abstract: Plastic crystals as a class are of much interest in applications as solid state electrolytes for electrochemical energy conversion devices. A subclass exhibit very high protonic conductivity and its members have been investigated as possible fuel cell electrolytes, as first demonstrated by Haile’s group in 2001 with CsHSO4. To date these have been inorganic compounds with tetrahedral oxyanions carrying one or more protons, charge-balanced by large alkali cations. Above the rotator phase transition, the HXO4- anions re-orient at a rate dependent on temperature while the centers of mass remain ordered. The transition is accompanied by a conductivity "jump" (as much as four orders of magnitude, to ~ 10 mScm-1 in the now-classic case of CsHSO4) due to mobile protons. These superprotonic plastic crystals bring a “true solid state” alternative to polymer electrolytes, operating at mild temperatures (150-200ºC) without the requirement of humidification. This work describes a new class of solid acids based on silicon, which are of general interest. Its members have extraordinary conductivities, as high as 21.5 mS/cm at room temperature, orders of magnitude above any previous reported case. Three fuel cells are demonstrated, delivering current densities as high as 225 mA/cm2 at short-circuit at 130ºC in one example and 640 mA/cm2 at 87ºC in another. The new compounds are insoluble in water, and their remarkably high conductivities over a wide temperature range allow for lower temperature operations, thus reducing the risk of hydrogen sulfide formation and dehydration reactions. Additionally, plastic crystals have highly advantageous properties that permit their application as solid state electrolytes in lithium batteries. So far only doped materials have been presented. This work presents for the first time non-doped plastic crystals in which the lithium ions are integral part of the structure, as a solid state electrolyte. The new electrolytes have conductivities of 3 to 10 mS/cm at room temperature, and in one example maintain a highly conductive state at temperatures as low as -30oC. The malleability of the materials and single ion conducting properties make these materials highly interesting candidates as a novel class of solid state lithium conductors. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Chemistry 2016

L'utilisation d'un électrolyte aqueux pour la technologie Li-ion devrait permettre des performances en termes de puissance et de coût tout en garantissant une sécurité de fonctionnement et un impact neutre vis-à-vis de l'environnement. Cette technologie utilise des composés d'insertion du lithium fonctionnant habituellement en milieu organique dont le choix doit être adapté à un électrolyte aqueux, présentant une fenêtre de stabilité électrochimique réduite. Le travail de thèse porte dans un premier temps sur la sélection des différents éléments constituant un accumulateur Li-ion aqueux: choix de l'électrolyte, des collecteurs de courant, des liants d'électrode et des matériaux d'électrode. Les performances électrochimiques en milieu aqueux de différents composés d'insertion du lithium ont été évaluées. Afin d'augmenter la fenêtre de stabilité électrochimique de l'électrolyte aqueux, la passivation des électrodes par réduction de sels de diazonium a été réalisée. L'influence de la nature des sels de diazonium et de l'épaisseur des films sur les performances électrochimiques des électrodes a été évaluée par diverses techniques, voltampérométrie et impédance électrochimique. Les résultats obtenus montrent l'impact positif des dépôts obtenus vis-à-vis de l'augmentation de la surtension de réduction de l'eau. Ces travaux ouvrent la voie à des perspectives prometteuses sur cette technologie Li-Ion aqueuse. / The use of aqueous electrolytes should permit to improve power performances and decrease significantly the battery cost. Moreover, these kind of electrolytes guarantee a safely use with reduced consequence on the environment. This technology use active materials enable to inserted and deinserted lithium ion. But the choice of lithium insertion compounds was guided and limited by the water electrochemical stability. We selected each component of the Li-ion cell which could be used in aqueous electrolyte; the lithium salt, the binder and the active material. The electrochemical performances of several active materials in aqueous electrolyte were evaluated. In order to increase the Li-ion cell tension, a passive film was form on the electrode surface by diazonium salt reduction. Influence of molecule design and film thickness were studied by voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results clearly show the interest of the formation of these films for lowering the reduction potential of water on glassy carbon and practical Li-ion electrode. This study opens very promising route for the aqueous lithium batteries.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-12-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:11:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 hojasbaenas_jm_me_bauru.pdf: 1007042 bytes, checksum: 3bccdb2b35851243fca308d9c9d0a900 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A reciclagem de bateria além de ser prioridade para o meio ambiente é também lucrativa pelas inúmeras aplicações, como, por exemplo, a redução de gasto energia e a economia de matéria prima para novos produtos. A presente pesquisa buscou identificar a cadeia de reciclagem e análise dos fluxos reversos existentes nas indústrias de baterias veiculares. Empregou-se o método de pesquisa exploratória, buscando demonstrar os problemas relacionados ao sistema de gestão operacional e aos impactos ambientais gerado por esse sistema. Com isso, possibilitou descrever os fluxos logísticos reversos das indústrias montadoras e reformadoras, mostrando a problemática referente à reciclagem presente nas pequenas indústrias, devido à montagem da bateria ser semi-artesanal o que torna comprometedor à saúde do trabalhador e ao meio ambiente. Por meio dos resultados alcançados pode-se obter informações para desenvolver uma proposta de gestão de um fluxo logístico reverso, buscando melhorias contínuas para as indústrias de baterias de pequeno porte. / Besides being a priority for the environment, battery recycling is also profitable due to its countless applications, such as in reducing energy costs and saving raw materials for new products. The goal of this dissertation is to identify and analyze the chain and logistic model reverse the industries of vehicular batteries from the center - west in São Paulo theoretical foundation on the organizational factors of micro and small enterprises, in production and process of manufacture of batteries, a supply chain management and on the proposed sustainability of these companies. The method of study used was an exploratory research, seeking to identify the problems related to environmental management system. Through research, it was possible to describe the reverse logistics models, of which the great issues relating to recycling is on small industries of batteries, the battery assembly due to be semi-craft, which compromises the worker's health and the environment. With the results, has a proposal to establish a model for reverse logistics industries, batteries, small size, with the purpose of the searh for improvements in organizational processes, because of the inadequacy with the management of the chain of recycling.

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Orientador: Rosani de Castro / Banca: Rosane Aparecida Gomes Battistelle / Banca: Victor Eduardo Lima Ranieri / Resumo: A reciclagem de bateria além de ser prioridade para o meio ambiente é também lucrativa pelas inúmeras aplicações, como, por exemplo, a redução de gasto energia e a economia de matéria prima para novos produtos. A presente pesquisa buscou identificar a cadeia de reciclagem e análise dos fluxos reversos existentes nas indústrias de baterias veiculares. Empregou-se o método de pesquisa exploratória, buscando demonstrar os problemas relacionados ao sistema de gestão operacional e aos impactos ambientais gerado por esse sistema. Com isso, possibilitou descrever os fluxos logísticos reversos das indústrias montadoras e reformadoras, mostrando a problemática referente à reciclagem presente nas pequenas indústrias, devido à montagem da bateria ser semi-artesanal o que torna comprometedor à saúde do trabalhador e ao meio ambiente. Por meio dos resultados alcançados pode-se obter informações para desenvolver uma proposta de gestão de um fluxo logístico reverso, buscando melhorias contínuas para as indústrias de baterias de pequeno porte. / Abstract: Besides being a priority for the environment, battery recycling is also profitable due to its countless applications, such as in reducing energy costs and saving raw materials for new products. The goal of this dissertation is to identify and analyze the chain and logistic model reverse the industries of vehicular batteries from the center - west in São Paulo theoretical foundation on the organizational factors of micro and small enterprises, in production and process of manufacture of batteries, a supply chain management and on the proposed sustainability of these companies. The method of study used was an exploratory research, seeking to identify the problems related to environmental management system. Through research, it was possible to describe the reverse logistics models, of which the great issues relating to recycling is on small industries of batteries, the battery assembly due to be semi-craft, which compromises the worker's health and the environment. With the results, has a proposal to establish a model for reverse logistics industries, batteries, small size, with the purpose of the searh for improvements in organizational processes, because of the inadequacy with the management of the chain of recycling. / Mestre

A Thesis for The Department of Electrical Engineering in fulfilment of the requirements for the Magister Technologiae degree in electrical engineering, at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011 / The purpose of this thesis was to design and develop a measurement system that would allow accurate measurement of individual cell voltages in a series cell stack. The system was initially proposed to be used in conjunction with an active cell balancer. This would allow for the efficient equalising of cells as well as provide detailed information on the cell stack and how the stack operates over time. Having a system that measures voltages accurately, with which the active cell balancer can be controlled would allow for peak cell lifetime and performance. Current battery management systems are large, complex and inefficient and a new way of battery management had to be investigated. To accurately measure individual cells in a series stack, the high common mode voltage must be negated. Different techniques that are currently used to create galvanic isolation were reviewed; circuits were designed and were simulated to find the most suitable design. The traditional methods used to create galvanic isolation did not provide adequate results. The methods were too inefficient and not accurate enough to be used. The methods that had the required accuracy were too complicated to connect in a useable system. This led to the investigation of integrated circuits created to measure voltages in large cell stacks. An integrated circuit from Linear Technology was chosen and a system was built. A system was thus designed that fulfilled the most desirable design specifications while delivering excellent results. The system allowed accurate, individual voltages to be measured in the presence of high common mode voltages. Accuracies and measurement time were well below the required system specification. Power consumption was high, but different component choice will lower power consumption to within specification. Excellent results were obtained overall with most, although not all results well below the design specifications. By including current measurements, as well as other technologies such as wireless communication, USB connectivity and a better data processor, this system will be at the forefront of current battery management technology.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto Canesin / Co-orientador: Guilherme de Azevedo e Melo / Banca: Falcondes José Mendes de Seixas / Banca: Ruben Barros Godoy / Resumo: Com a evolução da tecnologia das baterias, a indústria automobilística percebeu o potencial promissor dos veículos elétricos e vem investindo fortemente em carros de passeio, oferecendo o veículo híbrido (combustível líquido e eletricidade) como atrativo ao público mais conservador, além de trabalhar na evolução do sistema elétrico dos automotores. Com perspectivas de um futuro não muito distante no Brasil, este trabalho consiste no desenvolvimento de um sistema de gerenciamento de energia entre um banco de baterias de íons de lítio e supercapacitores, englobando o processo de frenagem regenerativa. A topologia de condicionamento de energia empregada consiste na conexão em cascata de dois conversores CC-CC bidirecionais de energia elétrica, cuja função é o controle da transferência de potência entre os armazenadores de energia supracitados e a máquina de tração do veículo. A energia recuperada, através da operação da máquina de tração como gerador, é armazenada nos acumuladores de energia, sendo o fluxo de energia dependente do nível de carga de cada acumulador. Para o desenvolvimento da lógica de controle do sistema, as características de carga e capacidade de transferência de potência dos elementos acumuladores de energia elétrica é levada em consideração, uma vez que é empregado um sistema híbrido de armazenadores de energia (baterias/supercapacitores), aproveitando as vantagens de cada uma das tecnologias. Para a etapa de simulação e análise da lógica de controle e para o gerenciamento do sistema, a plataforma Matlab/Simulink ® foi escolhida em função da facilidade de prototipagem através da plataforma de implementação DSpace ® . Como resultado prático desse trabalho, um protótipo de baixa escala contemplando lógica programável de gerenciamento de energia foi desenvolvido, tendo como vantagem a flexibilidade de implementação de novas ... / Abstract: With the batteries' technology evolution, the automobile industries noted the vehicle's promising potential and comes strongly investing in passenger cars, offering the hybrid electric vehicles (liquid and electricity fuels), attracting the more conservative public, besides working on the evolution of automotive electrical systems. With prospects of a not too distant future in Brazil, this work is the development of energy management system between a battery and a supercapacitor packs, including regenerative breaking process. The electrical energy conditioning topology adopted is the cascaded configuration of two bidirectional DC- DC converters, which provide the energy power flow between energy storage components aforementioned and the vehicle traction machine. The regenerated energy, drawn from the traction machine in generator mode, is stored in the power conditioners, where the power flux depends on the charge condition of each one of the conditioners. For the control logic development, the storage system characteristics and the conditioners power transfer capacity are considered, once a hybrid energy storage system (batteries/supercapacitors) is used, taking into account the advantages of each technology. For simulation analysis and control logic management system, the Matlab/Simulink ® software was chosen because its integration to the DSpace ® platform and implementation easiness. The practical results involve a small-scale prototype, covering a programmable energy management logic, with the advantage of allowing the flexibility of new management roles implementation through programming functions / Mestre