The rising demand for powerful oncolytic virotherapy agents has led to the identification of Maraba virus, one of the most potent oncolytic viruses from Rhabdoviridae family which displays high selectivity for killing malignant cells and low cytotoxicity in normal cells. Although the virus is readied to be used for clinical trials, the interactions between the virus and the host cells is still unclear. Using a newly developed interferon-sensitive mutant Maraba virus (MG1), we have identified two key regulators of global translation (4E-BP1 and eIF2α) responsible for the inhibition of protein synthesis in the infected cells. Despite the translational arrest upon viral stress, we showed an up-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL protein that provides a survival benefit for the host cell, yet facilitates effective viral propagation. Given the fact that eIF5B canonically regulates 60S ribosome subunit end joining, and is able to replace the role of eIF2 in delivering initiator tRNA to the 40S ribosome subunit upon the phosphorylation of eIF2α, we have tested whether eIF5B mediates the translation of target mRNAs during MG1 infection. Our results show that the inhibition of eIF5B significantly down-regulates the level of Bcl-xL steady-state mRNA, thus indirectly attenuates viral propagation.

XIAP and Bcl-xL are critical anti-apoptotic molecules that directly inhibit caspases and block mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, respectively. In addition to preventing apoptosis, both XIAP and Bcl-xL can be generated by cap-independent translation via the utilization of an IRES in the 5'-UTR of their mRNAs. In recent years it has been shown that activation of S6K2 induces the translational upregulation of these two apoptotic regulators. Here I have determined that activation of S6K2 enhances IRES-mediated translation of XIAP and Bcl-xL by inducing the degradation of PDCD4, which I have identified as a novel regulator of XIAP and Bcl-xL IRES elements. Furthermore, I have shown that PDCD4 is a positive modulator of the Apaf-1 IRES element. The concurrent regulation of XIAP, Bcl-xL and Apaf-1 by PDCD4 suggests a model in which the level of PDCD4 expression alters the apoptotic threshold by specifically impacting IRES-mediated translation of the XIAP, Bcl-xL and Apaf-1 mRNAs.

The RNA-binding protein HuR controls key cellular processes by binding target mRNAs and regulating them at various post-transcriptional levels. HuR can function as an Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) trans-acting factor that regulates the IRES-mediated translation of XIAP. Since XIAP and Bcl-xL expression was reported to be co-regulated, we investigated whether HuR is also a regulat or of Bcl-xL expression. We found that HuR binds the 3’end of the Bcl-xL 5’UTR in-vitro. In U2OS cells, we showed that loss of HuR by siRNA significantly increased Bcl-xL protein expression while Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 levels remained unchanged. We found that the HuR-dependent Bcl-xL increase was through translation, shown by polysome profiling. Possible transcriptional, stability and splicing changes were eliminated. At the physiological level HuR levels did not impact cell survival but altered mitochondrial morphology, partially through Bcl-xL. Thus, HuR may be involved in maintaining proper mitochondrial function by controlling Bcl-xL expression.

Internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-mediated translation is critical for the cell’s ability to respond to stress. Understanding how RNA binding proteins (IRES trans-acting factors; ITAFs) regulate IRESes is crucial to elucidating the mechanism of alternative translation initiation. Furthermore, determining how these ITAFs are regulated is central to understanding their functions in diseased states. I have identified the tumour suppressor programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) as a novel ITAF of the XIAP and Bcl-xL IRES elements. I demonstrate that under normal conditions, PDCD4 acts to inhibit translation from these IRES elements by preventing formation of the 48S translation initiation complex. Furthermore, I show that in response to treatment with the pro-survival fibroblast growthfactor-2 (FGF-2), S6 kinase 2 (S6K2) phosphorylates PDCD4 leading to its degradation and the subsequent de-repression of XIAP and Bcl-xL translation. Importantly, I demonstrate the clinical significance of this regulation in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumours where the loss of PDCD4 expression correlates with an increase in Bcl-xL protein and poor patient outcome. Additionally, re-expression of PDCD4 down-regulates Bcl-xL and decreases cell viability, and direct inhibition of Bcl-xL by a small molecule antagonist ABT-737 sensitizes GBM cells to the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin. Finally, I demonstrate that PDCD4 can be regulated at multiple levels. Importantly, I identify the RNA binding protein HuR as a regulator of microRNA (miR) -21 induced silencing of PDCD4. I show that HuR can bind the PDCD4 3'UTR and prevent miR-21 binding, and that a loss of PDCD4 expression following H2O2 treatment is mediated via miR-21. These results provide novel insight into the role of PDCD4 as a tumour suppressor and highlight the importance of ITAFs in cancer progression.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20566号 / 医博第4251号 / 新制||医||1022(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 竹内 理, 教授 小柳 義夫, 教授 秋山 芳展 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway wherein cytoplasmic components not needed by or harmful to the cell are degraded and recycled. BECN homologs are key autophagy proteins consisting of an intrinsically disordered region (IDR), flexible helical domain (FHD), coiled-coil domain (CCD) and β-α repeated, autophagy-specific domain (BARAD). Diverse proteins modulate autophagy by binding BECN1. Understanding the mechanisms by which these proteins regulate BECN1-mediated autophagy is important for developing therapeutics targeting these proteins. Toward this goal, we have developed purification protocols for multi-domain BECN1 fragments to explore the conformational flexibility and interactions. We show that a BECN1 helix transitions between mutually exclusive packing states, wherein it either forms part of the CCD homodimer or packs against the BARAD, but predominantly packs against the BARAD. The same set of residues on this helix contribute to the CCD homodimer or packing with the BARAD, and mutation of these residues abrogates starvation-induced up-regulation of autophagy. Next, we show the equatorial groove of GAPR-1 may be responsible for binding BECN1. The five conserved residues lining the GAPR-1 equatorial groove are essential for the interaction, as mutation of these residues disrupts GAPR-1:BECN1 interaction. We also solved the structure of this pentad mutant, which indicates the changes in the equatorial groove and the improved dimerization of pentad mutant likely abrogates BECN1-binding. We then show that BH3D is not required for BECN1 to up-regulate autophagy, though it is required for binding BCL2 homologs. Therefore, we investigated the interactions between BH3D-containing BECN1 fragments and the BCL2 homolog, M11. BECN1 regions outside the BH3D increase binding to M11 by 5-10 fold. In addition, M11-binding increases flexibility of the nuclear export sequence (NES). Further, homodimerization and thermostability of BECN1 BH3D-FHD-CCD increases upon M11-binding. Lastly, the M11:BH3D-FHD-CCD complex appears to fluctuate between two major types of conformations, which may be mediated by the increased flexibility of BECN1 NES upon binding M11. Lastly, we investigated the interactions between BH3D-containing BECN1 fragments and Bcl-XL. Our results indicate that BECN1 regions outside the BH3D do not affect BECN1 interaction with Bcl-XL. Together, these studies are important for better understanding how proteins down-regulate BECN1-mediate autophagy. / NIH: RO3 NS090939, R15 GM122035, P20 RR015566, and R21 AI078198 (S.S). R15 GM113227, P30 GM103332-01, P41 GM103622, and P41 GM103403.; NSF: MCB-1413525 (S.S.); ND Dept. of Commerce: Award #14-11-J1-73 (S.S.)

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Les protéines de la famille Bcl-2 sont les principaux régulateurs de la mort cellulaire par apoptose. Au sein de cette famille, la protéine Bcl-xL appartient au sous-groupe des anti-apoptotiques et contribue à maintenir la survie cellulaire. Cependant, des données récentes suggèrent que les membres de la famille Bcl-2, et en particulier Bcl-xL, ont également d'autres fonctions.Dans le contexte pathologique du cancer du sein, la surexpression du gène Bcl-x n'affecterait pas la taille de la tumeur initiale mais favoriserait plutôt l'invasion ganglionnaire et la formation de métastases. La capacité des tumeurs à former des métastases repose notamment sur le potentiel migratoire et invasif des cellules cancéreuses, et de ce fait nous avons cherché à savoir si Bcl-xL pouvait contrôler ces processus. En lien avec les données cliniques, nous montrons que la perte d'expression de Bcl-xL réduit la capacité migratoire de cellules cancéreuses mammaires. De plus, le contrôle de la migration exercé par Bcl-xL est indépendant de son activité anti-apoptotique. Ainsi, l'inhibition de la poche hydrophobe de Bcl-xL par des composés BH3-mimétiques n'a pas d'effet sur la migration des cellules. Nous avons alors recherché le mécanisme par lequel Bcl-xL agit sur la migration. Nous observons que la fraction mitochondriale de Bcl-xL régule la migration cellulaire, et non la protéine localisée au réticulum endoplasmique. Au niveau de la mitochondrie, nous proposons que Bcl-xL contrôle la migration par l'intermédiaire de son domaine BH4, domaine modulant l'activité du canal mitochondrial VDAC / Proteins of the Bcl-2 family are the main regulators of apoptosis. Among the family, the Bcl-xL protein belongs to the anti-apoptotic subgroup and favors cell survival. However, increasing evidence suggest that Bcl-2 proteins, and in particular Bcl-xL, exert other functions in the cells.In the pathological context of breast cancer, Bcl-x gene overexpression seems to have only little impact on primary tumor growth but instead increases lymph nodes invasion and metastasis. Metastasis formation mainly relies on tumor cells’ ability to migrate and invade surrounding tissues. Therefore, we wondered wether Bcl-xL could control these processes.In line with clinical data, we show that Bcl-xL complete or partial loss of expression reduces cell migration of mammary cancer cell lines. Furthermore, we find that Bcl-xL control of cell migration is independent of its anti-apoptotic activity. Indeed, treatments with BH3-mimetics that bind to and inhibit Bcl-xL hydrophobic pocket have no effect on cell migration. Since Bcl-xL regulation of cell migration seems to be independent of interactions with other Bcl-2 family members, we investigated alternative mechanisms. We observe that mitochondrial Bcl-xL, but not the ER-targeted Bcl-xL, is involved in cell migration. At the mitochondria, we propose that Bcl-xL controls cell migration through its BH4 domain, by modulating the activity of mitochondrial VDAC channel

Bcl-xL est un oncogène surexprimé dans plusieurs types de cancers et qui joue un rôle important dans la survie cellulaire en régulant deux processus: l'apoptose et l'autophagie. Récemment, nous avons identifié l'existence d'une nouvelle forme de Bcl-xL qui subit une simple déamidation sur le résidu Asn52. Cette forme monodéamidée est exprimée en conditions contrôles et apparaît spontanément in vitro et in vivo. La déamidation de Bcl-xL produit un mélange de protéines contenant en position 52 soit un résidu Asp, soit un résidu isoAsp. L'objectif de cette thèse est de caractériser les fonctions de ces deux espèces protéiques, et de déterminer comment la monodéamidation de Bcl-xL modifie les fonctions de survie de cet oncogène. Nous avons montré que le mutant déamido-mimétique Bcl-xL N52DN66A conserve la même fonction anti-apoptotique que Bcl-xL native, mais présente une activité autophagique plus grande, et des propriétés oncogéniques et tumorigéniques altérées in vitro, ex vivo et in vivo. Nous avons étudié certains des mécanismes impliqués dans la régulation de l'autophagie et les propriétés oncogéniques comme la voie mTor, les voies de signalisation médiées par l'oncogène Ras, ainsi que l'activité métabolique et l'état souche des cellules. D'autre part, nous avons aussi développé des tests in vitro pour analyser les interactions établies par les formes déamidées de Bcl-xL comportant un isoAsp. L'ensemble de nos données permet de suggérer une régulation des fonctions de Bcl-xL par des mécanismes indépendants de l'apoptose, et renforce l'importance d'explorer les fonctions non apoptotiques de cette protéine pour mettre en évidence sa capacité à promouvoir la survie cellulaire et entraîner la progression du cancer. / Bcl-xL is an oncogene overexpressed in many types of cancer and which promotes cell survival by regulating two cellular processes : apoptosis and autophagy. We have recently identified a new form of this oncogene, which results from the deamidation of Asn52. This monodeamidated form is expressed under control conditions and is ubiquitously found in vitro and in vivo. Bcl-xL monodeamidation produces a mixture of proteins containing either an Asp residue or an IsoAsp residue in position 52. Our goal is to caracterise the functions of both species, and to determine how Bcl-xL monodeamidation modifies the survival functions of this oncogene. We have shown that the deamidomimetic mutant Bcl-xL N52DN66A retains the same anti-apoptotic function as the native protein, but exhibits enhanced autophagic activity and impaired clonogenic and tumorigenic properties in vitro, ex-vivo, and in vivo. We have studied certain of the mechanisms which can be involved in the regulation of autophagy and oncogenic properties of Bcl-xL such as mTor, Ras oncogene signaling pathway, metabolic activity measurement and stemness. We also implement in vitro assays to analyse the interactions established by isoAsp containing forms of Bcl-xL. Altogether our results support the view that deamidation regulates Bcl-xL oncogenic properties through apoptosis-independent mechanisms, and reinforce the importance of deciphering the non apoptotic functions of this protein to tackle its ability to sustain cell survival and drivecancer progression.