在電子商務的環境中，透過資訊科技的使用與通訊網路的連結，將會有愈來愈多的產品或服務需求者透過新興的電子化媒體 (如網際網路) 來尋找可行的交易互動夥伴，進而完成交易。因此，交易結構□每一份子間的互動關係，將面臨新的衝擊與挑戰。而納入電子商務觀念的供應鏈管理，將是以資訊科技與通訊技術為基礎的新領域，在此一領域中，供應鏈可以簡單地概念化成三部份：即產品/服務的供給者 (賣方)、產品/服務的需求者或是消費者 (買方)、及提供兩者溝通服務的資訊服務提供者。而在三者間，除了存在著生產與配送過程中既有的物料流/產品流、服務流及完成交易所必須的金流之外，更重要的是還有提供控制機能的資訊流。如何有效地管理與利用資訊流便成為供應鏈管理成功與否的關鍵性因素，而企業也因此產生了對於資訊服務的需求。 因此，本論文的目的在於發展出一個完整的研究體系，以針對傳統供應鏈中之供需雙方與資訊服務業之間的關係，發展出一個供需互動模式，以使電子商務環境中資訊服務的供需雙方能夠據此制定重要的決策與策略。此一體系包含了以下三個子體系：概念體系、評估體系、以及規劃體系。在概念體系的部份，本研究將透過文獻探討，針對供應鏈中的供需者 (可被視為資訊服務的需求者) 與資訊服務提供者，發展出一個整合的概念性互動模式，此一模式將解釋各個體之目標與其行為屬性，而這些目標與屬性也將成為後續評估及規劃體系發展的基礎。而後續兩個體系的發展，將以資訊服務的供需互動為研究主體。就評估體系而言，本研究將分別使用加法型 (層級分析法) 與非加法型 (模糊積分法) 方法來發展評選資訊服務提供者的多準則決策模式。而根據上述的結果，決策者便可針對其手邊現有的可選擇方案，來進行評選。一旦評選結果確定之後，決策者便可與其進行後續的供需互動。至於規劃體系的部份，則是要分析供需雙方如何根據自身的目標與資源限制，經由資訊的分享與交換，與所選取的夥伴進行互動。根據供需關係的型態及供需互動的主導者這兩個分類的標準，本研究將供需互動分成四種不同的狀況來探討。而透過模糊二階多目標規劃模式與多階段解題流程圖的應用，我們可以分析供需單位間如何透過資訊的交換以進行互動，並解釋互動所可能出現的結果，亦即失敗或成功。最後，本研究也將使用一個簡例來說明模式的可用性。 第一章 緒論…………………………………………… 1 第一節 研究動機與背景………………………… 1 第二節 研究目的………………………………… 3 第三節 研究方法與發展流程…………………… 5 第四節 論文結構與內容………………………… 6 第二章 文獻探討……………………………………… 7 第一節 電子商務………………………………… 7 壹、電子商務之定義……………………………. 7 貳、電子市場……………………………………. 12 第二節 供應鏈管理……………………………… 15 壹、供應鏈管理之定義………………………… 15 貳、關係的管理與分析………………………...… 17 參、買賣雙方之供需關係………………………... 21 肆、資訊服務提供者之中介……………………... 24 第三節 個體之目標與行為……………………… 29 壹、供應鏈管理之整體目標……………………... 29 貳、供給者 (賣方) 之立場……………………… 32 參、需求者 (買方) 之立場……………………… 35 肆、資訊服務提供者之立場…………………… 39 第三章 研究模式與方法……………………………… 49 第一節 研究模式………………………………. 49 壹、研究定位與個體定義………………………. 49 貳、供需互動模式………………………………. 51 參、研究範圍與分類架構………………………. 52 第二節 研究類型與步驟………………………… 54 第三節 評估方法論……………………………… 58 壹、因子分析……………………………………... 58 貳、加法型多準則評估…………………………. 59 參、非加法型多準則評估………………………. 61 肆、方案績效值的取得………………………… 63 第四節 規劃方法論……………………………… 70 壹、多目標規劃法…………………………… 70 貳、二階規劃法…………………………………. 73 第四章 評估面之研究 – 資訊服務提供者之評選…… 78 第一節 樣本特徵與資訊服務之使用現況……… 78 第二節 評選資訊服務提供者之準則分析……… 81 壹、評選準則之敘述統計分析………………… 81 貳、評選準則之因子分析……………………… 82 參、後續之效度驗證程序……………………… 90 第三節 多準則評估與決策體系之建立………… 93 壹、加法型多準則評估 – 層級分析法………… 93 貳、非加法型多準則評估 – 模糊積分法……… 97 參、實例說明與比較……………………………. 99 第五章 規劃面之研究 – 供需互動模式之發展…...….. 103 第一節 各種供需互動之說明…………………. 103 第二節 供需互動模式之發展………………… 106 壹、問題特性與解題流程……………………… 106 貳、互動規劃模式之建立……………………… 107 參、不同關係型態對互動過程的影響………… 113 第三節 簡例說明……………………………… 117 壹、背景說明…………………………………… 117 貳、問題求解過程說明………………………… 118 參、討論………………………………………… 125 第六章 結論與建議…………………………………… 127 第一節 結論……………………………………… 127 第二節 研究限制與困難………………………… 129 第三節 未來發展方向…………………………… 130 參考文獻………………………………………………… 131 附錄一………………………………………………………… 141 附錄二………………………………………………………… 145 附錄三………………………………………………………… 150 附錄四………………………………………………………… 153 附錄五………………………………………………………… 155 附錄六………………………………………………………… 163 附錄七………………………………………………………… 165 博士候選人簡歷……………………………………………… 172 / In the environment of Electronic Commerce (EC), there are more and more demanders of products or services looking for available interactive partners of transaction through the burgeoned electronic media (such as the Internet), who then complete transactions with the use of information technology and the connection of communication networks. Therefore, the interactive relationship between each member in the transaction structure will face new poundings and challenges. And the supply chain (SC) management, which fits into the notion of EC, will be a new field based on information technology and communication infrastructure. Within this field, the SC can be simply conceptualized into three parts: (1) Those act as the suppliers of products and services (the sellers), (2) The demanders or consumers of products and services (the buyers) and (3) the information service provider (ISP) which provides the information service for both parties. Among these three parties, in addition to the material/product flow and service flow existed in the production and distribution processes together with the financial flow required of accomplishing transactions, what is more important is the information flow that provides control function. Thus, how to effectively manage and use information flow becomes a key factor for successful SC management. As a result, the needs from enterprises for information service arise. This dissertation aims to establish a complete research system which helps develop an interactive supply-demand model for SC in EC, especially focusing on the relationship between the demanders and suppliers of information service. The research system includes three sub-systems: system of conceptualization, system of evaluation and system of planning. The system of conceptualization develops an integrated conceptual model to depict the interactive supply-demand relationship within SC. This model explains the objectives and the behavioral attributes of every individual, which then become the foundation of follow-up development of the systems of evaluation and planning. As for system of evaluation, this paper uses both additive (Analytic Hierarchy Process) and non-additive methods (Fuzzy Integral) to develop the multiple criteria decision making model for evaluating and selecting ISPs. In accordance with the results above, decision-makers are able to evaluate and select from alternatives on hand. Once the evaluation result is confirmed, decision-makers can proceed with the follow-up supply-demand interaction. As for the planning system, analysis of how supplier and demander of information service interact with each other according to their objectives and resource constraints is carried out. This dissertation also divides the supply-demand interaction into four different situations according to the type of relationship and the dominance. Through the application of fuzzy bi-level multiple objective programming (fuzzy BLMOP) technique and the multi-stage problem solving flow chart, we can analyze how the supply and demand units interact with each other by exchanging information and the possible outcomes of interactions can be explained. Finally, this dissertation illustrates the applicability of the fuzzy BLMOP model with a simple example.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:19:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 garcesnegrete_lpg_dr_ilha.pdf: 1723635 bytes, checksum: ec9b369023c0d16cf9bcbe29a4bc0ada (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Nessa pesquisa tem-se por objetivo a análise teórica e a implementação computacional de duas propostas de solução ao problema de planejamento da expansão de sistemas de transmissão de energia elétrica considerando diferentes fatores relacionados com a confiabilidade do sistema e a adoção dos novos modelos de mercados elétricos. É importante notar, que no planejamento básico não são levados em conta esses importantes aspectos. Dessa forma, uma primeira aproximação considera um critério de confiabilidade para expandir o sistema, de forma que ele opere adequadamente no horizonte de planejamento satisfazendo um nível de confiabilidade pré-definido. O índice de confiabilidade utilizado para exigir esse nível de confiabilidade é o LOLE, que corresponde ao número médio de horas/dias em um período dado (normalmente um ano) no qual o pico da carga horária/diária do sistema possivelmente exceder´a a capacidade de geração disponível. O problema de planejamento considerando a confiabilidade é, portanto, formulado como um problema de otimização que minimiza o investimento sujeito ao critério de confiabilidade. O índice de confiabilidade para o sistema de transmissão é calculado para cada configuração, subtraindo o índice de confiabilidade do sistema de geração do sistema composto geração-transmissão (bulk power system ). Para calcular o índice no sistema composto geração transmissão, utiliza-se uma curva de duração de carga efetiva para este sistema. Esta curva acumulada de carga é obtida de um processo de convolução de outras duas curvas que representam a função de distribuição de probabilidade (FDP) das saídas aleatórias dos componentes do sistema e a curva de duração de carga, respectivamente. A avaliação de confiabilidade no sistema de geração é feita usando um método que calcula o índice de confiabilidade por meio dos momentos... / This work aims to the theoretical analysis and computational implementation of two proposals for the transmission expansion planning problem considering several factors such as system reliability and new electricity market structures. It is important to observe, that the basic planning does not consider these issues. Therefore, one first approach considers a reliability criterion to expand the system, so that it operates in adequate conditions in the horizon planning while satisfying pre-defined limits in the reliability index. Transmission system reliability criterion regards to LOLE, which refers to the number of hours/days in a specified period of time (normally one year), in which the hourly/daily peak load possibly will exceed the available generation capacity. So, the planning problem considering reliability is formulated as an optimization problem that minimizes the investment subject to probabilistic reliability criterion. Reliability index for the transmission system is calculated for each configuration by subtraction of generation and bulk power reliability indexes. A composite power system effective load curve is used for reliability analysis of the bulk power system. This accumulate curve is obtained convolving two curves, one of them corresponding to a probability distribution function of the random outages of the system components, and the other one corresponding to the load duration curve. Reliability assessment in the generation system is done using a method that calculates the reliability index through the statistics moments of the frequency distribution of equivalents loads. This curve is obtained by convolving the generation units which are dispached in merit order. The proposed model is solved using the specialized genetic algorithm of Chu-Beasley (AGCB). Detailed results on two test systems are analyzed and discussed. A second approach to the transmission expansion... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

La thèse est composée de deux parties. La première partie traite de la gestion des qualifications dans l'industrie des semi-conducteurs. La contrainte de qualification définit l'éligibilité d'une machine à processer un produit. La gestion des qualifications nécessite de résoudre un problème d'allocation et d'équilibrage des charges sur des machines parallèles non-identiques et partiellement reconfigurables. Nous avons défini et introduit des indicateurs pour la gestion des qualifications en tenant compte de la capacité des équipements ainsi que la contrainte de regroupements de lots (batching). Plusieurs algorithmes d'équilibrage de charge sont proposés et validés pour le calcul de la charge optimale sur un parc d'équipements. Ce concept est industrialisé au sein de l'entreprise Soitec et fait partie du processus de prise de décision.La deuxième partie de la thèse porte sur la planification de production en boucle fermée. Le processus de fabrication des plaques SOI à Soitec s'appuie sur la Technologie Smart-Cut. En utilisant cette technologie, une des deux matières premières peut être réutilisée à plusieurs reprises pour la fabrication des produits finis. Le couplage de deux lignes de production crée un système manufacturier en boucle fermée. Nous avons proposé un modèle de dimensionnement de lots original pour la planification de production de ce système manufacturier, que nous avons validé avec des données industrielles. En se basant sur le problème industriel, un problème mono-produit et sans contrainte de capacité est défini, analysé et résolu pour une version simplifiée du problème. / In the first part, we take a binding restriction, called qualification, present in semiconductor manufacturing as a lever for increasing flexibility and optimizing capacity utilization. A qualification determines the processing authorization of a product on a machine (like an eligibility constraint). In order to define the best qualification, the production volume should be allocated to parallel non-identical machines which are partially reconfigurable. Capacitated flexibility measures are introduced to define the best qualification which increases machine capacity utilization at most. Batching is another industrial constraint encountered in semiconductor industry. It influences workload balancing and qualification management. Several workload balancing algorithms are proposed to find the optimal workload balance of a workcenter. Variability measures are also proposed to evaluate the workload variability of a workcenter. The second part deals with closed-loop production planning. Soitec uses Smart-Cut Technology to fabricate SOI wafers. Using this technology, one of the two raw materials used to fabricate SOI wafers can be reused several times to make other SOI wafers. However, before coming back to the SOI fabrication line, the used raw material (by-product) must be reworked in another production line. An original closed-loop production planning model adapted to the supply chain specificities of Soitec is proposed, and is validated using industrial data. Based on this industrial model, a single-item uncapacitated closed-loop lot-sizing model is defined, analyzed, and a dynamic programming algorithm is proposed for a simplified version of the problem.

<div><div><div><p>The process of acquiring the large-scale complex systems is usually characterized with cost and schedule overruns. To investigate the causes of this problem, we may view the acquisition of a complex system in several different time scales. At finer time scales, one may study different stages of the acquisition process from the intricate details of the entire systems engineering process to communication between design teams to how individual designers solve problems. At the largest time scale one may consider the acquisition process as series of actions which are, request for bids, bidding and auctioning, contracting, and finally building and deploying the system, without resolving the fine details that occur within each step. In this work, we study the acquisition processes in multiple scales. First, we develop a game-theoretic model for engineering of the systems in the building and deploying stage. We model the interactions among the systems and subsystem engineers as a principal-agent problem. We develop a one-shot shallow systems engineering process and obtain the optimum transfer functions that best incentivize the subsystem engineers to maximize the expected system-level utility. The core of the principal-agent model is the quality function which maps the effort of the agent to the performance (quality) of the system. Therefore, we build the stochastic quality function by modeling the design process as a sequential decision-making problem. Second, we develop and evaluate a model of the acquisition process that accounts for the strategic behavior of different parties. We cast our model in terms of government-funded projects and assume the following steps. First, the government publishes a request for bids. Then, private firms offer their proposals in a bidding process and the winner bidder enters in a con- tract with the government. The contract describes the system requirements and the corresponding monetary transfers for meeting them. The winner firm devotes effort to deliver a system that fulfills the requirements. This can be assumed as a game that the government plays with the bidder firms. We study how different parameters in the acquisition procedure affect the bidders’ behaviors and therefore, the utility of the government. Using reinforcement learning, we seek to learn the optimal policies of involved actors in this game. In particular, we study how the requirements, contract types such as cost-plus and incentive-based contracts, number of bidders, problem complexity, etc., affect the acquisition procedure. Furthermore, we study the bidding strategy of the private firms and how the contract types affect their strategic behavior.</p></div></div></div>