This report deals with the fire resistance of cross-laminated timber (CLT). Themain purpose is to verify a new model on CLT and its ability to sustain itsbearing capacity when exposed to fire. To establish this, a series of bendingtestshas been conducted in combination with fire exposure of the CLT. Twodifferent series, with different dimensions, of beams were tested (series 1 andseries 2). Four basic set-ups: CLT in tension or compression, either equippedwith fire protective covering or not. Results from the tests has been gatheredand evaluated to verify the theoretical model of the fire resistance. Evaluationwas made through analysis of the residual cross-sections of the beamsregarding charring depth and rate and moment of inertia (I).Results of the tests verify to a large extent the Design model. Externalproblems and variations in the beams themselves caused some deviations.Analysis confirmed the CLT as being more similar to other laminated productssuch as Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) then homogenous solid beams. BothCLT and LVL experience delamination when exposed to fire resulting in anincreased charring rate. The difference in rate when using Gypsum plaster as aprotective barrier against the fire exposure is also equal to LVL.The results of the report will be used in the new version of the EuropeanStandard, Euro Code 5 and in the third edition of Fire Safe Timber Buildings.Charring rates proved to be less than expected but the CLTs ability to withstandfire while keeping its bearing capacity

<p>This report deals with the fire resistance of cross-laminated timber (CLT). Themain purpose is to verify a new model on CLT and its ability to sustain itsbearing capacity when exposed to fire. To establish this, a series of bendingtestshas been conducted in combination with fire exposure of the CLT. Twodifferent series, with different dimensions, of beams were tested (series 1 andseries 2). Four basic set-ups: CLT in tension or compression, either equippedwith fire protective covering or not. Results from the tests has been gatheredand evaluated to verify the theoretical model of the fire resistance. Evaluationwas made through analysis of the residual cross-sections of the beamsregarding charring depth and rate and moment of inertia (I).Results of the tests verify to a large extent the Design model. Externalproblems and variations in the beams themselves caused some deviations.Analysis confirmed the CLT as being more similar to other laminated productssuch as Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) then homogenous solid beams. BothCLT and LVL experience delamination when exposed to fire resulting in anincreased charring rate. The difference in rate when using Gypsum plaster as aprotective barrier against the fire exposure is also equal to LVL.The results of the report will be used in the new version of the EuropeanStandard, Euro Code 5 and in the third edition of Fire Safe Timber Buildings.Charring rates proved to be less than expected but the CLTs ability to withstandfire while keeping its bearing capacity</p>

Yes / Concrete requires a vast amount of aggregate and cement production. Although there are some efforts in the literature to reduce the amount of Portland cement in the concrete mixture to lessen the greenhouse gas release, a limited number of studies were conducted to investigate the possibility of using this geopolymer mixtures to serve as a structural component. Therefore, this study firstly aimed to produce geopolymer concrete from construction and demolition waste-based precursors, including masonry units (red clay brick, roof tile, hollow brick, etc.) and glass. In addition, recycled aggregates produced from the concrete waste portion of the CDW were used to obtain 100% recycled construction material on the scale of the binder and aggregate phase. Then, this study investigated the possible use of this proposed geopolymer concrete to produce structural components that perform similar to conventional concrete. Therefore, the structural properties of reinforced geopolymer concrete beams produced from the recycled construction demolition wastes were evaluated in this study by conducting laboratory experiments. To this end, bending tests were performed on reinforced conventional concrete beam specimens and reinforced geopolymer concrete beam specimens. The test observations clearly showed that construction demolition waste could be recycled to produce new constructional components, considering its advantage of promoted sustainability. / The authors gratefully acknowledge the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme’s financial assistance under Grant Agreement No: 869336 and Acronym: ICEBERG and the financial assistance of the Scientific and Technical Research Council (TUBITAK) of Turkey and the British Council under Grant no:218M102. This work was also supported by Newton Prize 2020.

Este trabalho estuda as propriedades de resistência e rigidez de elementos estruturais roliços de madeira. Para a determinação dos módulos de elasticidade longitudinal (MOE), transversal (G) e de resistência das peças (MOR), são realizados ensaios de flexão estática e de compressão paralela às fibras das espécies Pinus elliottii, Pinus caribaea var. caribaea e Eucalyptus citriodora, em elementos estruturais e em corpos-de-prova de dimensões reduzidas. Os resultados apontam que a partir da relação vão/diâmetro = 18, na flexão estática, é possível desconsiderar as deformações decorrentes do cisalhamento no cálculo de MOE. Indicam também que há diferenças entre MOE na flexão para peças estruturais e para corpos-de-prova de dimensões reduzidas, o mesmo acontecendo para os valores obtidos nos ensaios de compressão paralela para MOE e MOR. Conclui-se que, para as peças estudadas, a relação E/20 não é um bom estimador para G, e que é recomendável o estabelecimento de metodologia de ensaio específica para peças estruturais roliças, sendo sugerido um método ao final deste trabalho. / The aim of this work is the determination of stiffness and strength properties of structural round timber. Static bending and compression parallel to grain tests were carried out to obtain modulus of elasticity (MOE), shear modulus (G) and modulus of rupture (MOR). The results suggest that, in bending test, there is no influence in MOE determination due to shear deflection at span/diameter ratio = 18 or more. There is difference in MOE results for structural round timber and for small clear specimen in bending tests, and the same occurs for MOE and MOR in compression parallel to grain tests. Finally, to this structural round timber, the MOE/20 ratio is not recommended to estimate G, and is commendable the establishment of specific structural round timber test methodology, as suggested in this study.

Este trabalho estuda as propriedades de resistência e rigidez de elementos estruturais roliços de madeira. Para a determinação dos módulos de elasticidade longitudinal (MOE), transversal (G) e de resistência das peças (MOR), são realizados ensaios de flexão estática e de compressão paralela às fibras das espécies Pinus elliottii, Pinus caribaea var. caribaea e Eucalyptus citriodora, em elementos estruturais e em corpos-de-prova de dimensões reduzidas. Os resultados apontam que a partir da relação vão/diâmetro = 18, na flexão estática, é possível desconsiderar as deformações decorrentes do cisalhamento no cálculo de MOE. Indicam também que há diferenças entre MOE na flexão para peças estruturais e para corpos-de-prova de dimensões reduzidas, o mesmo acontecendo para os valores obtidos nos ensaios de compressão paralela para MOE e MOR. Conclui-se que, para as peças estudadas, a relação E/20 não é um bom estimador para G, e que é recomendável o estabelecimento de metodologia de ensaio específica para peças estruturais roliças, sendo sugerido um método ao final deste trabalho. / The aim of this work is the determination of stiffness and strength properties of structural round timber. Static bending and compression parallel to grain tests were carried out to obtain modulus of elasticity (MOE), shear modulus (G) and modulus of rupture (MOR). The results suggest that, in bending test, there is no influence in MOE determination due to shear deflection at span/diameter ratio = 18 or more. There is difference in MOE results for structural round timber and for small clear specimen in bending tests, and the same occurs for MOE and MOR in compression parallel to grain tests. Finally, to this structural round timber, the MOE/20 ratio is not recommended to estimate G, and is commendable the establishment of specific structural round timber test methodology, as suggested in this study.

Les câbles d’acier sont utilisés comme renforts au sein des pneumatiques poids lourds, et servent notamment à supporter les efforts dus à la pression de gonflage et au poids du véhicule. Un câble est un ensemble de fils d’acier perlitique assemblés en hélices sur différentes couches. Il existe donc de nombreuses possibilités d’assemblage pour définir l’architecture d’un câble. Lors de leur sollicitation en service, les câbles sont soumis à des chargements cycliques à l’origine d’un endommagement en fatigue. Dans un contexte de réduction de la consommation et d’allègement des véhicules, la compréhension des mécanismes impliqués représente donc un enjeu majeur pour les manufacturiers de pneumatiques, en vue d’optimiser l’architecture des câbles vis-à-vis de la tenue en fatigue. Un essai de flexion cyclique représentatif de la sollicitation en service a été mis au point. Les éprouvettes testées sont des nappes composites constituées de câbles alignés au sein d’une matrice de gomme. Des essais interrompus à différents stades de l’endommagement suivis d’observations ex-situ (tomographie à rayon X, MEB) ont été réalisés. Un modèle de simulation par éléments finis de la nappe composite a été développé en vue d’étudier les interactions filgomme. La comparaison des observations aux simulations a permis de comprendre la cinétique de l’endommagement des renforts lors d’une sollicitation de flexion cyclique.L’étude de chacun des mécanismes susceptibles de contribuer à l’endommagement d’un câble a permis d’expliquer la meilleure tenue en fatigue des architectures pénétrées par la gomme. Un outil probabiliste de prédiction de la durée de vie des câbles basé sur la propagation des défauts en surface des fils a été développé. / Steel cables are used as reinforcements in heavy truck tires, in particular to support the forces resulting from the tire pressure and the vehicle's weight. A cable is a set of pearlitic steel wires assembled in helical form on different layers. There are therefore many assembly possibilities to define the cable architecture. The cables are subjected to cyclic loadings during service, resulting in fatigue damage. In a context of reduced fuel consumption and lighter vehicles, understanding the mechanisms involved is thus a major challenge for tire manufacturers, in order to optimize the architecture of cables with respect to fatigue resistance. A cyclic bending test representative of mechanical in-service loading has been developed. The tested specimens are composite layers made of cables aligned within an elastomer matrix. Interrupted tests at different stages of damage followed by ex-situ observations (X-ray tomography, SEM) were performed. A finite element model of the composite layer has been developed in order to understand wire-rubber interactions. The comparison of the observations with the simulations made it possible to understand the kinetics of cable damage during cyclic bending loading.The study of each of the mechanisms likely to contribute to the cable damage has made it possible to explain the better fatigue resistance of the architectures penetrated by the rubber. A stochastic cable fatigue life model based on wire surface defect propagation has been developed.

Le verre feuilleté est constitué de deux ou plusieurs feuilles de verre assemblées par une ou plusieurs couches de polymères viscoélastiques intermédiaires qui sont à l’origine des interactions entre les mécanismes de cisaillement, de flexion locale et de flexion globale qui régissent le comportement d’ensemble du verre feuilleté. Dans ces travaux, nous proposons un modèle de plaques dites "fortement contrastées" intégrant ces différents mécanismes et leur couplage. Dès lors qu’il existe une séparation d’échelle entre l’épaisseur de la plaque et la taille caractéristique des variations des champs cinématiques, la méthode des développements asymptotiques est applicable pour l’étude des stratifiées. Le comportement effectif de la plaque est dérivé de la loi de comportement 3D des matériaux, associée à une formulation de développements asymptotiques et à une mise à l’échelle appropriée du contraste de rigidité entre les couches raides de verre et des couches souples de polymère viscoélastique. Le procédé fournit une formulation explicite et cohérente, intégrant les efforts duaux des descripteurs macroscopiques (équations constitutives), les équations d’équilibres hors-plan et dans le plan et les différentes lois de comportements du stratifié. Le modèle est d’abord construit dans le cas d’une plaque de verre feuilleté à 2 couches raides puis différents cas de chargements statiques et dynamiques sont appliqués. Il est ensuite étendu aux plaques à 3 couches raides puis généralisé aux plaques à N couches raides. Des campagnes expérimentales sont mises en place pour valider les modèles obtenus. Enfin un cas d’étude de dimensionnement de plancher en verre feuilleté est proposé. / Widely used in recent years, the glass material makes it possible to erect light, aesthetic and resistant structures, in particular with glass lamination method, which consists in assembling two or more sheets of glass by one or more intermediate viscoelastic polymers layer. These viscoelastic interface layers are the source of interactions between the shear, the local bending and the global bending mechanisms that govern the overall behavior of laminated glass. For an optimal dimensioning and an accurate determination of the different fields, we propose a "highlycontrasted" plates model encapsulating these different mechanisms and their coupling. As long as a scale separation between the plate thickness and the caracteristic size of kinematics field variations exists, the asymptotic expansion method can be applied for the study of laminates. The effective plate behaviour is derived from the 3D constitutive law of the materials combined with an asymptotic expansion formulation and an appropriate scaling the tiffness contrast between stiff glass layers and soft viscoelastic polymer layers. The method provides a synthetic and consistent formulation, integrating the dual efforts of the macroscopic descriptors, in-plane and out-of-plane balance equations and the constitutive laws of the laminate. First the model is developped for a 2 stiff layers laminated glass plates, then different static and dynamic loading cases are applied. It is then extended to plates with 3 stiff layers and then generalized to plates with N stiff layers. Experimental campaigns are set up in order to validate the models. Finally, a case study of laminated glass floor design is proposed.

Submitted by Nayra Yumi Tsutsumoto null (nayrayumi@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-29T18:00:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO FINAL_v8_NAYRA YUMI TSUTSUMOTO.pdf: 8569526 bytes, checksum: 3ea70e3054ae638bf10e3a3b63a9c642 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-10-03T20:17:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tsutsumoto_ny_me_ilha.pdf: 8569526 bytes, checksum: 3ea70e3054ae638bf10e3a3b63a9c642 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-03T20:17:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tsutsumoto_ny_me_ilha.pdf: 8569526 bytes, checksum: 3ea70e3054ae638bf10e3a3b63a9c642 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-05 / O bambu é uma planta renovável, perene, tropical e que apresenta uma série de vantagens, tais como: crescimento rápido, elevada resistência mecânica, grande versatilidade, beleza, e não necessita do replantio de colmos. Certamente, fica evidente que o bambu é um material de grande potencial, para diversos setores, sobretudo da construção civil, em que o mesmo vem sendo utilizado desde os tempos mais remotos. Nas estruturas de concreto, o bambu tem sido estudado como um elemento passível de resistir aos esforços de tração. Entretanto, como desvantagens, o bambu é um material orgânico e higroscópico. Após a concretagem, durante a cura do concreto, o bambu absorve água e, consequentemente, tem suas dimensões aumentadas. Com o concreto endurecido, o bambu começa a perder a água absorvida e se retrai, sofrendo uma redução de seu volume, o que diminui a eficiência da aderência entre os materiais. Outra desvantagem do bambu é a região do nó, cuja resistência à tração é muito inferior à da região internodal. O presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo avaliar o comportamento estrutural de vigas de concreto armado, sem e com reforço adicional de taliscas de bambu, por meio de ensaios de flexão. As taliscas de bambu utilizadas como reforço adicional à armadura são de dois tipos: com e sem reforços nas regiões nodais. Com o intuito de analisar a condição de aderência entre a talisca de bambu e o concreto, foram realizados ensaios de arrancamento. As taliscas foram elaboradas a partir de colmos da espécie Bambusa vulgaris, disponível na cidade de Ilha Solteira, algumas com e outras sem reforços nas regiões nodais. Todas as taliscas foram impermeabilizadas com látex de seringueira. Para a colagem dos reforços nos nós das taliscas, foi utilizada uma resina poliuretana bicomponente à base de óleo de mamona. As taliscas com reforços colados apresentaram um aumento da resistência à tração. Com relação ao ensaio de arrancamento, a existência do reforço nos nós permitiu acréscimos em relação à tensão normal, provocando a ruptura da talisca e não o seu escorregamento. Quanto ao ensaio de flexão das vigas, concluiu-se que a presença das taliscas de bambu aumentou a capacidade resistente das vigas e, portanto, poderia se pensar na redução da quantidade de aço a ser utilizado. O reforço nos nós das taliscas de bambu proporcionou um melhor comportamento com relação às flechas e um discreto aumento na capacidade resistente das vigas. No que diz respeito ao padrão de fissuração, observou-se que a ruptura das vigas ocorreu na região central, região submetida aos maiores momentos fletores, e, embora as vigas com reforço adicional de taliscas de bambu reforçadas nos nós tenham apresentado maior número de fissuras, aparentemente, o padrão de fissuração foi basicamente o mesmo para todas as vigas ensaiadas. / Bamboo is a renewable, perennial and tropical plant, and that presents a number of advantages, such as: growth quickly, high mechanical resistance, versatility, beauty, and does not require the replanting of culms. Certainly it is clear that bamboo is a great potential material for various industries, especially construction, in which it has been used since ancient times. In concrete structures, bamboo has been studied as an element capable of resisting the traction efforts. However, as disadvantages, bamboo is an organic and hygroscopic material. After the concrete, during curing of the concrete, bamboo absorbs water and, therefore, has increased their dimensions. With the hardened concrete, bamboo begins to lose water absorbed and retracts suffering a reduction of its volume, which decreases the efficiency of adhesion between the materials. Another disadvantage of bamboo is the node region, whose tensile strength is much lower than the internode region. This study has as main objective to evaluate the structural behavior of reinforced concrete beams, with and without additional reinforcement bamboo splints through bending tests. The bamboo splints used as additional reinforcement to armor are of two types: with and without reinforcements in the node regions. In order to examine the condition of adhesion between the concrete and bamboo splint pull out tests were done. The splints were prepared from culms of Bambusa vulgaris species, available in the city of Ilha Solteira, some with and some without reinforcements in the node regions. All splints were coated with rubber trees latex. For bonding reinforcements in nodes of splints, we used a two-component polyurethane resin oil-based of castor plant. Samples with glued reinforcements showed an increase in the tensile strength. Regarding the pull out test, the existence of reinforcement in the nodes allowed increases in relation to normal tension, causing the rupture of splint and not its slipping. As for the bending test of the beams, it is concluded that the presence of bamboo splints increased bearing capacity of the beams and, therefore, could think of reducing the amount of steel to be used. Strengthening the nodes of bamboo splints provide better performance with respect to deflections and a slight increase in resitente capacity of beams. With regard to the crack pattern, it was observed that the breakage of the beams occurred in the central region, region subjected to higher bending moments, and, although the beams with additional reinforcement bamboo splints reinforced in the nodes had a higher number of cracks, apparently, the crack pattern was essentially the same for all tested beams.

Orientador: José Luiz Pinheiro Melges / Resumo: O bambu é uma planta renovável, perene, tropical e que apresenta uma série de vantagens, tais como: crescimento rápido, elevada resistência mecânica, grande versatilidade, beleza, e não necessita do replantio de colmos. Certamente, fica evidente que o bambu é um material de grande potencial, para diversos setores, sobretudo da construção civil, em que o mesmo vem sendo utilizado desde os tempos mais remotos. Nas estruturas de concreto, o bambu tem sido estudado como um elemento passível de resistir aos esforços de tração. Entretanto, como desvantagens, o bambu é um material orgânico e higroscópico. Após a concretagem, durante a cura do concreto, o bambu absorve água e, consequentemente, tem suas dimensões aumentadas. Com o concreto endurecido, o bambu começa a perder a água absorvida e se retrai, sofrendo uma redução de seu volume, o que diminui a eficiência da aderência entre os materiais. Outra desvantagem do bambu é a região do nó, cuja resistência à tração é muito inferior à da região internodal. O presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo avaliar o comportamento estrutural de vigas de concreto armado, sem e com reforço adicional de taliscas de bambu, por meio de ensaios de flexão. As taliscas de bambu utilizadas como reforço adicional à armadura são de dois tipos: com e sem reforços nas regiões nodais. Com o intuito de analisar a condição de aderência entre a talisca de bambu e o concreto, foram realizados ensaios de arrancamento. As taliscas foram elaboradas a parti... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Over the last few decades, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries have been extensively used in portable instruments due to their high energy density and low self-discharge rate. Recently, lithium-ion batteries have emerged as the most promising candidate for electric vehicles and stationary energy storage. However, the maximum energy that lithium-ion batteries can store decreases as they are used because of various irreversible degradation mechanisms. Lithium-ion batteries are complex systems to understand, and various processes and their interactions are responsible for the degradation over time. The mechanical integrity and stability of the electrode layers inside the battery highly influence the battery performance, which makes it a necessity to characterize the mechanical behavior of electrode active layers for mesoscopic and macroscopic level modeling. In papers 1 and 2, the macroscopic mechanical behavior of active layers in the electrodes is investigated using U-shape bending tests. The active layers are porous and a different tensile and compressive behavior is captured by performing tests on single side coated dry specimens. The experiments reveal that the active layer is stiffer in compression as compared to tension. The compressive stiffness increases with bending strain whereas the tensile stiffness is almost independent of the bending strain. A very low value of modulus of the active layer (1-5 GPa) is measured in comparison to the metal foils (70-110 GPa) and the active particles (50-200 GPa) which shows that the electrode properties are governed majorly by the binders present in the active layers.  The time-dependent and hysteresis effects are also captured by the method which circumvents the flaws of many other test methods presented in the literature.   In paper 3, we present a multiscale homogenization method that couples mechanics and electrochemistry at the particle, electrode, and battery scales. The active materials of lithium-ion battery electrodes exhibit volume change during lithium intercalation or deintercalation. A lithium concentration gradient develops inside particles, as well as inside the active layer. The developed stress due to deformations further affects solid diffusion.  We utilized models that have already been developed to couple particle and electrode layer levels. The mechanical coupling between the electrode and the battery level is achieved by homogenization of the layered battery using three-dimensional laminate theory.  By application of the model, we demonstrate that the stresses on all considered scales can be predicted from the homogenized model. It is furthermore demonstrated that the effects of external battery loadings like battery stacks, casings, and external pressure can be captured by the model. The model can also capture the effect of various electrochemical cycling rates and mechanical parameters like layer thicknesses, stiffnesses, and swelling properties. The presented multi-scale model is fast, accurate and the efficiency of the method is demonstrated by comparisons to detailed finite element computations where each layer is individually modeled.