Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Scotch whiskey is of two main types, namely Scotch malt whiskey, made from malted barley alone, or Scotch grain whiskey, made from cereals, such as wheat or maize, together with malted barley. In both processes, the enzymes from the barley are responsible for starch conversion and should always be derived entirely from the malted barley. No exogenous enzymes are allowed to be added to any mashing. The enzymes involved in the conversion process to fermentable sugars, are the aand p-amylases, limit dextrinase and p-glucosidase. Maize, on the other hand, contains no enzyme activity, therefore enzymes need to be added when producing whiskey from maize alone. In other whiskey-producing countries where maize is freely available and cheaper than barley, the use of exogenous enzymes are allowed in the mashing process and is crucial for the formation of fermentable sugars from complex carbohydrates. The cost of the enzymes, however, can push the production cost of whiskey to higher levels. Saccharomyces cerevisiae does not have any amylolytic activity, but is an excellent fermenter and produces favourable organoleptic notes, which makes it very suitable for producing potable spirit. Efforts have been made to genetically improve industrial strains, relying on classical genetic techniques followed by the selection of broad traits, such as ethanol tolerance, absence of off-flavours and carbohydrate/starch utilisation. No strain has thus far been selected for total starch degradation during the fermentation of whiskey mash. Over the last decade, considerable progress has been made in the development of genetically improved strains for the distilling, wine, brewing and baking industries. The expression of heterologous genes introduced a new dimension in approaches to the genetic improvement of industrial strains. It would therefore be cost-effective to use a yeast strain that can produce active and sufficient enzymes to ferment raw starch efficiently to alcohol without lowering the quality of the end product. No such strain has been developed to date, but the continuous improvement of starch-utilising strains has made this goal more achievable. Two a-amylase genes, namely LKA 1 and LKA2, were previously isolated from Lipomyces kanonenkoae. In this study, we selected 4 strains on the basis of criteria that are important for whiskey-specific strains. The selected strains were transformed with LKA 1, as well as with a combination of LKA 1 and LKA2 genes. The wine yeast VIN13 was included in the transformation of LKA1 and LKA2 because of its rapid fermentation rate. The genes were integrated into the genomes of the yeast strains and were stable after many generations. Assays showed that a significant increase in enzyme activity was induced in the whiskey strains, compared to the untransformed strains. The strains also showed good fermentation ability in whiskey fermentations, although optimum alcohol production was still not achieved. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Skotse whiskey bestaan uit 2 tipes, nl. mout whiskey, gemaak slegs van mout d.w.s. gars wat die mout proses ondergaan het, en graan whiskey wat gemaak word van gewasse soos mielies of koring, waarby mout gevoeg word. Die ensieme afkomstig van die mout is verantwoordelik vir die omsetting van stysel na fermenteerbare suikers en geen eksogene ensieme mag by die gars- of graanmengsel gevoeg word nie. Die ensieme wat betrokke is by die omsetting van stysel, is die a- en ~- arnitases, limiet dekstrinase en ~-glukosidase. Mielies bevat geen ensiemaktiwiteit nie, dus moet ensieme by die proses gevoeg word indien slegs mielies vir die vervaardiging van whiskey gebruik word. In whiskey produserende lande waar mielies vryelik beskikbaar is en goedkoper is as gars, word eksogene ensieme by die graanmengsel gevoeg vir die vrystelling van fermenteerbare suikers vanaf komplekse koolhidrate. Die hoë koste van die ensieme kan egter die produksiekoste van whiskey verhoog. Saccharomyces cerevisiae besit geen amilolitiese aktiwiteit nie, maar is 'n uitstekende fermenteerder en produseer gewensde organoleptiese geure. Om hierdie redes is S. cerevisiae baie geskik vir die produksie van drinkbare etanol. Navorsingspogings om industriële rasse geneties m.b.v. klassieke genetiese metodes te verbeter, kom wydverspreid in die literatuur voor. Dit sluit in die seleksie van rasse met 'n verskeidenheid van eienskappe soos etanol toleransie, die afwesigheid van afgeur produksie en koolhidraat/stysel benutting. Geen ras is egter tot op hede geselekteer vir totale stysel afbraak gedurende fermentasie nie. Groot vordering is gedurende die laaste dekade gemaak in die ontwikkeling van genetiese verbeterde rasse vir die wyn- stokery- en brouers industrieë. Die uitdruk van heterogene gene in gisrasse gee 'n nuwe dimensie aan die genetiese verbetering van industriële rasse. Die gebruik van 'n gisras wat aktiewe en genoegsame ensieme produseer om rou stysel te fermenteer, sonder om die kwalitiet van die eindproduk nadelig te beïnvloed, kan die produksiekoste van whiskey aansienlik verminder. Geen gisras met hierdie eienskap is tot op hede ontwikkel nie, maar die voortdurende verbetering van rasse om stysel af te breek maak hierdie doel meer bereikbaar. Twee a-amilase gene, nl. LKA 1 en LKA2 is voorheen uit Lipomyces kononenkoae geïsoleer. In hierdie studie is 4 gisrasse geselekteer op grond van die kriteria wat nodig is vir whiskey giste. Die geselekteerde rasse is getransformeer met LKA 1 sowel as 'n kombinasie van LKA 1 en LKA2 gene. Die wyngis VIN13 is ingesluit by die transformasie met die LKA1 en LKA2 gene, omrede VIN13 bekend is as 'n vinnige fermenteerder. Die gene is geïntegreer in die genoom van die verskillende gisrasse en is stabiel na vele generasies. Die getransformeerde rasse het 'n betekenisvolle verhoging in ensiemaktiwiteit teenoor die nie-getransformeerde rasse getoon. AI die transformante het ook goeie fermentasie vermoë getoon in whiskey fermentasie proewe. Optimum alkoholproduksie is egter nie verkry nie.

Culture plays a significant role in defining how alcohol is consumed and in determining the attitudes of the nonconsuming population toward the consumer. While the mechanics of the relationship between alcohol consumption and culture have been extensively investigated in the industrialized world, there is a paucity of studies concerning developing nations. This study contributes to available data by examining in detail alcohol consumption within one North Indian caste group, the Rajputs. The Rajputs have played a unique role in Indian history, first as conquering invaders and later as martial rulers sworn to defend Hindu India. In the subject village, which is over 80 percent Rajput, they are the principal landholders and control the power structure. A survey of a variety of jatis within the village also confirmed their reputation as heavy drinkers. Investigation of the Rajput in relation to other jatis revealed significant differences in childrearing practices, family structure, marriage, religiosity and sex role differentiation between the two groups. This was seen to result in a different basic personality being evident in Rajputs and non-Rajputs. The Rajputs' ongoing ties to their marital past were found to dictate that Rajput males express their martiality by repressing a broad range of intense emotions, including fear, loneliness and despair, and that they restrict the expression of intimacy in personal relationships. Family life, childrearing, marriage and sexual relationships were all subordinated to this overriding concern. Alcohol plays a crucial role in this cultural scheme in that it is viewed as a culturally-sanctioned "escape valve," its consumption resulting in "disinhibiting" behavior not usually associated with the stoic Rajput personality. Evidence of this assigned role was seen in the high associations of alcohol consumption with the release of violence and sexual passions and its function as a social lubricant providing the means for the individual Rajput to function in social situations in which he feels uncomfortable. The sociocultural roles assigned to the consumption of alcohol in Rajput culture were found to bear a striking resemblance to those found in North American culture, specifically in the United States.

INTRODUCTION: Research has strongly linked increased consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) to obesity/overweight in youth. AIM: This study aims to: (1) examine SSB consumption rates in high school students nationwide, (2) explore association between SSB consumption and adiposity (overweight/obesity), (3) examine gender, racial/ethnic, and physical activity (PA) status differences in SSB consumption. METHODS: The Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS)-2015 was employed in this study. Weighted percentages were used to examine differences in SSB consumption and adiposity prevalence by gender, race and PA status. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine association between SSB consumption and adiposity. Adjusted and unadjusted odds ratios and 95% CIs were calculated. RESULTS: Overall, 20% of students drank sodas daily ≥ 1 times a day and about 14% drank sports drinks daily. More male students consumed both sodas and sports drinks than female students. Soda consumption was largest in the group with zero days PA (25%) and consumption of sports drinks was highest in the daily PA category (24%) than the other categories. Multivariate logistic regression revealed higher odds of obesity among male students as compared to female students (OR=1.7, 95% CI=1.4, 2.1) and among Hispanic students as compared to white students (OR=1.5, 95% CI=1.2, 1.8), after adjusting for all other covariates. Students who engaged in daily PA had lower odds of obesity than those who had no PA (OR=0.6, 95% CI=0.5, 0.8). There was no significant difference in the odds of obesity between those who consumed SSBs and those who did not. DISCUSSION: This study provides insight into SSB consumption trends in US adolescents by socio- demographic factors and PA status, as well as its association with adiposity. Male gender, certain racial minorities and lack of physical activity can potentially be responsible for greater SSB consumption. Sports drinks consumption is high even in physically active youth. Lack of association between SSB intake and adiposity may be due to the limited SSBs included.

M.Tech. (Food Technology) / Coeliac disease is an autoimmune disease triggered by the ingestion of gluten; persons suffering from coeliac disease are compelled to follow a life-long gluten-free diet. Gluten-free bread, (GFB), has poor quality attributes compared to wheat bread. The effect of mageu, a traditional beverage on quality parameters of GFB with and without selected hydrocolloids was studied. Mageu produced from maize flour and commercial starter cultures were used in GFB based on sorghum, soybean flour and maize starch. It is hypothesized that mageu with or without hydrocolloids could improve GFB quality aspects. The quality parameters measured were specific volume, loaf height, bake loss, rheological attributes, crumb firmness, firming rate, onset of mould growth and sensory attributes: texture, crumb colour, crust colour, flavour and overall acceptability.....

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Commerce (Specialising in Taxation) / Obesity and overweight caused by overconsumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (‘SSBs’) are a problem in South Africa, as in most countries. It was for this reason that the Minister of Finance announced in the February 2016 Budget a decision to introduce a tax on SSBs with effect from 1 April 2017 to help reduce excessive sugar intake and tackle non-communicable diseases. Previously, South Africa had introduced similar legislation but abolished it in April 2002 after a nine-year period (BDO, 2012.) In order to determine the impact of the sugar tax in South Africa, the sugar tax was compared to similar taxes implemented in other tax jurisdictions, namely, the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Mexico and Denmark, and also to other similar taxes levied in South Africa. The question which the research addressed is whether a sugar tax could be used as a tool to decrease the rising rate of obesity in South Africa and therefore to improve the general health of South Africans (effective tax). The tax on SSBs may have its shortcomings but, depending upon the administrative and support structures put in place to deal with it, it will be an effective tax. In other words, the introduction of a sugar tax should reduce overweight and obesity. / GR2018

A preocupação com o uso do álcool entre universitários é evidente em várias partes do mundo. Diversos estudos mostram que o uso e abuso dessa substância vêm aumentando em ritmo acelerado. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar o padrão de consumo de álcool e suas conseqüências entre universitários da área de saúde de uma Faculdade privada do interior do estado de São Paulo. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo e exploratório com uma amostra de 1007 estudantes universitários. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se um questionário auto-aplicável, contendo três partes: a primeira referente aos dados sóciodemográficos, a segunda refere-se ao padrão de consumo de álcool e a terceira refere-se aos problemas vivenciados por essa população após beber. Entre os resultados estão que a maioria dos estudantes pertence ao sexo feminino 84%, estado civil solteiro 85,1%, com idade entre 18 e 25 anos 79%, provenientes de outras cidades 62,6% e 60,0% referiram não trabalhar. A maioria dos estudantes pertence ao curso de enfermagem 24,2% e em relação ao ano do curso, 30,3% são calouros. Quanto à moradia, 75,1% referiram morar com a família. No que se refere ao tipo de religião 64% afirmaram ser católicos e 67% referem que a religião é muito importante em suas vidas. Em relação ao consumo de álcool, 64% fazem uso de baixo risco, incluindo os abstêmios 11%, enquanto que 20% são bebedores de risco moderado e 5% bebedores de alto risco. A análise de associação demonstrou que o consumo de álcool é maior entre o gênero masculino, na faixa etária entre 18 e 25 anos, entre os casados, entre aqueles que tiram notas baixas em relação à média, entre os que moram sem a família, e entre aqueles que não pertencem a nenhum tipo de religião. O aparecimento de náuseas, vômito e ressaca, o fato de dirigir após beber ou dirigir bebendo, perder aulas por estar passando mal, ?matar aulas? após beber demais, apresentar problemas com a lei ou com a administração da faculdade por beber, tirar notas baixas, a freqüência que fuma, ser criticado por beber, brigar após beber ou ainda apresentar qualquer tipo de comportamento negativo por beber, foi encontrado com maior freqüência entre os universitários que apresentaram um maior consumo de álcool. A bebida de maior consumo foi a cerveja. Esses resultados nos evidenciam a importância do planejamento de estratégias de cunho preventivo no âmbito universitário, na tentativa de detectar precocemente aqueles com potencial para o abuso e possíveis problemas relacionados ao consumo dessa substância. / The worry about the alcohol use among college students is evident in several parts of the world. Many studies show that the use and abuse of this substance is increasing in accelerated rate. In this context, this study has as purpose identifying the standard of alcohol consumption and its consequences among health area college students from a Sao Paulo State private college. It?s a descriptive and explorative study with a 1007 college students? sample. For the data collect, it was used a self-applicable questionnaire that contains three parts: the first regarding the social demography data, the second refers to the standard of alcohol consumption and the third refers to the problems lived by this population after drinking. Among the results the most part of the students belongs to the female sex 84%, single 85,1%, age between 18 and 25 years old 79%; other cities provenance 62,6% and 60% referred that they don?t work. The most part of the students belongs to the Nursing course 24,2% and in relation to the course year, 30,3% are undergraduates. As for the residence, 75,1% referred to live with the family. According to the kind of religion 64% are Catholics and 67% referred that the religion is very important in their lives. In relation to the alcohol consumption, 64% are low risk users, including the teetotaler 11%, while 20% are moderate risk drinkers and 5% high risk drinkers. The association analysis showed that the alcohol consumption is larger among male gender, age group between 18 and 25 years old, married people, those who get low grades in relation to the average, who live without the family, and those who don\'t\' belong to any kind of religion. The nausea, vomit and hangover appearance, the fact of drive after drinking or to drive drinking, to lose classes after drinking too much, to have problems with the law or with the college administration for drinking, to get low grades, the often that smokes, being criticized for drink, to fight after drinking or to show any kind of negative behavior for drink, it was found with larger frequency among the college students who showed a larger alcohol consumption. The most consummated beverage was the beer. These results show us the importance of preventive strategies planning in the college scope at the attempt to detect prematurely those students with potential for the abuse and possible problems related to the consumption of this substance.

Orientador: José Anchieta Gomes Neto / Resumo: Foram feitos estudos sistemáticos envolvendo padronização interna (PI) em determinações de elementos-traço em bebidas não alcoólicas por espectrometria de absorção atômica em forno de grafite (GFAAS). A influência da composição química das amostras, da concentração do padrão interno, do volume injetado de amostra, da diluição e do desgaste da superfície grafítica ilustraram a potencialidade de PI na melhoria da precisão e da exatidão analítica ou mesmo na minimização de efeitos de amostragem e de matriz. Arsênio e Ge foram avaliados como padrões internos na determinação de Se em água mineral gaseificada, água de coco e leite. Ambos melhoraram o desempenho analítico, seja no aspecto da precisão e exatidão como na minimização dos efeitos de matriz e amostragem. Nesse estudo foram utilizados como modificadores químicos Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2 , W/Rh e W associado a co-injeção de Pd(NO3)2. Os desvios padrões relativos (%RSD) obtidos por meio da PI foram 0,5 a 3,5% (As) e de 1,0 a 3,1% (Ge), e na ausência da PI foram de 1,0 a 6,5%. A exatidão do método proposto foi avaliada por meio de teste de adição e recuperação de analito e os valores de recuperação (n=3) obtidos foram 94-109% (As) e 98-104% (Ge) com a PI e de 70-100% sem a PI. As concentrações de Se nessas amostras variaram de 5,0-25 æg L-1. No caso das amostras de água mineral gaseificada houve um aumento de 15% no tempo de vida útil do tubo e um acréscimo na confiabilidade dos resultados, apesar da superfície grafítica deteriorada. Cobalto foi avaliado como padrão interno na determinação de Ni em refrigerante e apresentou potencial para minimizar problemas de amostragem causados por gases dissolvidos. O modificador químico utilizado foi Mg(NO3)2. Os desvios padrões relativos obtidos foram de 0,5 a 3,4% e de 1,0 a 7,0% na presença e na ausência da PI, respectivamente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Systematic studies of internal standardization (IS) were carried out on the simultaneous determination of trace elements in non-alcoholic beverages by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). The influence of samples matrices, analyte concentration, injected sample volume, sample dilution and graphite surface degradation showed the potentiality of IS on the improvement of precision and accuracy of results, or in the minimization of matrix and sampling effects. Arsenic and Ge were evaluated as internal standards for the determination of Se in sparkling waters, coconut water and milk. Different chemical modifiers Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2 , W/Rh e W + co-injection of Pd(NO3)2 were evaluated. The relative standard deviation (%RSD) obtained by IS were 0.5-3.5% (As) and 1.0-3.1% (Ge), and in the absence of IS were 1.0-6.5%. The accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated by addition-recovery test and the recovery (n=3) were 94-109% (As) and 98-104% (Ge) with the IS and 70-100% without IS. The Se concentrations in these samples varied from 5.0-25 æg L-1. For sparkling waters there was an increase in 15% in the lifetime of atomizer. Cobalt was evaluated as an internal standard in the determination of Ni in soft drinks and it minimized sampling problems caused by dissolved gases. Nitrate magnesium was used as chemical modifier. The relative standard deviation obtained were 0.5-3.4% and 1.0-7.0% in presence and absence of IS, respectively. The accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated by addition-recovery test and the recovery (n=3) were 98-104% and 78-91% with and without IS, respectively... (Complete abstract, access undermentioned electronic address) / Doutor

The theme of this graduation thesis is Analysis of drinking mode students of University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice. The theoretical part is focused on function of water in human body. Different sources of drinking water and statndarts for using are mentioned there. The next part deals with alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages in drinking mode and their effect on human body. Drinking mode is described from the point of view by different groups. In the end of theoretical part age group of students who is the research focused on is presented in detail. The practical part was realized by quantitative form which was distribuated among students. The aim of this research was described drinking mode of students during the day. I focused on volume and timing of fluid intake. Additionaly, I found out which types of drinks are consumed among students and compared gender differences within the researched group.

by Li Hau-tak & Ng Man-hung. / Bibliography: leaf 48 / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1985

A preocupação com o uso do álcool entre universitários é evidente em várias partes do mundo. Diversos estudos mostram que o uso e abuso dessa substância vêm aumentando em ritmo acelerado. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar o padrão de consumo de álcool e suas conseqüências entre universitários da área de saúde de uma Faculdade privada do interior do estado de São Paulo. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo e exploratório com uma amostra de 1007 estudantes universitários. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se um questionário auto-aplicável, contendo três partes: a primeira referente aos dados sóciodemográficos, a segunda refere-se ao padrão de consumo de álcool e a terceira refere-se aos problemas vivenciados por essa população após beber. Entre os resultados estão que a maioria dos estudantes pertence ao sexo feminino 84%, estado civil solteiro 85,1%, com idade entre 18 e 25 anos 79%, provenientes de outras cidades 62,6% e 60,0% referiram não trabalhar. A maioria dos estudantes pertence ao curso de enfermagem 24,2% e em relação ao ano do curso, 30,3% são calouros. Quanto à moradia, 75,1% referiram morar com a família. No que se refere ao tipo de religião 64% afirmaram ser católicos e 67% referem que a religião é muito importante em suas vidas. Em relação ao consumo de álcool, 64% fazem uso de baixo risco, incluindo os abstêmios 11%, enquanto que 20% são bebedores de risco moderado e 5% bebedores de alto risco. A análise de associação demonstrou que o consumo de álcool é maior entre o gênero masculino, na faixa etária entre 18 e 25 anos, entre os casados, entre aqueles que tiram notas baixas em relação à média, entre os que moram sem a família, e entre aqueles que não pertencem a nenhum tipo de religião. O aparecimento de náuseas, vômito e ressaca, o fato de dirigir após beber ou dirigir bebendo, perder aulas por estar passando mal, ?matar aulas? após beber demais, apresentar problemas com a lei ou com a administração da faculdade por beber, tirar notas baixas, a freqüência que fuma, ser criticado por beber, brigar após beber ou ainda apresentar qualquer tipo de comportamento negativo por beber, foi encontrado com maior freqüência entre os universitários que apresentaram um maior consumo de álcool. A bebida de maior consumo foi a cerveja. Esses resultados nos evidenciam a importância do planejamento de estratégias de cunho preventivo no âmbito universitário, na tentativa de detectar precocemente aqueles com potencial para o abuso e possíveis problemas relacionados ao consumo dessa substância. / The worry about the alcohol use among college students is evident in several parts of the world. Many studies show that the use and abuse of this substance is increasing in accelerated rate. In this context, this study has as purpose identifying the standard of alcohol consumption and its consequences among health area college students from a Sao Paulo State private college. It?s a descriptive and explorative study with a 1007 college students? sample. For the data collect, it was used a self-applicable questionnaire that contains three parts: the first regarding the social demography data, the second refers to the standard of alcohol consumption and the third refers to the problems lived by this population after drinking. Among the results the most part of the students belongs to the female sex 84%, single 85,1%, age between 18 and 25 years old 79%; other cities provenance 62,6% and 60% referred that they don?t work. The most part of the students belongs to the Nursing course 24,2% and in relation to the course year, 30,3% are undergraduates. As for the residence, 75,1% referred to live with the family. According to the kind of religion 64% are Catholics and 67% referred that the religion is very important in their lives. In relation to the alcohol consumption, 64% are low risk users, including the teetotaler 11%, while 20% are moderate risk drinkers and 5% high risk drinkers. The association analysis showed that the alcohol consumption is larger among male gender, age group between 18 and 25 years old, married people, those who get low grades in relation to the average, who live without the family, and those who don\'t\' belong to any kind of religion. The nausea, vomit and hangover appearance, the fact of drive after drinking or to drive drinking, to lose classes after drinking too much, to have problems with the law or with the college administration for drinking, to get low grades, the often that smokes, being criticized for drink, to fight after drinking or to show any kind of negative behavior for drink, it was found with larger frequency among the college students who showed a larger alcohol consumption. The most consummated beverage was the beer. These results show us the importance of preventive strategies planning in the college scope at the attempt to detect prematurely those students with potential for the abuse and possible problems related to the consumption of this substance.