκε μια μεθοδολογία διερεύνησης της υδρολογικής ομοιότητας των δύο λεκανών με άλλες λεκάνες, για τις οποίες υπάρχουν διαθέσιμες μετρήσεις απορροής. Πιο συγκεκριμένα χρησιμοποιήθηκαν οι λεκάνες απορροής του Γλαύκου στον Νομό Αχαϊας, του Αχελώου που αντιστοιχεί στην θέση του φράγματος της Μεσοχώρας, του ποταμού Ερύμανθου, παραποτάμου του Αλφειού και του ποταμού Myakka στην Florida των Η.Π.Α.. Η διαδικασία που ακολουθήθηκε είναι η εξής: Αρχικά πραγματοποιείται η ρύθμιση του μοντέλου για τις τέσσερις λεκάνες για τις οποίες υπάρχουν μετρήσεις απορροής με στόχο (α) να βρεθούν οι τιμές των παραμέτρων που επηρεάζουν το αποτέλεσμα της προσομοίωσης και (β) να διαπιστωθεί το εύρος διακύμανσης των τιμών αυτών των παραμέτρων. Λόγω του σημαντικού εύρους διακύμανσης αυτών των παραμέτρων, πραγματοποιείται η κατάταξη των λεκανών του Πείρου, του Παραπείρου και των τεσσάρων λεκανών, για τις οποίες υπάρχουν διαθέσιμες μετρήσεις απορροής, σύμφωνα με κάποιους φυσιογραφικούς και κλιματικούς παράγοντες που επιλέχθησαν, ως προς την αναμενόμενη επιφανειακή απορροή. Στη συνέχεια, για τις λεκάνες για τις οποίες υπάρχουν διαθέσιμες μετρήσεις απορροής γίνεται έλεγχος εάν οι τιμές των παραμέτρων του μοντέλου είναι συμβατές με την κατάταξη των λεκανών σύμφωνα με τους φυσιογραφικούς και κλιματικούς παράγοντες. Επειδή προκύπτει ότι αυτό δεν συμβαίνει, πραγματοποιείται επαναρρύθμιση του μοντέλου αναζητώντας συνδυασμούς παραμέτρων, οι οποίοι να επαληθεύουν την κατάταξη των λεκανών. Τέλος με βάση τα αποτελέσματα της διερεύνησης της υδρολογικής ομοιότητας των λεκανών επιλέγονται οι τιμές των παραμέτρων του μοντέλου για την υδρολογική προσομοίωση των λεκανών του Πείρου και του Παραπείρου. Τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν από την υδρολογική προσομοίωση του Πείρου και του Παραπείρου με την χρήση του μοντέλου συγκρίθηκαν με τα αποτελέσματα της μελέτης του Υ.ΠΕ.ΧΩ.Δ.Ε. (Μάρτιος 1997). Τα συμπεράσματα που προκύπτουν από την παρούσα εργασία είναι τα εξής: (α) Από την διερεύνηση της υδρολογικής ομοιότητας των λεκανών του Πείρου και του Παραπείρου με τις λεκάνες του Γλαύκου, του Ερύμανθου, της Μεσοχώρας και του ποταμού Myakka, Η.Π.Α. διαπιστώθηκε ότι η επαναρρύθμιση του μοντέλου που πραγματοποιήθηκε για τις τέσσερις λεκάνες, για τις οποίες υπαρχουν μετρήσεις απορροής, οδήγησε σε βελτίωση των αποτελεσμάτων της ρύθμισης (μείωση των αποκλίσεων της μετρημένης και προσομοιωμένης απορροής). Επίσης, επειδή ο λόγος της επιφανειακής απορροής προς την βροχή για τις τέσσερις λεκάνες επαληθεύει την κατάταξη σύμφωνα με τους φυσιογραφικούς και κλιματικούς παράγοντες, προκύπτει ότι η διαδικασία που ακολουθήθηκε αποτελεί μια δυνατότητα αντιστοίχισης των παραμέτρων του μοντέλου σε κριτήρια που προκύπτουν από αυτούς τους παράγοντες. (β) Από την σύγκριση των αποτελεσμάτων της μελέτης του Υ.ΠΕ.ΧΩ.Δ.Ε. με τα αποτελέσματα του μοντέλου αποδεικνύεται ότι το μοντέλο δίνει πιο ρεαλιστικές τιμές για τις συνιστώσες του υδρολογικού ισοζυγίου των λεκανών του Πείρου και του Παραπείρου από την μελέτη. Οι λόγοι είναι ότι (α) σύμφωνα με την κατάταξη των λεκανών βάσει των φυσιογραφικών και κλιματικών παραγόντων οι λεκάνες του Πείρου και του Παραπείρου παρουσιάζουν υδρολογική ομοιότητα με την λεκάνη του Γλαύκου, για την οποία το μοντέλο δίνει μια ρεαλιστική προσέγγιση της συνολικής απορροής (άμεσης και βασικής) και (β) η βασική απορροή που υπολογίστηκε με το μοντέλο παρουσιάζει πολύ μικρότερη μεταβλητότητα στον χρόνο έναντι της άμεσης απορροής λόγω της αποθηκευτικής ικανότητας του εδάφους. (γ) Από τα αποτελέσματα της υδρολογικής προσομοίωσης των λεκανών του Πείρου και του Παραπείρου με την χρήση του μοντέλου προκύπτει ότι τα ποσοστά της άμεσης απορροής προς την βροχόπτωση των λεκανών του Πείρου και του Παραπείρου σύμφωνα με το μοντέλο δεν ήταν τα αναμενόμενα, παρόλο που τα αποτελέσματα του μοντέλου κρίθηκαν ικανοποιητικά. Οι πιθανοί λόγοι είναι κάποια μειονεκτήματα που παρουσιάζει η μεθοδολογία διερεύνησης της υδρολογικής ομοιότητας των λεκανών και τα οποία κρίνεται ότι εάν ληφθούν υπόψη μπορούν να οδηγήσουν σε βελτίωση της μεθόδου. / In Greece, there is a significant number of ungauged basins, for which the hydrologic simulation is not possible and as a result calculating the components of the water balance is infeasible. The basins of the rivers Peiros and Parapeiros were selected as a case-study. These rivers are involved in a current project; the construction of a diversion dam in the position Valmadoura of Peiros River, a reservoir in the position Asteri of Parapeiros River and a conjection pipe. The aim of this project is to support the water supply of the city of Patras, the Industrial Region and the communities of the North-west Achaias. The study of this project conducted by the Hellenic Ministry of Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works in 1997 deals with the calculation of the water balance in these basins, based on simplified principles, assuming that the water is stored in the soil layer and there is no separation of the total runoff in surface flow and base flow. In the present study, the use of the rainfall-runoff model ENNS (Nachtnebel, 1993) allowed the exact and analytical quantification of the water balance. The use of this model requires the estimation of a number of parameters involved in the governing equations of the model. The lack of runoff measurements in Peiros and Parapeiros basins preclude the determination of the required parameters. A study of the hydrologic similarity of these two basins with a number of gauged basins gave solution to the problem. The chosen basins are: (a) Glaukos River basin in the prefecture of Achaias, (b) Mesoxora basin, a sub-basin of Acheloos River, (c) Erymanthos basin, a sub-basin of Alfeios River and (d) Myakka River basin, Florida of U.S.A. The procedure adopted is divided in the following steps: Firstly, the model ENNS was established for the basins mentioned previously in order to determine (a) the value of the parameters affecting the simulation result and (b) the range of their values. The significant variation led to the classification of the six basins, according to physiographic and climatic characteristics. The criterion used in the classification is the expected surface runoff to the amount of rainfall. Secondly, a compatibility check between the values of the parameters of the model and the basins classification was performed. The unsatisfying result compelled the reestablishement of the model for the four gauged basins with an aim to obtain the appropriate parameters in accordance with the basins classification. Finally, the values of the ENNS parameters, regarding Peiros and Parapeiros basins, were derived from the study of the hydrologic similarity of the basins. The results of the hydrologic simulation of Peiros and Parapeiros were compared to the results of the study conducted by the Hellenic Ministry of Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works in 1997. The conclusions of the present study are: (a)The setup of the ENNS model taking into account the hydrologic similarity study of the six basins improved the results of the model (decrease of the deviations between the measured and simulated discharge values). Moreover the ratio of the surface runoff to the rainfall for the four gauged basins verifies the basins classification. Hence, a satisfying degree of correlation between the model parameters and the physiographic and climatic basin characteristics, is obtained. (b)Comparing the obtained results to those of the Hellenic Ministry of Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works study in 1997, the present model gives a more realistic view of the water balance. The reasons are: (a) according to the basins classification, Peiros and Parapeiros basins are similar to Glaukos basin, for which the model gives a realistic approach of the total runoff (surface and base flow) and (b) the base flow calculated by the model shows a smaller variability, contrary to the surface flow due to the storage capacity of the soil. (c)The results of the hydrologic simulation of Peiros and Parapeiros basins showed that the percentage of the surface runoff to the amount of rainfall for the two basins is not compatible to the classification (smaller than 36.5% of Glaukos basin). However, the results of the model are satisfactory (accordance of the annual simulated values of actual evapotranspiration to the values calculated using the Turc method). The possible reasons are some disadvantages in the basins hydrologic similarity study that must be taken into consideration in order to improve the method.

The Cienega Gap area, located about 27 miles southeast of Tucson, Arizona, has long been noted for its structural complexity. Discordances between sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic age and between these rocks and their granitic basement have led previous workers to propose large -scale northward thrusting in an effort to explain the complex structures observed. An alternative hypothesis invoking southward gliding has been considered by several authors but has been assigned a subordinate role in explaining the deformation. The present study was undertaken in an effort to evaluate the relative suitability of dominantly northward versus dominantly southward movement. In the course of this study nine separate localities were examined and mapped in detail in an effort to evaluate movement direction. Evidence of displacement on low -angle faults or glide surfaces was found in each of the areas examined, and definite evidence of movement direction was recognized in five of these. Large-scale recumbent folding, previously unrecognized in the Colossal Cave and Agua Verde Wash areas, was found to be closely related to local uplift. The asymmetry of the folds, plus a very few observed offsets marginal to the uplifts, were the only criteria found for determining the direction of movement. Evidence of northward, southward, and nearly westward movement was found in the course of the study. Areas in the northern Empire Mountains south of Cienega Gap gave evidence of west – northwestward and northward movement. Areas in the southern Rincon Mountains north of Cienega Gap were found to have undergone dominantly southward movement. Involvement of the Pantano Formation in several of the localities suggests that deformation occurred at least as late as early Oligocene time and probably after middle Miocene time. Cienega Gap was therefore the focus of movement for material which was moving laterally away from areas undergoing uplift in Tertiary time.

The study was aimed at developing a simple methodology for flow prediction in ungauged basins using existing data resources. For this purpose, the streamflow measurements across the Kentucky River Basin located in Kentucky, USA were obtained from United States Geological Survey (USGS) archive. The flow transferring characteristics of the subbasins of the Kentucky River Basin were obtained by combining downstream and upstream stream gauges. The flow transferring function thus derived were related to watershed, channel and flow characteristics of the subbasins by multiple regression analysis. The gauge pairs were divided into two classes of subbasins representing Upper and Lower Kentucky, which were characterized mainly by the geology of the watersheds. The regression models corresponding to the two groups of subbasins were applied to example gauge pairs to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed model to predict streamflow in downstream channel. The estimated hydrographs agreed with the observed hydrographs with the performance efficiency of greater than 90%. The proposed method was tested for its applicability in first-order streams in the Goose Creek, a tributary to the Kentucky River. The overland flow component for the first-order streams was determined using TOPMODEL with topography, soil and climatic factors as inputs. The overland flow was routed to the Goose Creek outlet using the transfer function obtained from measured flow records. The simulated hydrographs were reproduced with 80% accuracy when compared with the observed hydrographs. The flow prediction of first-order ungauged streams was automated by the back-calibration algorithm. The algorithm is supported by the Shuffled Complex Evolution - University of Arizona algorithm for its optimization routine. The back-calibration procedure optimizes each first-order stream with the aid of the flow transferring function. The back-calibration procedure was imbedded in a Visual Basic.NET environment to automatically predict flow on a daily time scale and predicted was published on the internet using ESRI Arc Internet Mapping Server (ArcIMS). The project thus provides daily streamflow estimation for streams on a first-order level on every day basis, which will facilitate flow prediction of streams regardless of the size of the watersheds.

The research involves mapping of subsurface at a scale of 1:25,000 the top of three geological formations in the Southern Part of Sumatra – the Airbenakat Formation, the top of the Talangakar Formation, and the top of structural basement in the Jambi Trough. Isopach maps of the formations will be constructed. These maps will form the basis of a basin analysis and hydrocarbon source rock assessment of the Jambi Trough using Basin Mod basin modeling software (Rockworks Software). The studies utilize the L. Bogue Hunt Southeast Asia database housed in the Department of Geological Sciences at Ball State University. Seismic record sections, geophysical logs, cutting descriptions, and paleontological reports will provide basic geological data to enable mapping of the three horizons. Although hydrocarbon accumulations are abundant in Central and Southern Sumatra, the nature of the source rocks is only partially understood. The proposed research will map the Airbenakat and Talangakar Formations while identifying the areas of thermally mature source rock is the main goal of the research. This study will identify characteristics which will enable the identification of thermally mature rocks in other regions of Sumatra. The area of the project is located at the Southeastern part of Asia in Indonesia and mainly the Jambi trough located in Southern Sumatra. Generally, the geology and tectonics of this area (Sumatra) is controlled by the subduction of the Indian plate towards the east and beneath the Eurasia plate. / Department of Geological Sciences

According to the Ade observation (Ade, W., pers. Comm.) “95% of all commercial oil fields in the Sumatra region occur within 17 km of seismically mappable structural grabens in the producing basins”. The Ade observation proposes a link between the subsidence of the source rocks (the Talang Akar Formation) in the grabens and the maturity of the organic material. To test the validity of the Ade observation, subsurface mapping of the region was carried out using geophysical logs. Using the well log information, the basement and the formation tops have been mapped with a special emphasis on Talang Akar and Air Benakat Formations. The isopach maps of these formations show that most of the producing wells on the Sunda shelf are in fact located in and around the major structural basins. Trends in the occurrence of the oil fields have also been observed which are analogous to the orientation of the grabens. Structural mapping of the basins have identified several wrench faults. These are of particular interest as wrench faults provide good structural traps for oil in the Los Angeles and the North Sumatra Basins and may prove to be very important for future exploration in southern Sumatra and northwest Java. In South Sumatra Basin, 77.78% of the potential oil fields are located in the 17 km margin from the grabens. For Sunda/Asri Basins and the Ardjuna Basin, it is 100 and 92 respectively. Identifying the source rocks in this 17 km window will enhance the success rate of oil exploration in the Sundaland Basins. / Department of Geological Sciences

Samples of shallow-water carbonates were collected from Jurassic and Cretaceous Italian carbonate platforms and subjected to petrographic, diagenetic and chemostratigraphic analyses (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, δ¹³C_carb, δ¹³C_org, δ¹⁸O). In general, the new chemostratigraphic data generated reflect trends established by previous work, some of which has been carried out on biostratigraphically calibrated reference sections. Consequently, chemostratigraphic correlations (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, δ¹³C_carb) of isotope profiles taken from platform carbonates with well-dated reference sections have allowed the application of high-resolution dating frameworks to the biostratigraphically poorly constrained carbonate platforms. The increased resolution in dating of the Italian carbonate platforms has, furthermore allowed a detailed investigation into the facies response of these carbonate platforms to major geological events. In particular, platform responses to oceanic anoxic events and other periods of major perturbation in the global carbon cycle are analysed (early Toarcian, Aalenian-Bajocian, Oxfordian-Tithonian, Valanginian-Hauterivian, Aptian-Albian, Cenomanian-Turonian, Coniacian-Santonian). Lower Jurassic levels of the Trento Platform record platform devastation in the early Toarcian synchronous with a major negative δ¹³C_carb excursion, followed by platform recovery synchronous with a pronounced δ¹³C_carb positive excursion and return to background values. The Campania-Lucania Platform shows negligible response to the oceanographic events of the early Toarcian even though the characteristic carbon-isotope profile is readily identifiable. The Trento Platform drowned at approximately the Aalenian-Bajocian Stage boundary, synchronously with a reproducible negative followed by positive δ¹³C_carb excursion, whereas the Campania-Lucania Platform underwent a facies transition from oolite to cyclically bedded micrite. The Friuli Platform showed negligible depositional response to the carbon-cycle perturbations of the Kimmeridgian-Tithonian, Valanginian-Hauterivian, Aptian-Albian and Cenomanian- Santonian (as registered in the δ¹³C_carb record). The Campania-Lucania Platform registered flooding and increased levels of organic-matter preservation coincident with pronounced positive δ¹³C_carb excursions at Cenomanian-Turonian and Coniacian-Santonian levels. Observations on the responses of carbonate platforms to oceanographic conditions during periods of global carbon burial lead to the conclusion that temperature excess is a hitherto neglected control on global carbonate accumulation rates.

Bibliography : leaves 214-246. / xiii, 246 leaves : ill., maps ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, 1992

Thesis (M.Eng.Sc)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2000? / Bibliography :leaves 158-171. A monitoring program, funded by the South Australian government (through the former MFP Development Corporation), was established to monitor the quality and quantity of storm water entering and leaving the wetland. This study formed part of the funded program. Simple regression models were developed; and will assist in the monitoring of performance of the wetland to alleviate the pollutant load into the Barker Inlet.

Thesis (M.Eng.Sc.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2000? / Corrigenda pasted onto front end-paper. The CD contains Excel spreadsheets containing data collected. Bibliography: leaves 209-222.