Esta Tesis presenta los resultados de la investigación desarrollada en el marco del proyecto Temperature Buffer Test (TBT). El objetivo general de este proyecto es investigar el desempeño de la bentonita usada en barreras de ingeniería bajo la acción de las altas temperaturas que se esperan alrededor de los contenedores con residuos vitrificados. Dentro del proyecto, se ha implementado un ensayo de campo a escala real que simula el almacenamiento de residuos radioactivos de alta actividad. Adicionalmente, se realizaron experimentos en laboratorio para evaluar la respuesta de la bentonita usada en el proyecto bajo diferentes acciones externas.Las formulaciones que se usan para analizar el comportamiento de barreras de ingeniería de arcillas se escriben en términos de las variables de estado usando relaciones constitutivas. Entre esas leyes la curva de retención define la relación constitutiva entre la cantidad de agua en el suelo y su nivel de energía. Tradicionalmente, la influencia de variables externas como la temperatura y la fábrica del suelo sobre la capacidad de retención de agua del suelo se analiza utilizando conceptos derivados del modelo capilar. Sin embargo, estos análisis sistemáticamente fallaron para explicar las observaciones experimentales. En esta Tesis, se han evaluado los datos experimentales obtenidos en muestras de bentonita ensayadas a diferentes temperaturas y densidades usando una aproximación derivada a partir de conceptos de termodinámica de adsorción. Esta aproximación también define una herramienta para introducir en una manera simple el efecto de temperatura y densidad de la muestra en las simulaciones numéricas.En general se supone que la interacción entre la esmectita, que es el principal mineral de la bentonita, y el agua cambia las propiedades del agua retenida en el suelo. En particular, experimentos a nivel mineralógico así como los datos obtenidos en muestras compactadas de arcilla expansiva sugieren valores de la densidad del agua mayores que 1.0 Mg/m3 (es decir, la densidad del agua libre). Desde un punto de vista práctico, este efecto se traduce en valores calculados del grado de saturación mayor que uno para valores bajos de succión. Este aspecto es importante cuando se realizan análisis numéricos, debido a que las ecuaciones de balance se basan en el grado de saturación como la principal variable para indicar el contenido de agua en el medio poroso. En esta Tesis se ha desarrollado una metodología que define la densidad del agua como una función de la energía del agua en los poros del suelo. Este método fue usado para analizar datos publicados de la capacidad de retención de agua de muestras compactadas de diferentes bentonitas.El análisis de la respuesta mecánica de arcillas expansivas bajo acciones externas como aquellas típicamente encontradas en barreras de ingeniería es una tarea compleja. Los modelos constitutivos usados en los cálculos numéricos deben ser capaces de simular los principales aspectos de la respuesta material. En esta Tesis se han adoptado modelos previamente desarrollados para simular el comportamiento de muestras compactadas de arcilla expansiva. Los parámetros de estos modelos se calibraron usando datos experimentales que corresponden a muestras compactadas de bentonita MX-80, el material adoptado como referencia en el proyecto TBT.Los conceptos desarrollados en esta Tesis se incorporaron en un código numérico capaz de resolver problemas acoplados en medios porosos deformables. Este código fue aplicado tanto para el análisis de un ensayo de maqueta como para la simulación del ensayo in situ, ambos desarrollados en el marco del proyecto TBT. Las simulaciones numéricas demostraron las capacidades del código para capturar la tendencia general de los datos experimentales. Además, el análisis de los resultados numéricos puso de manifiesto los diferentes fenómenos que tienen lugar en los procesos acoplados así como los mecanismos de interacción entre ellos. / This Thesis presents the results of the research carried out in the framework of the Temperature Buffer Test (TBT) project. The overall objective of this project is to investigate how well the bentonite used in engineered barriers can endure the high temperatures expected to be found around vitrified waste canisters. Within the project, a full-scale field test that simulates the deposition of high level radioactive waste has been implemented. Additionally, laboratory experiments were carried out to evaluate the response of the bentonite used in the project under different external actions.Coupled formulations used to analyse the behaviour of an engineered clay barrier are written in terms of the state variables by using constitutive relations. Among these laws the soil water retention curve (SWRC) defines the constitutive relationship between the amount of water in the soil and its energy status. Traditionally, the influence of external variables like temperature and soil fabric on the water retention capacity of soils has been analysed using concepts derived from the capillary model. However, theses analyses systematically failed to explain the experimental observations. In this Thesis, experimental data obtained on bentonite samples tested at different temperatures and densities were evaluated using an approach derived from concepts of thermodynamic of adsorption. This approach also gives a tool to introduce in a simple way the effect of temperature and sample porosity in numerical simulations.It is generally accepted that the interaction between smectite, which is the main mineral of bentonite, and water changes the properties of the water retained in the soil. In particular, values of the water density higher than 1.0 Mg/m3 (i.e. the density of the free water) have been suggested by experiments at mineralogical level as well as by data obtained on compacted samples of expansive clays. From a practical point of view this effect traduces in values of degree of saturation higher than one at lower values of suction. This is important when a numerical analysis is being performed, as balance equations are based on the degree of saturation as the main variable to indicate the water content within the porous medium. In this Thesis a methodology that defines the water density as a function of the energy of the water within the soil pores was developed. This method was applied to analyse published data about the water retention capacity for compacted samples of different bentonites.The analysis of the mechanical response of expansive clays under external actions as those typically found in engineered barriers is a complex task. Constitutive models used in numerical calculations have to be able to simulate the main aspects of the material response. Models previously developed to simulate the behaviour of compacted samples made up of expansive clay were adopted in this Thesis. Parameters in these models were calibrated using experimental data corresponding to compacted samples of MX-80 bentonite, the material adopted as reference in the TBT project.Concepts developed in the Thesis were included in a numerical code able to solve coupled problems in deformable porous media. This code was then applied to the analysis of a mock-up experiment and to the simulation of the in situ test carried out within the framework of the TBT project. Theses numerical simulations showed the capabilities of the code to capture the general tendency of the experimental data. Additionally, the analysis of numerical results enhanced the understanding of the different phenomena that take place in coupled processes as well as the interaction mechanisms between them.

In this study, we use the swelling characteristics of bentonite to discussion about the performance of bentonite mortar anti-seepage and the performance of resistance to sulfate. And add the AE water-reducing to improve its workability. To compare with different rate of bentonite added at different ratio of AE water-reducing in the condition of Standard Test for Flow Table. We planning in different water-cement ratio (0.445,0.485,0.550) to test for its fresh properties and hardened properties, and discussion the effect by AE water-reducing on the marine engineering. According to this study, adding bentonite will make the flow value dropped, and affecting the workability. Because of the positive ion exchange properties between bentonite and water will make it a high volume exchange rate, it means that absorption is high, so when the mixing time, the bentonite will form clumps, in this study, we add the AE water-reducing to improve. After we add AE water-reducing, the absorption, compressive strength are increase, but we still had to pay attention to the ratio between bentonite and AE water-reducing, the strength of structure perhaps decrease if added too much bentonite. This study can get the best positive effect when added ratio of 0.25% of bentonite to replaced cement.

Thèse de doctorat : Chimie : Strasbourg 1 : 2007. / Thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 210-232.

Thèse doctorat : Géochimie-Minéralogie : Strasbourg 1 : 2006. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. 21 p.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) - Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Çevre Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, 2009. / Kaynakça var.

Liquefaction is a phenomenon that occurs in loose saturated sand deposits that are subjected to earthquake loading. This phenomenon can cause massive displacements and significant destruction. Many methods for mitigating liquefaction have been proposed and investigated including compaction, drainage, and grouting. One such liquefaction mitigation technique involves the addition of bentonite fines to the pore spaces of a loose, saturated sand via permeation of an engineered clay suspension. This method of soil improvement has provided the basis and motivation for this research. Also, the effect of plastic and non-plastic fines on the static and cyclic response of sands is somewhat contradictory throughout the literature. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to characterize the affect of an engineered bentonite pore fluid on the undrained monotonic response of loose, saturated Ottawa sand in order to determine its feasibility for use as an effective method for liquefaction mitigation. The permeation of engineered bentonite suspensions is proposed as a passive site remediation technique. Thus, the suspensions were delivered to loose Ottawa sand specimens in the laboratory by permeation in a newly designed three-way split mold. This split mold was used to create easily tested specimens that would have an initial soil fabric similar to that expected after permeation in the field. The bentonite suspensions were treated with sodium pyrophosphate to reduce the initial yield stress and viscosity in order to allow for permeation. Three different bentonite suspensions were utilized throughout this study each having different properties and delivering slightly different amounts of bentonite to the loose, saturated sand. The affect of this engineered pore fluid on the undrained shear response of loose, saturated Ottawa sand was compared to the undrained shear response of clean sand and dry-mixed sand and bentonite. The specimen preparation method (dry-mixed or permeated) was shown to have a significant effect on the response of the sand specimens. While the dry-mixed specimens produced larger and more sustained positive pore water pressures than the clean sand (resulting in an increased tendency to flow), the permeated specimens showed a marked decrease in the generation of excess pore water pressures, displayed a more dilative response, and thus resulted in a soil structure that was less likely to flow. Finally, the results of tests on specimens permeated with engineered bentonite suspensions show that there is little to no change in the effective friction angle at critical state. A method for effectively testing permeated soil specimens was developed in this study. This method has laid the framework for further investigations into the use of engineered bentonite suspensions for liquefaction mitigation by permeation grouting. / text

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Atomic Energy of Canada Limited’s Underground Research Laboratory was built to allow study of concepts for the long-term disposal of Canada’s used nuclear fuel in a deep geological repository. The underground portion of the facility was decommissioned and permanently closed in 2010. Decommissioning included the installation of a seal at the intersection of the access shaft with a hydraulically active fracture zone located at 275 m depth. The objective of the shaft seal is to limit potential groundwater mixing above and below the fracture zone. This project provided a unique opportunity to study the hydro-mechanical evolution of a full-scale shaft seal installed under conditions similar to those in a deep geological repository. This thesis provides an overview of the instrumentation and data logging techniques that have been successfully used to monitor the initial behaviour of the shaft seal in this unique underground environment.

Atomic Energy of Canada Limited’s Underground Research Laboratory was built to allow study of concepts for the long-term disposal of Canada’s used nuclear fuel in a deep geological repository. The underground portion of the facility was decommissioned and permanently closed in 2010. Decommissioning included the installation of a seal at the intersection of the access shaft with a hydraulically active fracture zone located at 275 m depth. The objective of the shaft seal is to limit potential groundwater mixing above and below the fracture zone. This project provided a unique opportunity to study the hydro-mechanical evolution of a full-scale shaft seal installed under conditions similar to those in a deep geological repository. This thesis provides an overview of the instrumentation and data logging techniques that have been successfully used to monitor the initial behaviour of the shaft seal in this unique underground environment.