A bicicleta é vista hoje como uma alternativa para melhorar a mobilidade urbana de forma sustentável. Apesar disto, os procedimentos de planejamento disponíveis para o desenvolvimento de infraestruturas cicloviárias ainda não estão totalmente consolidadas. Sendo assim, este estudo visa desenvolver e aplicar um método objetivo para o planejamento de redes cicloviárias com base na mineração de dados desagregados de origem-destino, em recursos de SIG e de técnicas de análise multicritério. É sugerida a realização de três etapas: a) identificação, a partir do perfil de usuários reais, de usuários potenciais, b) planejamento de propostas de redes cicloviárias, e c) comparação entre as redes propostas e as definidas pelo poder municipal, considerando os usuários reais e potenciais e critérios de custos e benefícios. Como resultado positivo, o uso de dados desagregados permitiu mensurar e analisar a proximidade dos usuários às redes, a quantidade de pessoas atendidas e a identificação dos usuários potenciais. Além disso, a análise com base em critérios de custo e de benefício foi capaz de indicar, por exemplo, que a rede cicloviária existente (RCE) na cidade considerada como estudo de caso (São Carlos, SP, Brasil) não serve adequadamente os usuários, quando comparado às redes propostas. / Cycling is seen nowadays as an alternative to improve urban mobility in a sustainable way. Nevertheless, the planning procedures available for developing cycling infrastructures are not yet fully consolidated. This study aims at the development and application of an objective method for planning cycling networks based on data-mining of disaggregated origindestination data, GIS resources and multicriteria analysis techniques. The method involves basically three steps: a) an identification of potential users based on real users profiles, b) planning of proposed cycling networks, and c) a comparison, considering real and potential users, as well as cost-benefit criteria, between the proposed networks and those actually developed by the municipality. As a positive outcome, the use of disaggregated data allows not only a reasonable estimate of the number of people served by the networks, but also a detailed analysis of their proximity to that infrastructure and an identification of potential users. Also, the analysis based on cost-benefit criteria was able to show, for example, that the existing cycling network (ECN) of the city taken as a case study (São Carlos, SP, Brazil) does not properly serve the users, when compared to the proposed networks.

A bicicleta é vista hoje como uma alternativa para melhorar a mobilidade urbana de forma sustentável. Apesar disto, os procedimentos de planejamento disponíveis para o desenvolvimento de infraestruturas cicloviárias ainda não estão totalmente consolidadas. Sendo assim, este estudo visa desenvolver e aplicar um método objetivo para o planejamento de redes cicloviárias com base na mineração de dados desagregados de origem-destino, em recursos de SIG e de técnicas de análise multicritério. É sugerida a realização de três etapas: a) identificação, a partir do perfil de usuários reais, de usuários potenciais, b) planejamento de propostas de redes cicloviárias, e c) comparação entre as redes propostas e as definidas pelo poder municipal, considerando os usuários reais e potenciais e critérios de custos e benefícios. Como resultado positivo, o uso de dados desagregados permitiu mensurar e analisar a proximidade dos usuários às redes, a quantidade de pessoas atendidas e a identificação dos usuários potenciais. Além disso, a análise com base em critérios de custo e de benefício foi capaz de indicar, por exemplo, que a rede cicloviária existente (RCE) na cidade considerada como estudo de caso (São Carlos, SP, Brasil) não serve adequadamente os usuários, quando comparado às redes propostas. / Cycling is seen nowadays as an alternative to improve urban mobility in a sustainable way. Nevertheless, the planning procedures available for developing cycling infrastructures are not yet fully consolidated. This study aims at the development and application of an objective method for planning cycling networks based on data-mining of disaggregated origindestination data, GIS resources and multicriteria analysis techniques. The method involves basically three steps: a) an identification of potential users based on real users profiles, b) planning of proposed cycling networks, and c) a comparison, considering real and potential users, as well as cost-benefit criteria, between the proposed networks and those actually developed by the municipality. As a positive outcome, the use of disaggregated data allows not only a reasonable estimate of the number of people served by the networks, but also a detailed analysis of their proximity to that infrastructure and an identification of potential users. Also, the analysis based on cost-benefit criteria was able to show, for example, that the existing cycling network (ECN) of the city taken as a case study (São Carlos, SP, Brazil) does not properly serve the users, when compared to the proposed networks.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:22:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jadiel Wylliam Tiago.pdf: 7933322 bytes, checksum: ce5abe441e7e40acf8d4fd253c1083f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-24 / This paper proposes a contribution to the understanding of the role of the bicycle in the context of urban mobility, considering features contemporary urbanization, especially dynamic metropolitan travel and everyday relationships established in nearby towns around an urban center consolidation. Take as a case study the city of Ribeir?o Preto, in an analysis of its policies aiming to Public Transport and bicycle planning, from the 1980s, its impact in the overall urban mobility, with a focus on a specific use of bicycle, a poorer population, assessing what the impacts of these policies and the current condition of the city, established as a major urban center, establishing relationships and daily increasing trade flows with neighboring cities. / O presente trabalho prop?e uma contribui??o no entendimento de qual o papel da bicicleta no quadro de Mobilidade Urbana, considerando tra?os contempor?neos de urbaniza??o, em especial din?micas metropolitanas de viagens e rela??es di?rias estabelecidas, de cidades pr?ximas, em torno de um centro urbano mais consolidado. Toma-se como estudo de caso a cidade de Ribeir?o Preto, em uma an?lise de suas Pol?ticas voltadas ao Transporte P?blico e Planejamento Ciclovi?rio, a partir da d?cada de 1980, seus reflexos no quadro geral de mobilidade urbana, com foco a um uso espec?fico da bicicleta, por uma popula??o mais pobre, avaliando quais s?o os impactos destas pol?ticas e da atual condi??o da cidade, estabelecida como um importante centro urbano, estabelecendo rela??es di?rias crescentes de trocas e fluxos com as cidades vizinhas.

Cykling har fördelar för både cyklisten och för samhället. På flera myndigheter beskrivs mål och åtgärder för att öka andelen cykling, men kunskapen om hur andelen effektivast kan ökas är begränsad. I Amsterdam och i Köpenhamn utgör cykeln stor andel av trafiken, över 30 procent. Vilket skulle kunna bero på infrastrukturen där. Globalt sett har cykeln ofta marginaliserats. I Sverige var andelen cykeltrafik på 70-talet nere under en procent. Två av de myndigheter som idag beskriver mål och åtgärder för ökat cyklande är Region Stockholm och Järfälla kommun. Region Stockholm och Järfälla Kommun har båda mål att 20 procent av resorna ska vara på cykel. Vilket ska uppnås genom bland annat, satsningar på cykelinfrastrukturen.  Till den här uppsatsen har två nyligen upprustade raksträckor i Järfällas regionala huvudcykelnät valt för observation. Båda sträckorna är kombinerade gång- och cykelbanor separerade med målad mittlinje. Det är cykelbanedelen av dessa som observeras. Vid observationerna dokumenterades vilka trafikgrupper som använde cykelbanan och hur frekvent användarna utgör hinder för cyklisterna. För att observera hur frekvent cyklisterna hindrats delas cyklisternas färd igenom observationsområdet in i fyra kategorier. Kategori 0 — obehindrat åka rakt igenom hela observationsområdet. Kategori 1 — Köra runt, byta position i sidled för att ta sig förbi ett hinder. Kategori 2 — Tydligt saktar in och kategori 3 — Stannar, minst en nedsatt fot.  Vid den första observationsplatsen var många gående på cykelbanan, vilka cyklister ofta behövde cykla runt. Vid den andra observationsplatsen anpassade cyklisterna sina positioner i sidled vid möte av andra cyklister. Avvikelserna från bibehållen hastighet rakt fram sker vid båda observationsplatserna frekvent nog för att vara hindrande för cyklisterna. / Cycling has benefits for both society and cyclists, but there is a lack of knowledge about how to increase the proportion of cycle traffic. A large part of the traffic in Amsterdam and Copenhagen consists of cyclists — over 30 percent. A possible explanation is the cyclist-friendly infrastructure in those cities. Globally, cycling is often marginalized. In Sweden, the proportion of cycling traffic in the 70s was under one percent. Today, several authorities have goals for increased cycling, and they are working to increase the proportion of cycle traffic. The Stockholm Region and Järfälla Municipality aim for cyclists to make up 20 percent of all journeys. They are to achieve this through, for example, investments in cycle infrastructure.  In this work, we observe the cycle path part of combined cycle and walking paths, divided by a painted line. We select two newly renovated straight sections in Järfälla's regional main cycle network. During the observations, we document the mode of transport on the cycle path, e.g., pedestrian, e-scooter, cyclist, etc. We also document how many cyclists pass the observation area unhindered while maintaining speed, and how many of the cyclists are hindered. In addition, we document how the cyclists deal with obstacles: by changing position sideways and driving around an obstacle, by slowing down, or by stopping completely. At the first observation area, we observed a large proportion of pedestrians on the cycle path that cyclists often needed to go around. At the second observation area, cyclists often had to change position sideways when meeting other cyclists. Deviations from cycling straight and with maintained speed are frequent enough to hinder the accessibility of cyclists.

För att skapa ett hållbart transportsystem och uppnå en förändrad färdmedelsfördelning finns det nationella målsättningar om att öka andelen persontransporter med gång-, cykel- och kollektivtrafik till minst 25 procent 2025. En satsning på dessa färdmedel går också i linje med Sveriges miljömål och etappmålet om att minska transportsektorns klimatutsläpp med 70 procent till 2030 jämfört med utsläppsnivån 2010. Många kommuner har därför som mål att öka resorna med de hållbara transportslagen. För att möjliggöra detta är en ökad planering och utbyggnad av infrastrukturen för dessa färdmedel viktig och i flera kommuner görs det idag gatuombyggnader för att skapa mer utrymme till de hållbara transportslagen. När åtgärder för att förbättra infrastrukturen ska genomföras ställs olika intressen och funktioner mot varandra och prioriteringar måste göras. Detta leder till intressekonflikter mellan de olika trafikslagen, men också mellan de olika trafikslagen och andra intressen. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vad det finns för intressekonflikter mellan cykeltrafiken och andra intressen i gaturummet, vad som händer om utrymmesbehovet för cykeltrafiken hamnar i konflikt med andra behov och intressen och hur detta hanteras av ett antal kommuner. Detta har undersökts genom en metodkombination bestående av en enkätundersökning och intervjuer. Både respondenterna och intervjudeltagarna arbetar vid kommuner som är med i föreningen Svenska Cykelstäder, en förening som arbetar för ökad, bättre och säkrare cykling. Intervjuerna utgör grunden i studien medan enkätundersökningen har varit ett sätt att skapa förståelse för om, och i så fall på vilket sätt olika kommuner upplever att det finns intressekonflikter mellan cykeltrafiken och andra behov och intresse och hur dessa vanligtvis hanteras.  Resultatet från enkätundersökningen visar att alla respondenter upplever att det finns intressekonflikter mellan cykeltrafiken och andra intressen. Studien visar att det finns intressekonflikter mellan cykeltrafik och biltrafik, kollektivtrafik samt gångtrafik. Det finns också intressekonflikter mellan cykeltrafik och andra intressen såsom stadsliv, grönytor, yta för dagvattenhantering och exploatering. Studien visar också att trots nationella målsättningar som handlar om att prioritera de hållbara transportslagen så är steget från strategi eller ambition till genomförande inte självklart. Bilnormen är fortfarande stark, vilket medför att det är svårt att genomföra åtgärder som förbättrar för cykeltrafiken som sker på bekostnad av biltrafiken. Studien visar att cykeltrafiken har svårt att hävda sig gentemot biltrafik och kollektivtrafik, vilket resulterar i att cykeltrafiken nedprioriteras i gaturummet där det redan är trångt. Detta förklaras med hjälp av teorierna stigberoende och urban space wars. Studien visar också att det underlag som de tillfrågade kommunerna har för att hantera intressekonflikter är vanligtvis kommunernas riktlinjer för hur cykeltrafikens infrastruktur ska utformas. Där anges vilka standarder och bredder som cykelvägnätet ska ha, vilket innebär att det underlag som finns för att hantera intressekonflikter är begränsat. / To enable a sustainable transport system and achieve a changed distribution of means of transport, there are national objectives to increase the proportion of passenger transport by foot, bicycle and public transport to at least 25 percent by 2025. An investment in these means of transport is also in line with Sweden's environmental goals and the milestone goal of reducing the transport sector's climate emissions by 70 percent by 2030 compared to the emission level in 2010. Many municipalities therefore aim to increase journeys with sustainable modes of transport. In order to make this possible, increased planning and expansion of the infrastructure for these means of transport is important, and in several municipalities’ street reconstruction is currently being done to create more space for the sustainable modes of transport. When measures to improve the infrastructure are being implemented, different interests and needs are placed against each other, and priorities must be defined. This results in a conflict of interest between the different means of transport, but also between the different means of transport and other interests. The purpose of the essay is to investigate what conflicts of interest exist between bicycle traffic and other interests in the street space, what happens if the need for space for bicycle traffic ends up in conflict with other needs and interests, and how this is handled by a number of municipalities. This has been investigated through a combination of methods consisting of a survey and interviews. Both the respondents and the interview participants work at municipalities that are part of the association Svenska Cykelstäder, an association that works for increased, better and safer cycling. The interviews form the basis of the study, while the survey has been a way of creating an understanding of whether, and if so in what way, different municipalities feel that there are conflicts of interest between bicycle traffic and other needs and interests and how these are usually handled. The results of the survey show that all respondents feel that there are conflicts of interest between bicycle traffic and other interests. The study shows that there are conflicts of interest between bicycle traffic and car traffic, public transport and pedestrian traffic. There are also conflicts of interest between bicycle traffic and other interests such as urban life, green spaces, surface for stormwater management and urban development. The study also shows that despite national goals that deal with prioritizing the sustainable modes of transport, the step from strategy or ambition to implementation is not obvious. The car norm is still strong, which means that it is difficult to implement measures that improve bicycle traffic at the expense of car traffic. The study shows that bicycle traffic has difficulty asserting itself against car traffic and public transport, which results in bicycle traffic being deprioritized in the street space which is already crowded. This is explained using the theories of path dependence and urban space wars. The study also shows that the basis that the municipalities have for handling conflicts of interest are usually the municipalities' guidelines for how the bicycle traffic infrastructure should be designed. It specifies the standards and widths that the bicycle road network should have, which means that the guidelines available for handling conflicts of interest are limited.

I det hållbara planeringsidealet anses cykeln vara en viktig del av en fungerande trafiklösning, trots detta tenderar många städer ha problem att uppnå deras egna mål för ökad cykeltrafik. Studien analyserar Malmös och Köpenhamns cykelplanering och cykelvägsstruktur utifrån aktuell cykeltrafikforskning, i syfte att undersöka vilka strategier och förutsättningar som städerna har gemensamt, och vad som skiljer dem åt. Målet för studien är att få svar på hur, och i vilken mån Malmös cykeltrafikandel kan öka utifrån Köpenhamns exempel, och att få en vidare förståelse för de utmaningar som den framtida cykelplaneringen står inför. Studiens metod tar ansats ur fältstudier av fyra cykelfrämjande städer i Europa. Sammanställningen av fältstudierna resulterar i att tre cykelstrategier identifieras som gemensamma för de fyra cykelfrämjande städerna. Därefter analyseras Köpenhamns och Malmös cykelprogram utifrån de tidigare nämnda cykelstrategierna. Analysen fastslår att Köpenhamn borde ses som en framstående cykelstad och möjliggör för en jämförande analys mellan Köpenhamns och Malmös cykelsatsningar. Den jämförande analysen mellan Köpenhamns och Malmös cykelsatsningar avslutas med en redovisning och tolkning av resultaten från analysen.För att kunna förstå cykelprogrammens spatiala relation till städerna de är tänkta att implementeras i används en space syntax-analys. Genom att undersöka satsningarnas rumsliga kontext i förhållande till det befintliga cykelvägsystemet kan en djupare förståelse för cykelsatsningarnas omfattning och orsak uppnås.Studiens resultat identifierar tre strategier som är direkt kopplade till andelen cykeltrafik i städer. Den fastställer även att trots cykelsatsningarnas övergripande likheter, skiljer implementeringen och omfattningen av dessa satsningar sig åt mellan Köpenhamn och Malmö. Infrastrukturens stora påverkan på cykelutvecklingen i stort framgår även det i studiens resultat. Studien visar även på hur de båda städernas cykelprogram förhåller sig till cykelns socialt utjämnande egenskaper. Resultatet visar att det finns indikationer från båda städernas framtida cykelplanering på att dessa utjämnande egenskaper har fått en lägre prioritering allt efter cykeltrafiken anpassas till starkare samhällsgrupper. / In the sustainable planning paradigm, the bicycle is seen as playing an important role of combining effective, environmentally friendly, and space conserving transport to the compact city. Despite its overall positive effect on city life, many cities seem to struggle to achieve the goal of increased bicycle traffic. This study studies the similar strategies and efforts used by bicycle friendly European cities through current research literature, in order to analyze Malmö’s and Copenhagen’s efforts to increase their bicycle traffic. The goal of the study is to examine Malmö’s potential for increased bicycle traffic through Copenhagen’s bicycle planning strategies, and to get a deeper understanding of the challenge’s that may face the future field of bicycle planning. The study’s method starts in field studies of four bicycle friendly European cities. The compilation of the field studies identifies three bicycle planning strategies as mutual for all four cities. The mutual bicycle strategies are then used as a tool and benchmark for the analysis of Copenhagen´s and Malmoe´s municipal bicycle program. To understand the spatial relation between the cities bicycle strategies and the street network that they are supposed to be implemented in, a space syntax-analysis is performed. The results from the comparative analysis of the cities bicycle programs and the space syntax-analysis is then summarized and discussed. The result of the study identifies three crucial criteria’s that according to the study has a high possibility of affecting a city’s bicycle share. It also points to the importance of a well-developed bicycle infrastructure to achieve a higher level of competitiveness for the bicycle as a mode of transport. The study also highlights the socially balancing properties of the bicycle as a mode of transport, and the concern of losing these properties due to bicycle planning strategies that is starting to be adapted in order to attract people from more affluent social groups.

O fenômeno do recente crescimento do uso da bicicleta no Município de São Paulo, cidade não propriamente amigável à sua utilização, merece uma reflexão cuidadosa, baseada na análise detalhada dos motivos que realmente induziram esta situação. É importante que a avaliação destes fatos não induza a crer que sejam seus únicos e principais motivos o atual momento de consciência sobre a necessidade de preservação do meio ambiente e a valorização de políticas que envolvam o conceito de independência de utilização de recursos naturais. No caso paulistano, a bicicleta tem sido uma saída espontânea encontrada por um setor específico da população, como tentativa de contornar a crônica má qualidade presente na mobilidade cotidiana da cidade, decorrência direta da deficiência dos serviços de transporte público existentes. Pode-se afirmar que a constatação do aumento de uso da bicicleta em São Paulo tem sensibilizado o poder público e a sociedade, induzindo à realização de ações para seu estímulo e consolidação. Assim estão em alta como políticas públicas de transporte sustentando sua viabilidade, experiências consolidadas e bem sucedidas de muitas metrópoles no mundo, onde já se afirmou como uma boa opção de mobilidade. Entretanto esta visão poderia se tornar equivocada e comprometer o atendimento ao que é realmente necessário para uma metrópole como São Paulo, se não for precedida ou acoplada à reestruturação de todo o sistema de transportes públicos paulistanos, de forma a promover o salto de qualidade e de eficiência exigidos. Neste processo o papel da mobilidade cicloviária é muito importante e poderá ser consolidado como elemento agregador desde que respeitadas e bem exploradas suas características. / The phenomenon of the recent growth on the bicycle usage in the city of São Paulo, which actually is not friendly to its use, deserves a thorough reflection, based on the detailed analysis of the reasons which induced such situation. It is important that the evaluation of these facts do not lead us to believe that the only and main reasons are the current scenario of the consciousness on the environment preservation and appreciation of policies which involve the concept of independence of natural resources usage. As for São Paulo case, the bicycle has been a spontaneous solution found by a specific population sector, as an attempt to get around the chronic low quality existing in the city´s daily mobility, direct outcome of the deficiency in the current public transport services. This deficiency is the result of successive and misguided policies of mobility. It is possible to claim that the increase in the bicycle use in São Paulo has sensitized the public power and the society inducing to the completion of actions in order to stimulate and consolidate it. Therefore these actions are now the spotlight among the public policies of transport, supporting its viability from consolidated and successful experiences in many metropolis of the world, where the bicycle use has already been identified as a good mobility option. However this view could become misguided, compromising the commitment to what is really necessary to a city like Sao Paulo, if it is not preceded or coupled to the restructuring of the whole Sao Paulo public transport system, in order to trigger the required quality and efficiency improvement. In this proccess the role of the bicycle mobility is very important and may be consolidated as the gathering element, taking into consideration that its characteristics are respected and well explored.

O fenômeno do recente crescimento do uso da bicicleta no Município de São Paulo, cidade não propriamente amigável à sua utilização, merece uma reflexão cuidadosa, baseada na análise detalhada dos motivos que realmente induziram esta situação. É importante que a avaliação destes fatos não induza a crer que sejam seus únicos e principais motivos o atual momento de consciência sobre a necessidade de preservação do meio ambiente e a valorização de políticas que envolvam o conceito de independência de utilização de recursos naturais. No caso paulistano, a bicicleta tem sido uma saída espontânea encontrada por um setor específico da população, como tentativa de contornar a crônica má qualidade presente na mobilidade cotidiana da cidade, decorrência direta da deficiência dos serviços de transporte público existentes. Pode-se afirmar que a constatação do aumento de uso da bicicleta em São Paulo tem sensibilizado o poder público e a sociedade, induzindo à realização de ações para seu estímulo e consolidação. Assim estão em alta como políticas públicas de transporte sustentando sua viabilidade, experiências consolidadas e bem sucedidas de muitas metrópoles no mundo, onde já se afirmou como uma boa opção de mobilidade. Entretanto esta visão poderia se tornar equivocada e comprometer o atendimento ao que é realmente necessário para uma metrópole como São Paulo, se não for precedida ou acoplada à reestruturação de todo o sistema de transportes públicos paulistanos, de forma a promover o salto de qualidade e de eficiência exigidos. Neste processo o papel da mobilidade cicloviária é muito importante e poderá ser consolidado como elemento agregador desde que respeitadas e bem exploradas suas características. / The phenomenon of the recent growth on the bicycle usage in the city of São Paulo, which actually is not friendly to its use, deserves a thorough reflection, based on the detailed analysis of the reasons which induced such situation. It is important that the evaluation of these facts do not lead us to believe that the only and main reasons are the current scenario of the consciousness on the environment preservation and appreciation of policies which involve the concept of independence of natural resources usage. As for São Paulo case, the bicycle has been a spontaneous solution found by a specific population sector, as an attempt to get around the chronic low quality existing in the city´s daily mobility, direct outcome of the deficiency in the current public transport services. This deficiency is the result of successive and misguided policies of mobility. It is possible to claim that the increase in the bicycle use in São Paulo has sensitized the public power and the society inducing to the completion of actions in order to stimulate and consolidate it. Therefore these actions are now the spotlight among the public policies of transport, supporting its viability from consolidated and successful experiences in many metropolis of the world, where the bicycle use has already been identified as a good mobility option. However this view could become misguided, compromising the commitment to what is really necessary to a city like Sao Paulo, if it is not preceded or coupled to the restructuring of the whole Sao Paulo public transport system, in order to trigger the required quality and efficiency improvement. In this proccess the role of the bicycle mobility is very important and may be consolidated as the gathering element, taking into consideration that its characteristics are respected and well explored.

Indian cities are currently facing various transportation issues like congestion, pollution, urban inequity, high fatality rate due to accidents etc. because of an increase in the ownership of private motor vehicles and their usage. This has prompted many policy makers to search for alternate modal options that are more sustainable than motorized modes. Non Motorized Transport (NMT), which includes mainly walking and cycling in an urban context, do not produce many of the issues associated with motorized modes like congestion, pollution, fatal accidents etc. But, promotion of NMT requires a clear-cut planning strategy, with a lucid understanding of various strategies and their effect on the NMT usage. Present study tries to answer certain pertinent questions, particularly with respect to walking and cycling, which can arise while preparing a plan for promoting NMT in Indian cities. The following are the questions that the author seeks to answer in the present study. 1) Which are the areas inside a city that a planner shall target for promotion of NMT?2) Where shall a planner locate the infrastructures for NMT in these areas?3) What may be the possible impacts of providing these NMT facilities?4) What may be the possible effect of built environment factors on the choice of NMT? Providing NMT infrastructures requires knowledge of location characteristics such as the trip distance of NMT. Present study tries to elicit the existing distance characteristics of walking and cycling in terms of an acceptable trip distance. The household travel data of Bangalore city, for the year 2009, are used in the study. First, a description and a statistical analysis of the walking and cycling trip distances across the subcategories of socio-demographic and regional factors is done. Secondly, the acceptable distance is computed from the cumulative trip length distribution based on the results of the statistical analysis. The socio-demographic and regional factors used in the study include purpose, age, gender, educational level, occupational status, and motor vehicle ownership. The major results include a significant difference between the mean trip distances on foot for the subcategories of variables such as gender (z value, 4.94), whether the respondent owned a private vehicle (z value, -21.2), and whether the trip was made inside the Central Business District (CBD) (z value, -3.93). One of the major implications of this study pertains to requirement of a footpath around main activity centers like bus stations, at least up to a distance of 1385 meters (maximum value for walking as the main mode) and around the bus stops, at least up to a distance of 750 meters (maximum value for walking as the access mode). Next, the present study analyzes the influence of built environment factors –density and diversity -on the mode choice and trip distance of the residents in the Bangalore city. The built environment factors are analyzed, for their marginal effects in the presence of various socio-demographic and alternative attributes, for the two segments -respondents owning at least a personal vehicle and respondents not owning any personal vehicle. The density used is the total density, which was the sum of population density in a zone and employment density in a zone. The diversity index, which was an explainer of the land-use mixture, was set such that, when a zone with small area had employment opportunities comparable with its population, the diversity index would be high. When tested on a holdout sample other than the ones used in the estimation of the mode choice model, for the vehicle-owning group, the model estimated produced a validation accuracy of 93% and 91% respectively for two-wheelers and walking. For the vehicle non-owning group, the prediction success rate was highest for walking (97%), and lowest for public transit (84%). For the vehicle non-owning group, an increase in the density increased the trip distance (parameter values of 0.016 for total density at origin and 0.002 for total density at destination) and decreased the NMT usage (parameter values of -0.036 and 0.038 respectively for cycling and walking for total density at origin, and -0.092 and 0.073 respectively for cycling and walking for total density at destination), but for the vehicle-owning group, the inverse was true. The results for the vehicle non-owning group highlighted the requirement of a policy framework to control the employment and housing location of them in order to reduce their trip distance. In the mode choice model for the personal vehicle-owning group, the similarity between the parameters of the built environment factors across the two-wheeler and NMT reflected the need for adopting policies that would change the attitude of people towards NMT. Also, the trip distance model determined that females preferred a shorter working distance, with a parameter value -0.109 for the vehicle-owning group and -0.04 for the vehicle non-owning group, when compared with males. Lastly, the study develops a methodological framework to determine the sustainability impact on providing NMT infrastructures using a Composite Sustainability Index (CSI). More specifically, the study develops a methodological framework to determine the variation in the CSI on providing NMT -walking and cycling – infrastructure. The methodology establishes a link between the proposed NMT infrastructures and the CSI using two explanatory indicators: 1) number of motorized vehicles and 2) vehicle-kilometers travelled by the motorized modes. The main components of the framework include the estimation of a mode choice model for a study area, calculation of the explanatory indicators for the scenarios before and after providing NMT infrastructures, and determination of the sustainability impact. The proposed framework, along with the acceptable distance determined in the earlier step, is then used to determine the sustainability impact on providing NMT facilities, for a future scenario, inside the CBD of Bangalore and around the bus stops carrying trips to the CBD. Three case studies are presented with the first one considering only intra zonal (CBD) trips, the second one considering only inter zonal trips having CBD as destination, and the third one considering both above mentioned the trips. The results of all the three case studies found an increase in the CSI (0.002 for the first case study, 0.076 for the second case study, and 0.100 for the third case study) for the peak-hour trips inside the CBD, on providing NMT infrastructures. This increase showed an improvement in the sustainability. Further, for the case study 1, which consisted of high percentage of short distance trips, the major beneficiaries of the NMT infrastructures were the low-income group. There was a reduction in public transport trips, of which the main contributors were the low-income group, from 142706.2 to 96410.2.

Bicycling is a method of tourism transportation that is healthy, non-invasive, environmentally responsible, and economically sustainable. It allows freedom, mobility, and sightseeing potential that is not made possible by other modes of transit. Thousands of bicycle tourists travel from all over the globe annually to explore California on touring bikes via established cycling routes and robust determination. Thousands of additional domestic and international visitors take weekend trips, plan family vacations, travel for business, or tour California from abroad, many of whom are excellent candidates for local and regional bicycle touring at a more gentle intensity level. The increasing popularity and prominence of bicycle tourism, among both domestic and international travelers, carries great potential for economic benefit to local communities. Rural and agricultural communities can particularly benefit from bicycle tourism, as these communities do not normally experience the benefits of tourism as significantly as their urban, coastal or mountainous neighbors. Tourism that is developed in accordance with the size, scale, constraints and character of a particular community can have a beneficial effect on the economics and industry of the area. Infrastructure projects to this effect, such as development of a town or regional trail system, wayfinding features, or other resources come with benefits for visitors and locals in the form of recreation, public health, mobility, and access to food, drink, amenities, scenic areas, jobs and commerce. Trails may further improve the economy of the local housing market, as proximity to trails has a positive effect on housing values. Incorporation of agricultural destinations into local tourism planning creates a draw for visitors and can become a mutually beneficial relationship – contributing to the economic stability of the agriculture industry, preserving local farm lands, increasing tourism revenue and educating the public on the importance of local farming. Through careful planning of the touristic components of the destination, rural communities can achieve multifaceted economic benefits of diverse and versatile tourism amenities.