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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Conversion of pharmaceuticals and other drugs by fungal peroxygenases / Umsetzung von Pharmazeutika und psychoaktiven Substanzen mit pilzlichen Peroxygenasen

Poraj-Kobielska, Marzena 17 June 2013 (has links) (PDF)
Over the recent years, increasing scientific attention has been paid to pharmaceuticals, other drugs and their metabolites. These substances are of particular interest because of their physiological, toxicological and ecotoxicological effects in the human body and respectively in the environment. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) play a key role in the conversion and detoxification of bioactive compounds including many pharmaceuticals and drugs. Most of these enzymes belong to the monooxygenases; they are intracellular and rather unstable biocatalysts that are difficult to purify and require expensive, complex cofactors, which alltogether hampers their use in isolated form. The investigations carried out here with fungal peroxygenases have shown that this enzyme sub-subclass (EC 1.11.2.x) has a promising potential for oxyfunctionalizations and can catalyze a variety of reactions typical for P450s. Peroxygenases are extracellular, i.e. secreted fungal enzymes with high stability, which merely need peroxide for function. Results obtained with the unspecific/aromatic peroxygenases (APOs) of Agrocybe aegerita, Coprinellus radians and Marasmius rotula have demonstrated that APOs catalyze numerous H2O2-dependent monooxygenations of pharmaceuticals and psychoactive drugs. Among them are i) the monooxygenation of aromatic compounds, ii) the benzylic hydroxylation of toluene derivatives, iii) the O-dealkylation of different ether structures including the scission of benzodioxoles (O-demethylenation) and esters as well as iv) the N-dealkylation of secondary and tertiary amines. The peroxygenases studied considerably differ in their substrate spectrum and the preferred positions of oxidation. This finding opens the possibility to develop in the future an “enzymatic toolbox“ on the basis of fungal peroxygenases for the oxyfunctionalization of pharmaceutically relevant compounds. Mechanistic studies showed that (1) the monooxygenations always proceed via incorporation of one oxygen atom from the peroxide, (2) the demethylation of phenacetind1 established a deuterium isotope effect similar to P450s, (3) the catalytic efficiencies for the studied oxidations are in the same range as those of P450s (though the kcat- and Km values are noticeably higher), (4) the kinetic studies with nitro-1,3-benzodioxole gave parallel double reciprocal plots suggestive of a “ping pong” mechanism, (5) the substrate spectrum and the activity pattern of APOs follows in a wide range those of the human key P450s as well as that (6) the difference spectra obtained in bindings studies are of the phenol type of P450s. Furthermore, APOs were found to be stable and active in long term experiments over two weeks and they oxidized pharmaceuticals at low, environmentally relevant concentration (ppb range). All the above properties strongly indicate that APOs respresent an interesting alternative for the enzymatic conversion of pharmaceuticals as well as for the preparation of human drug metabolites, for example, in medicinal and pharmacological research or the bioremediation sector (removal of pharmaceuticals from environmental media). / In den letzten Jahren sind Pharmazeutika und deren Metabolite mehr und mehr in den Fokus der Wissenschaft gerückt. Diese Substanzen sind aufgrund ihrer physiologischen und toxikologischen sowie ökotoxikologischen Wirkungen im menschlichen Körper bzw. in der Umwelt von besonderem Interesse. Cytochrom-P450-Enzyme (P450s) spielen eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Umsetzung und Detoxifizierung bioaktiver Substanzen, darunter vieler Pharmazeutika und Drogen. Es handelt sich bei diesen Enzymen in erster Linie um Monooxygenasen, die intrazellulär lokalisiert und relativ instabil sind; sie benötigen komplexe, teure Kofaktoren und sind nur unter hohem Aufwand zu reinigen, was ihre Anwendung in isolierter Form insgesamt erschwert. Die hier durchgeführten Untersuchungen zu pilzlichen Peroxygenasen haben gezeigt, dass diese Enzymsubklasse (EC 1.11.2.x) ein hohes Oxyfunktionalisierungspotenzial besitzt und eine Vielzahl P450-typischer Reaktionen zu katalysieren vermag. Peroxygenasen sind extrazelluläre, d.h. sekretierte Pilzenzyme, die eine hohe Stabilität aufweisen und lediglich ein Peroxid als Kosubstrat benötigen. Die unter Verwendung der unspezifischen/aromatischen Peroxygenasen (APOs) von Agrocybe aegerita, Coprinellus radians und Marasmius rotula gewonnenen Ergebnisse belegen, dass APOs verschiedene H2O2-abhängige Monooxygenierungen von Pharmazeutika und psychoaktiven Substanzen realisieren. Dazu gehören i) die Monooxygenierung von Aromaten, ii) die benzylische Hydroxylierung von Toluolderivaten, iii) die O-Dealkylierung verschiedener Etherstrukturen einschließlich der Spaltung von Benzodioxolen (O-Demethylenierung) und Estern sowie iv) die N-Dealkylierung von sekundären und tertiären Aminen. Die untersuchten Peroxygenasen wiesen teilweise deutliche Unterschiede im Substratspektrum und den präferierten Oxidationspositionen auf. Dieser Befund eröffnet die Möglichkeit, zukünftig einen „enzymatischen Werkzeugkasten“ auf Basis pilzlicher Peroxygenasen für die Oxyfunktionalisierung von pharmazeutisch relevanten Wirkstoffen zu entwickeln. Mechanistische Experimente zeigten, dass (1) die Monooxygenierungen stets unter Einbau eines aus dem Peroxid stammenden Sauerstoffatoms erfolgen, (2) die Deethylierung von Phenacetin-d1 einen Deuteriumisotopeneffekt ähnlich dem der P450s aufweist, (3) die katalytischen Effizienzen für die untersuchten Oxidationen im gleichen Bereich wie die der P450s liegen (wobei die kcat- und Km-Werte deutlich höher ausfallen), (4) die kinetischen Untersuchungen zur Oxidation von Nitro-1,3-Benzodioxol parallele Verläufe der ermittelten Ausgleichsgeraden in der doppelt reziproken Darstellung ergaben, was für einen “Ping-Pong-Mechanismus“ spricht, (5) sich das Substratspektrum und die Aktivitätsmuster der APOs in einem weiten Bereich mit denen der wichtigsten menschlichen P450s decken sowie dass (6) die in Bindungsstudien gewonnenen Differenzspektren denen des Phenoltyps der P450s entsprechen. Desweiteren erwiesen sich APOs in Langzeitexperimenten über zwei Wochen als stabil und aktiv und sie waren in der Lage, Pharmazeutika in umweltrelevanten Konzentrationen (ppb-Bereich) zu oxidieren. All die genannten Eigenschaften legen nahe, dass APOs eine interessante Alternative zur enzymatischen Umsetzung von Pharmazeutika sowie zur Herstellung von humanen Pharmazeutika-Metaboliten darstellen, die z.B. Einsatz in der medizinischpharmakologischen Forschung oder im Umweltbereich (Entfernung von Pharmazeutika aus Umweltmedien) finden könnten.
2

Uso de benzodioxolas em sistemas de fotoiniciação de adesivos odontológicos / Thesis (Doctorate) Post Graduate Program, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas / RS, Brazil

Lima, Giana da Silveira 10 July 2009 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:30:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-07-10 / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of benzodioxole derivatives as co-initiators of radical polymerization of experimental self-etching adhesive systems. To compose the experimental self-etching adhesive systems a primer, containing methacrylate monomers and solvents, was developed. A monomer mixture, based on 50 wt % of Bisphenol A glicidyl dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA), 25 wt% of triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and 25 wt% of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate(HEMA), was used as a model dental adhesive resin. Camphorquinone (CQ) 1 mol % was used as a photoinitiator to initiate polymerization. Different co-initiators (1,3- benzodioxole and piperonyl alcohol) and concentrations (0.25, 0.50, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 mol %) were used in a model dental adhesive resin, to compose the experimental groups. Additionally, tertiary amine (EDAB) was used as co-initiator in the control group. The physical, chemical and mechanical properties and characteristics of the polymer obtained for the experimental adhesives (ABDO, APA, AEDAB) were evaluated using polymerization kinetics, sorption and solubility, flexural strength and elastic modulus. The microtensile bond strength (µTBS) to enamel and dentin, and fracture mode were investigated. Adicionalmente morphological analysis of the dentin bonding Interface were evaluated. The results indicated that the BDO and PA were effective co-initiators for the photoinitiator system based on CQ. Comparisons between the benzodioxole derivative co-initiators and traditionally used amine EDAB, showed similar performance in the kinetics of polymerization, flexural strength, water sorption and solubility of the model dental adhesive resin evaluated. In the microtensile bond strength dentin means were higher than enamel and mixed failures were predominant. APA showed higher bond strengths than AEDAB, while ABDO showed intermediate data. The hybrid layer for all groups was shown to be shallow (1-2 µm thick). No appreciable differences in homogeneity were detected along the bonded interface. BDO and PA were feasible alternatives to conventional amine as co-initiator of radical polymerization, moreover, as these benzodioxoles are found in the human diet, this characteristic made them more promising and advantageous to use in dental adhesive resin formulations than amine. / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a efetividade de componentes derivados de benzodioxolas, como co-iniciadores da polimerização radicalar de um adesivo autocondicionante experimental. Para compor sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes experimentais foi desenvolvido um primer, composto por monômeros metacrilatos e solventes. O adesivo foi formulado utilizando uma resina adesiva modelo, composta por 50% de bisfenol A glicidil dimetacrilato (Bis-GMA), 25% de 2-hidroxietil metacrilato (HEMA) e 25% de trietilenoglicol dimetacrilato (TEGDMA), em massa. Canforoquinona (CQ) na concentração 1% molar foi utilizada como fotoiniciador da polimerização da resina modelo. Os grupos experimentais foram formulados com diferentes coiniciadores na resina adesiva: 1,3-benzodioxola (BDO) e álcool piperonílico (AP), em diferentes concentrações molares (0.25, 0.50, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 %). Adicionalmente um grupo com amina terciária, etil,4-dimetilamino benzoato (EDAB) como co-iniciador, foi formulado como controle. Características e propriedades físicas, químicas e mecânicas do polímero obtido pelos adesivos experimentais foram avaliadas utilizando as metodologias de cinética de polimerização, sorção e solubilidade, resistência à flexão e módulo de elasticidade. A resistência de união à microtração (MPa) ao esmalte e à dentina, com a caracterização do tipo de fratura foi investigada. Adicionalmente, análise morfológica da interface adesiva em dentina foi avaliada. Os resultados indicaram que o BDO e PA foram co-iniciadores efetivos para sistemas fotoiniciadores à base de canforoquinona (CQ). Comparações entre os adesivos experimentais com co-iniciadores derivados de benzodioxolas (ABDO e AAP) e amina (AEDAB), mostraram performance similar na avaliação da cinética de polimerização, resistência à flexão, sorção e solubilidade da resina adesiva modelo avaliada. Na avaliação da resistência de união ao esmalte e à dentina, foi detectada diferença estatística e houve predominância de falhas mistas. APA apresentou maior resistência de união que AEDAB, enquanto ABDO mostrou resultados intermediários. A camada híbrida para todos os grupos apresentou uma espessura entre 1 e 2 Vm. Não foi observada diferença na homogeneidade da interface adesiva em dentina. BDO e PA se revelaram alternativas viáveis à amina como co-iniciadores para a polimerização radicalar. Ademais, estas benzodioxolas são mais promissoras e vantajosas que as aminas, por sua biocompatibilidade e presença na dieta humana
3

Conversion of pharmaceuticals and other drugs by fungal peroxygenases

Poraj-Kobielska, Marzena 26 April 2013 (has links)
Over the recent years, increasing scientific attention has been paid to pharmaceuticals, other drugs and their metabolites. These substances are of particular interest because of their physiological, toxicological and ecotoxicological effects in the human body and respectively in the environment. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) play a key role in the conversion and detoxification of bioactive compounds including many pharmaceuticals and drugs. Most of these enzymes belong to the monooxygenases; they are intracellular and rather unstable biocatalysts that are difficult to purify and require expensive, complex cofactors, which alltogether hampers their use in isolated form. The investigations carried out here with fungal peroxygenases have shown that this enzyme sub-subclass (EC 1.11.2.x) has a promising potential for oxyfunctionalizations and can catalyze a variety of reactions typical for P450s. Peroxygenases are extracellular, i.e. secreted fungal enzymes with high stability, which merely need peroxide for function. Results obtained with the unspecific/aromatic peroxygenases (APOs) of Agrocybe aegerita, Coprinellus radians and Marasmius rotula have demonstrated that APOs catalyze numerous H2O2-dependent monooxygenations of pharmaceuticals and psychoactive drugs. Among them are i) the monooxygenation of aromatic compounds, ii) the benzylic hydroxylation of toluene derivatives, iii) the O-dealkylation of different ether structures including the scission of benzodioxoles (O-demethylenation) and esters as well as iv) the N-dealkylation of secondary and tertiary amines. The peroxygenases studied considerably differ in their substrate spectrum and the preferred positions of oxidation. This finding opens the possibility to develop in the future an “enzymatic toolbox“ on the basis of fungal peroxygenases for the oxyfunctionalization of pharmaceutically relevant compounds. Mechanistic studies showed that (1) the monooxygenations always proceed via incorporation of one oxygen atom from the peroxide, (2) the demethylation of phenacetind1 established a deuterium isotope effect similar to P450s, (3) the catalytic efficiencies for the studied oxidations are in the same range as those of P450s (though the kcat- and Km values are noticeably higher), (4) the kinetic studies with nitro-1,3-benzodioxole gave parallel double reciprocal plots suggestive of a “ping pong” mechanism, (5) the substrate spectrum and the activity pattern of APOs follows in a wide range those of the human key P450s as well as that (6) the difference spectra obtained in bindings studies are of the phenol type of P450s. Furthermore, APOs were found to be stable and active in long term experiments over two weeks and they oxidized pharmaceuticals at low, environmentally relevant concentration (ppb range). All the above properties strongly indicate that APOs respresent an interesting alternative for the enzymatic conversion of pharmaceuticals as well as for the preparation of human drug metabolites, for example, in medicinal and pharmacological research or the bioremediation sector (removal of pharmaceuticals from environmental media). / In den letzten Jahren sind Pharmazeutika und deren Metabolite mehr und mehr in den Fokus der Wissenschaft gerückt. Diese Substanzen sind aufgrund ihrer physiologischen und toxikologischen sowie ökotoxikologischen Wirkungen im menschlichen Körper bzw. in der Umwelt von besonderem Interesse. Cytochrom-P450-Enzyme (P450s) spielen eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Umsetzung und Detoxifizierung bioaktiver Substanzen, darunter vieler Pharmazeutika und Drogen. Es handelt sich bei diesen Enzymen in erster Linie um Monooxygenasen, die intrazellulär lokalisiert und relativ instabil sind; sie benötigen komplexe, teure Kofaktoren und sind nur unter hohem Aufwand zu reinigen, was ihre Anwendung in isolierter Form insgesamt erschwert. Die hier durchgeführten Untersuchungen zu pilzlichen Peroxygenasen haben gezeigt, dass diese Enzymsubklasse (EC 1.11.2.x) ein hohes Oxyfunktionalisierungspotenzial besitzt und eine Vielzahl P450-typischer Reaktionen zu katalysieren vermag. Peroxygenasen sind extrazelluläre, d.h. sekretierte Pilzenzyme, die eine hohe Stabilität aufweisen und lediglich ein Peroxid als Kosubstrat benötigen. Die unter Verwendung der unspezifischen/aromatischen Peroxygenasen (APOs) von Agrocybe aegerita, Coprinellus radians und Marasmius rotula gewonnenen Ergebnisse belegen, dass APOs verschiedene H2O2-abhängige Monooxygenierungen von Pharmazeutika und psychoaktiven Substanzen realisieren. Dazu gehören i) die Monooxygenierung von Aromaten, ii) die benzylische Hydroxylierung von Toluolderivaten, iii) die O-Dealkylierung verschiedener Etherstrukturen einschließlich der Spaltung von Benzodioxolen (O-Demethylenierung) und Estern sowie iv) die N-Dealkylierung von sekundären und tertiären Aminen. Die untersuchten Peroxygenasen wiesen teilweise deutliche Unterschiede im Substratspektrum und den präferierten Oxidationspositionen auf. Dieser Befund eröffnet die Möglichkeit, zukünftig einen „enzymatischen Werkzeugkasten“ auf Basis pilzlicher Peroxygenasen für die Oxyfunktionalisierung von pharmazeutisch relevanten Wirkstoffen zu entwickeln. Mechanistische Experimente zeigten, dass (1) die Monooxygenierungen stets unter Einbau eines aus dem Peroxid stammenden Sauerstoffatoms erfolgen, (2) die Deethylierung von Phenacetin-d1 einen Deuteriumisotopeneffekt ähnlich dem der P450s aufweist, (3) die katalytischen Effizienzen für die untersuchten Oxidationen im gleichen Bereich wie die der P450s liegen (wobei die kcat- und Km-Werte deutlich höher ausfallen), (4) die kinetischen Untersuchungen zur Oxidation von Nitro-1,3-Benzodioxol parallele Verläufe der ermittelten Ausgleichsgeraden in der doppelt reziproken Darstellung ergaben, was für einen “Ping-Pong-Mechanismus“ spricht, (5) sich das Substratspektrum und die Aktivitätsmuster der APOs in einem weiten Bereich mit denen der wichtigsten menschlichen P450s decken sowie dass (6) die in Bindungsstudien gewonnenen Differenzspektren denen des Phenoltyps der P450s entsprechen. Desweiteren erwiesen sich APOs in Langzeitexperimenten über zwei Wochen als stabil und aktiv und sie waren in der Lage, Pharmazeutika in umweltrelevanten Konzentrationen (ppb-Bereich) zu oxidieren. All die genannten Eigenschaften legen nahe, dass APOs eine interessante Alternative zur enzymatischen Umsetzung von Pharmazeutika sowie zur Herstellung von humanen Pharmazeutika-Metaboliten darstellen, die z.B. Einsatz in der medizinischpharmakologischen Forschung oder im Umweltbereich (Entfernung von Pharmazeutika aus Umweltmedien) finden könnten.

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