On June 1, 1866, one thousand heavily-armed Irish-American Fenian insurgents invaded Upper Canada across the Niagara River from Buffalo, NY. The next day near the town of Ridgeway, 800 Fenians battled with 850 Canadian volunteer soldiers, including a small company of 28 University of Toronto students who ended up taking the brunt of the attack. The Battle of Ridgeway (or Lime Ridge or Limestone Ridge) ended with a disastrous rout of the Canadians who in their panicked retreat left their dead and wounded on the field. It was the last major incursion into Canada, the last battle in Ontario and the first modern one fought by Canadians, led in the field exclusively by Canadian officers, and significantly fought in Canada. The Fenian Raid mobilized some 22,000 volunteer troops and resulted in the suspension of habeas corpus in the colonial Province of Canada by its Attorney General and Minister of Militia John A. Macdonald, but the battle which climaxed this crisis is only prominent by its obscurity in Canadian historiography. Almost everything known and cited about Ridgeway springs from the same sources—four books and pamphlets—three of them published in the summer of 1866 immediately after the event and the remaining one in 1910. This dissertation argues that the history of the battle was distorted and falsified by these sources and by two military board of inquiries staged to explicitly cover up the extent of the disaster. This study investigates the relationship between the inquiries and the contemporary author-historians of two of the sources: Alexander Somerville, an investigative journalist in Hamilton, Ontario, a recent immigrant from Britain with a controversial history; and George T. Denison III, a prominent young Toronto attorney, a commander of a troop of volunteer cavalry, a former Confederate secret service agent, author-commentator on Canada’s military policy and presiding judge on both boards of inquiry. This study describes the process by which Ridgeway’s history was hidden and falsified and its possible scope and significance in Canadian historiography. New archival and published sources are identified, assessed and assembled for a newly restored and authenticated micro-narrative of the battle.

On June 1, 1866, one thousand heavily-armed Irish-American Fenian insurgents invaded Upper Canada across the Niagara River from Buffalo, NY. The next day near the town of Ridgeway, 800 Fenians battled with 850 Canadian volunteer soldiers, including a small company of 28 University of Toronto students who ended up taking the brunt of the attack. The Battle of Ridgeway (or Lime Ridge or Limestone Ridge) ended with a disastrous rout of the Canadians who in their panicked retreat left their dead and wounded on the field. It was the last major incursion into Canada, the last battle in Ontario and the first modern one fought by Canadians, led in the field exclusively by Canadian officers, and significantly fought in Canada. The Fenian Raid mobilized some 22,000 volunteer troops and resulted in the suspension of habeas corpus in the colonial Province of Canada by its Attorney General and Minister of Militia John A. Macdonald, but the battle which climaxed this crisis is only prominent by its obscurity in Canadian historiography. Almost everything known and cited about Ridgeway springs from the same sources—four books and pamphlets—three of them published in the summer of 1866 immediately after the event and the remaining one in 1910. This dissertation argues that the history of the battle was distorted and falsified by these sources and by two military board of inquiries staged to explicitly cover up the extent of the disaster. This study investigates the relationship between the inquiries and the contemporary author-historians of two of the sources: Alexander Somerville, an investigative journalist in Hamilton, Ontario, a recent immigrant from Britain with a controversial history; and George T. Denison III, a prominent young Toronto attorney, a commander of a troop of volunteer cavalry, a former Confederate secret service agent, author-commentator on Canada’s military policy and presiding judge on both boards of inquiry. This study describes the process by which Ridgeway’s history was hidden and falsified and its possible scope and significance in Canadian historiography. New archival and published sources are identified, assessed and assembled for a newly restored and authenticated micro-narrative of the battle.

Thesis (M.S. in Systems Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 129-132).

Programm--Königliches Gymnasium zu Hamm, 1865. / Includes bibliographical references.

The 1944 German Ardennes offensive failed. It was overly ambitious, built on erroneous assumptions, insufficiently supported by logistics, and depended on the weather for success. Yet, the offensive achieved more than it should have given the strength and combat experience of the Allied armies in Europe. Previous attempts to explain the limited success of the German offensive have emphasized the failure of Allied strategic intelligence - Ultra. Intelligence is an accurate, but incomplete explanation for initial German success in the Ardennes. Three conditions allowed the Wehrmacht, approaching its manpower and logistical end, to crush the US First Army. First, coalition warfare so weakened the First Army that it became vulnerable to attack. Second, the Allies failed to develop a unified intelligence network capable of assessing the information that indicated the timing and target of the German attack. Finally, a well-executed German security and deception plan surprised the Allies. The well-executed German offensive manipulated both Allied intelligence and the Anglo-American coalition.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1961 H65

Syftet med arbetet har varit att utreda vilka lösningar det finns vid en standardavtalskollison i både svensk och utländsk rätt. Samt vilken lösningsmodell som är den mest lämpliga. I Sverige saknas relevant lagstiftning på området. Någon träffande rättspraxis finns inte heller att tillgå och diskussion i doktrinen har med några få undantag varit väldigt begränsad. Detta innebär att rättsläget i Sverige fortfarande är oklart. I utländsk rätt har däremot ”battle of forms” fått betydligt större utrymme i doktrinen, lagstiftning har utvecklats i ett antal länder och intressant rättspraxis finns att tillgå. I den utländska rätten har det sedan länge varit den part som sänder över sina standardvillkor sist som går vinnande ur ”the battle of forms”. Ett antal yngre rättsfall tyder dock på att utvecklingen alltmer går i en riktning mot ”knock-out” modellen.

Resumé: Standardized forms of concluding contracts in international trade The contemporary international trade is defined by the standardized approach to commercial transactions. The purpose of my thesis is to analyse legal issues concerning contract formation by means of standardized legal forms in international trade. Chapter One describes the development of standardization in international trade. It introduces and defines basic terminology covering standardized forms of contract formation: standard terms, standard clauses, boilerplate terms, form and model contracts and legal manuals. Chapter Two addresses the process of contract formation under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for International Sale of Goods (CISG) in comparison with the regulation in the Principles of European Contract Law (PECL), Principles of International Commercial Contracts (UNIDROIT Principles, UPICC), Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) and the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on a Common European Sales Law (CESL). The emphasis is placed on the incorporation of standard terms into a contract, i.e. into an offer or an acceptance. It is followed by an analysis of the battle of forms and its possible solutions including last shot rule, first shot rule, knock-out rule and...

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

The Portuguese Expeditionary Force fought in the trenches of northern France from April 1917 to April 1918. on 9 April 1918 the sledgehammer blow of Operation Georgette fell upon the exhausted Portuguese troops. British accounts of the Portuguese Corps’ participation in combat on the Western Front are terse. Many are dismissive. in fact, Portuguese units experienced heavy combat and successfully held their ground against all attacks. Regarding Georgette, the standard British narrative holds that most of the Portuguese soldiers threw their weapons aside and ran. the account is incontrovertibly false. Most of the Portuguese combat troops held their ground against the German assault. This thesis details the history of the Portuguese Expeditionary Force.