This study analyzed data that had been previously collected by the Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory under the National Urban Runoff Program, to obtain an understanding of the degree of treatment of stormwater runoff obtainable in retention (maintains a water pool) and detention (drains completely) basins. Three basins were studied, two retention and one detention, and a total of 191 storm events were monitored using automatic sampling equipment. The samples were analyzed by the laboratory for COD, all nitrogen forms, all phosphorus forms, total suspended solids, and heavy metals (iron, manganese, etc.). It was concluded that detention and retention ponds achieve substantial reduction in the pollutant loads carried by stormwater runoff from residential areas. Non-soluble settleable materials were removed to a comparable degree by both basin types. However, the pool of water characteristic of a retention basin offered a superior environment for the removal of soluble pollutant forms, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus. The treatment obtainable in detention and retention basins make them effective devices for the abatement of urban runoff pollution. Through the mechanisms of solids settling and microbial degradation, a basin can treat polluted runoff to a considerable extent and reduce damage to receiving bodies of water. / M.S.

Diversion of the first flush of storm runoff to a detention basin for pollutant removal is an efficient way to control nonpoint source pollutant in urban areas. This can be achieved by a diversion box and detention basin system. To numerically simulate the response of the system to a design rainfall event and the associated pollutant loadings for a given drainage area, a desk top model has been developed for"user-friendly"' application in personal computers. Hydrographs and pollutographs are generated at the inlet and outlet of the diversion box and the detention basin.These hydrographs and pollutographs are examined and the peak outflow and peak pollutant concentrations are compared with allowable outflow and pollutant concentration for urban stormwater quality and quantity management. This model is designed for both the analysis and design of the system. / M.S.

Laboratory-scale settling columns were used to determine the settling velocity distributions of suspended solids to refine a methodology selected by the FHWA in designing wet detention basins for the treatment of highway stormwater runoff. Thirteen runoff samples were collected, over two years, from high volume (greater than 100,000 vehicles per day) highways in the Northern Virginia area. The sampling sites drained only highways and associated rights-of-way. Approximately 5.5 gallons of stormwater were placed in Plexiglass columns, and samples were withdrawn from column sampling ports immediately following sample addition, and after two, six, twelve, twenty-four, and forty-eight hours. Sampling depths along the column, were at one, two, and three feet from the base of the column. Each sample was analyzed for total suspended solids, five total and dissolved heavy metals, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrate-nitrite nitrogen, total and dissolved phosphorus, and pH. Orthophosphorus, temperature, and total dissolved solids were analyzed only during the first year. The resulting analysis determined that highway runoff is similar to urban runoff in distribution and settling characteristics. Correlations between suspended solids removal and the removal of other pollutants were developed. The settling velocity distribution found in this study resulted in the revision of the FHWA design methodology for wet detention basins. / Master of Science

One of the major programs to abate the deterioration of water quality in the Lake Okeechobee watershed was the addition of detention-retention facilities. The microbial biochemical potential of two different detention-retention marshes in the Kissimmee River Valley were examined to determine their effectiveness to improve water quality. The kinetics of decomposition and nutrient mineralization and assimilation, as mediated by microorganisms, and the enumeration of microorganisms capable of utilizing various substrates were studied. Various communities within each marsh were studied during a 2-year period. The decomposition rates of 3 plant substrates were determined. Chitin was used as a standard for organic decomposition. Chitin had significantly higher (p< 0.05) rates of decomposition than the plant material in all sites at both marshes. Chitin decomposition rates were significantly different (p< 0.05) between sites. Significant differences (p< 0.05) in rates of decomposition were also found between the 3 plant substrates. the difference in decomposition rates for the 3 plant substrates existed within sites, as well as between sites. The number of microorganisms and the mineralization and assimilation rates were significantly different (p< 0.05) between the detention-retention marshes. Significant differences (p< 0.05) in numbers of microorganisms and rates were also found between sites within each marsh. The variation in detrital processing demonstrated that site-specific dynamics occurred in the detention-retention marshes. Higher decomposition rates were associated with sediment sites containing organic matter with either a continuous, shallow flow of water or alternate wet/dry periods. Decomposition rates were lowest at sites containing sandy sediments, and dry soil sites without a flow of water. Higher aerobic and anaerobic bacterial activity was also associated with sediment sites containing organic matter with either a continuous, shallow flow of water are alternate wet/dry periods. Higher fungal activity was associated with alternate wet/dry sediment sites, but only during dry periods. Microbial activity was lowest at sites containing sandy sediments and in water columns.

Thesis (M.S.)--Miami University, Dept. of Geology, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains [1], iv, 38 p. : ill. Includes bibliographical references (p. 35-38).

Orientador: Sueli Yoshinaga Pereira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T07:43:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Isenburg_AdrianaAngelicaRosaVahteric_M.pdf: 9802147 bytes, checksum: 3d39ebfc1ccea41250d0a2f3baefb0a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A gestão dos recursos hídricos é hoje uma questão preocupante e polêmica. À medida que se verifica um intenso crescimento populacional, com uma exploração hídrica descontrolada, constata-se a evolução da degradação ambiental, com sérios prejuízos para os corpos d'água. A política implantada sugere que somente com a construção de estações de tratamento de esgoto, poderá ser revertido o quadro de poluição exacerbada dos rios. Entretanto, pretende-se com este trabalho demonstrar que apenas esta medida não proporcionará a recuperação adequada dos rios. São necessárias outras ações para que a qualidade das águas seja restabelecida e, assim, permitir sua utilização harmônica, seja para consumo humano, seja para o cultivo de plantas, dessedentação de animais e lazer. O estudo é desenvolvido em uma importante microbacia situada a montante da principal captação de água do município de Campinas e avalia sua influência na degradação da qualidade da água no rio Atibaia. A microbacia em questão, denominada Microbacia do ribeirão Pinheiros, é caracterizada pela existência de um alto adensamento urbano, resultante da conurbação existente entre os municípios de Campinas, Valinhos e Vinhedo. Com a entrada em operação das estações de tratamento de esgoto nos municípios de Campinas e de Vinhedo é possível avaliar a evolução dos parâmetros de qualidade da água ao longo do principal rio que recebe os efluentes destas três cidades. O estudo analisa também o reflexo dos novos procedimentos operacionais estabelecidos quando da outorga do Sistema Cantareira para o abastecimento da cidade de São Paulo, que possibilitou uma adequação da vazão disponibilizada para o rio Atibaia. A partir da análise dos dados de qualidade e das informações existentes sobre a ocupação das terras é desenvolvido um diagnóstico ambiental da microbacia, destacando a importância de ações de recuperação ambiental, respeitando as áreas de preservação, bem como de implementação de projetos urbanísticos estruturados e de programas de conscientização, desta forma, buscando a melhoria da qualidade de vida da população / Abstract: The hydric resources management is nowadays a concerning and controversial subject. As an intensive population growth is verified and an uncontrolled hydric exploration, the evolution of the environmental degradation is noticed with serious harms for the rivers. The implemented policy suggests that only with the construction of sewage treatment plants must reverse the exacerbated rivers pollution frame. However, in this work we intend to demonstrate that this measure is not enough to provide the appropriate recovery of the rivers. There will be other actions to reestablish the water quality and so, it will allow its harmonic usage such as human consumption, or for plants growth, to quench the animals' thirst and leisure. This study is developed in an important microbasin located upstream of the main water catchment of Campinas City and it is evaluated its influence in the water quality degradation in the Atibaia River. The microbasin in study, called Ribeirão Pinheiros Microbasin, is characterized by the existence of a high urban densification, concerning the existent conurbation among Campinas, Valinhos and Vinhedo municipalities. When the sewage treatment plants started their operation in Campinas and Vinhedo cities it was possible to evaluate the improvement of water quality parameters in the main river, which received the effluents from these three cities. The study also analyzed the reflex of the new operational proceedings established when it got the Cantareira System Granting to supply São Paulo City that enabled a flow adequacy available to Atibaia River. Apart from the quality data analyze and the existent information about the land occupation it was developed the microbasin environmental diagnosis, detaching the importance of the environmental recovery actions, respecting the preservation areas as well as the structured urbanistic projects implementation and cognizants programs and this way trying to improve the quality of life of the population / Mestrado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Mestre em Geociências

[Truncated abstract] The realization in 1999 that the authigenic phosphate, xenotime, could be used in geochronological studies to place age constraints on burial events that affected sedimentary basins has opened numerous opportunities for establishing timeframes for sedimentary basin analysis. Since then, the mineral has been used to place new and novel age constraints on diagenesis, metamorphism, and hydrothermal alteration and mineralization events. Whilst these studies were successful, they identified many complexities in xenotime growth and were restricted to specific areas or single basins: they do not convey, demonstrate or explore the immense variety of geological applications in which xenotime may provide unique geochronological constraints. This thesis explores the nature of authigenic xenotime, utilizing studies in three different Proterozoic sedimentary basins: two in Australia, southwestern Australia and the Northern Territory, and the third in the United States of America. The thesis includes a number of discrete studies demonstrating different aspects of xenotime growth, elucidated from detailed petrography, geochronology and geochemistry of authigenic xenotime. An integrated textural, geochemical and geochronological study of authigenic xenotime from the Mt Barren Group, SW Australia, establishes an absolute timescale on some of the many processes involved during the diagenesis of siliciclastic units. ... positions and trends and broadly confirm the chemical discrimination criteria established for an Archaean basin. However, the Proterozoic data are shifted to lower Gd-Dy values and extend beyond the original field outlines, causing more overlap between fields intended to discriminate xenotimes of different origin. The plots were revised to encompass the new data. This study has significantly extended our knowledge of the nature of authigenic xenotime. It was found that xenotime may form in (meta)sediments in response to a large number of post-depositional processes, including early- and latediagenesis, (multiple) basinal hydrothermal events and low-grade metamorphism. A combination of detailed petrography and in situ geochronology provides the best avenue to decipher complex growth histories in xenotime. With further development, it is likely that xenotime geochemistry will also prove diagnostic of origin and can be incorporated into the interpretation of age data. The number of potential applications for xenotime geochronology has been expanded by this study.

No description available.

Lietuvai vykdant vandenų politiką teko įgyvendinti ES direktyvų reikalavimus. Bendroji vandens politikos direktyva numato visą vandens apytakos gamtoje rato priežiūrą ir apsaugą, tad reikalaujama įgyvendinti vandens išteklių baseininio valdymo sistemą. Pagal šią sistemą susiejami upių baseinai ir požeminio vandens telkiniai, tarp kurių Lietuvos sąlygomis ryšio nėra, juo labiau jų ribos nesutampa. Šalis išsiskiria tarp daugumos Europos valstybių, nes turi palankias geologines ir klimatines sąlygas gausiems požeminio vandens ištekliams kauptis ir tik juos naudoja geriamam vandeniui tiekti. Todėl požeminio vandens, kaip vienintelio geriamojo vandens šaltinio Lietuvoje, apsauga yra labai svarbi. Baigiamojo magistro darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti požeminio vandens išteklių baseininį valdymą ir jo įgyvendinimą bei ypatumus Lietuvoje. Kad pasiekti šį tikslą, buvo analizuojama esama požeminio vandens išteklių baseininio valdymo sistema Lietuvoje ir bandoma atskleisti požeminio vandens baseininio valdymo efektyvumą. Darbo įvade iškelta hipotezė, kad požeminio vandens išteklių baseininis valdymas Lietuvoje nevyksta efektyviai ir realiai negali padėti siekti Bendrojoje vandens politikos direktyvoje požeminiam vandeniui keliamų tikslų. Ekspertų nuomonė pateikiama visame darbe, o pagrindinai – paskutinėje darbo dalyje. Darbo pabaigoje pateikiamos išvados ir rekomendacijos. / Lithuania had to implement the requirements of EU directives when water policy was being implemented. The Water Framework Directive provides supervision and protection of the entire water circuit and requires to implement the river basin management system. This system joins the river basins and the bodies of groundwater, which have no link in the territory of Lithuania. In addition, the borders of both the river basins and the bodies of groundwater do not coincide. Lithuania differs from the majority of other European states because it has favourable geological and climatic conditions that account for the accumulation of abundant groundwater resources – only resources used for drinking water supply. Therefore the protection of groundwater is very important in Lithuania because it is only source of drinking water in this country. The aim of fhe final Master‘s work is to analyse the river basin management of groundwater resources and its implementation and peculiarities in Lithuania. To reach this aim the present river basin management system of groundwater resources has been analysed and the efficiency of this system has been exposed. The hypothesis that the river basin management of groundwater resources in Lithuania is not efficient and it can not help to reach the aims setted for groundwater resources in The Water Framework Directive is confirmed. The opinion of the experts is provided in the work and mainly in its last part. The conclusions and the proposals are... [to full text]

To adapt to climate change which results in increasing flood frequency and intensity, the European Community has proposed Flood Directive 2007/60/EC. It requires member states to conduct risk assessments of all river basins and coastal areas and to establish Flood Risk Management Plans focused on prevention, protection and preparedness by 2015. Sustainable Flood Retention Basins (SFRB) that impound water are a new concept that arose in 2006. They can have a pre-defined or potential role in flood defense and were supposed to facilitate the implementation of the Flood Directive. Early and preliminary studies of SFRB were derived from case studies in Southern Baden, Germany. In Scotland, there are a relatively high number of SFRB which could contribute to flood management control. This research aimed to produce a guidance manual for the rapid survey of SFRB and to propose a series of frameworks for comprehensive analysis and assessment of SFRB. Precisely 372 SFRB in central Scotland and 202 SFRB in Southern Baden were investigated and characterized by 43 holistic variables. Based on this practical experience, a detailed guidance manual was created, guiding users to conduct a SFRB survey in a standardized and straightforward way. To explore the hidden data structure of data arising from the SFRB survey, various widely used machine learning algorithms and geo-statistical techniques were applied. For instance, cluster analysis showed intrinsic groupings of SFRB data, assisting with SFRB categorization. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to reduce the dimensions of SFRB data from the original 43 to 23, simplifying the SFRB system. Self-organizing Maps (SOM) visualized the relationships among variables and predicted certain variables as well as the types of SFRB by using the highly related variables. Three feature-selection techniques (Information Gain, Mutual Information and Relief) and four benchmark classifiers (Support Vector Machine, K-Nearest Neighbours, C4.5 Decision Tree and Naive Bayes) were used to select and verify the optimal subset of variables, respectively. Findings indicated that only nine important variables were required to accurately classify SFRB. Three popular multi-label classifiers (Multi-Label Support Vector Machine (MLSVM), Multi-Label K-Nearest Neighbour (MLKNN) and Back- Propagation for Multi-Label Learning (BP-MLL)) were applied to classify SFRB with multiple types. Experiments demonstrated that the classification framework achieved promising results and outperformed traditional single-label classifiers. Ordinary Kriging was used to estimate the spatial properties of the flood-related variables across the research area, while Disjunctive kriging was used to assess the probability of these individual variables exceeding specific management thresholds. The results provided decision makers with an effective tool for spatial planning of flood risk management. To assess dam failure hazards and risks of SFRB, a rapid screening tool was proposed based on expert judgement. It demonstrated that the levels of Dam Failure Hazard and Dam Failure Risk varied for different SFRB types and in different regions of central Scotland. In all, this thesis provided a guidance manual for rapid survey of SFRB and presented various effective, efficient and comprehensive frameworks for SFRB analysis and assessment, helping to promote the understanding and management of SFRB and thus to contribute to Flood Risk Management Plans in the context of the Flood Directive.